Effects of Biochar and Soil Organic Matter Levels on Physicochemical Properties of Mollisol and Soybean's Biomass

Long term tillage in mollisol of Northeast China has led to an inhomogeneous distribution of soil organic matter content.Biochar,a carbon material,changes the soil carbon pool and physical-chemical characteristics after adding to the soil.However,the mechanism remains unclear for the relation between the soil organic matter level and biochar amount.So,the soil physical and chemical properties and soybean growth in a two-year pot experiment were detected at three levels of soil organic matter and three biochar additions(0,1%and 10%).The difference was found in two biochar application rates.The 1%biochar addition had no positive effect on the soil chemical properties based the two-year experiment.However,10%biochar application significantly increased the soil water content(8.0%-39.7%),the total porosity(9.7%-21.3%),pH(0.26-0.84 unit),organic matter content(89.0%-261.2%),and the available potassium content(29.0%-109.1%).The biomass of soybean increased by 19.4%-78.1%after biochar addition,yet,the soil bulk density reduced at the range of 12.6%-26.0%by 10%biochar addition.Only the 100-grain weight was correlated to the interaction of biochar and the native soil organic matter.All the indicators showed that the interaction between biochar and soil organic matter level was weak in mollisol.The effects of biochar on the physical-chemical properties relied on its amount.When biochar is applied to the soil,the amount of biochar should be considered rather than the native soil organic matter level.

Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Matter and Nutrients in the Pear Orchard Under Clean and Sod Cultivation Models

The soil organic matter and nutrients are fundamental for the sustainability of pear production, but little is known about the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and nutrients in a pear orchard. With the soil of the pear （cv. Dangshansu on P.betulifolia Bunge. rootstock） orchard under clean and sod cultivation models as test materials, the experiment was conducted to evaluate spatial variability of soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （STN）, total phosphorus （STP）, total potassium （STK）, available nitrogen （SAN）, and available potassium （SAK） in and between rows at different soil depths （0-60 cm）. The SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of the different soil layers under the two tillage models were different in the vertical direction. The SOM, STN, STP and SAN in the 0-20 cm soil layer were higher than those in the 20-40 and 40- 60 cm soil layers. The STK of 40-60 cm soil layer was higher than that in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers. The STK increased with the depth of soil in the vertical direction in the clean cultivated pear orchard. Variability of the SOM, STN, STP, STK, SAN and SAK of sample sites in between rows of the same soil layer was found in the pear orchard soil in the horizontal direction under clean and sod cultivation management systems, except that STK of all sites did not show the difference in identical soil layers in the pear orchard under clean cultivation. The sod cultivation model improved the SOM, STN, and STK in the 0-20 cm soil layer in the pear orchard, and the three components increased by 12.8, 12.7 and 7.3% compared to clean cultivation, respectively. The results can be applicable to plan collection of orchard soil samples, assess orchard soil quality, and improve orchard soil management practices.

Comparative study on active soil organic matter in Chinese fir plantation and native broad-leaved forest in subtropical China

Active soil organic matter (ASOM) has a main effect on biochemical cycles of soil nutrient elements such as N, P and S, and the quality and quantity of ASOM reflect soil primary productivity. The changes of ASOM fractions and soil nutrients in the first rotation site and the second rotation site of Chinese fir plantation and the native broad-leaved forest were investigated and analyzed by soil sampling at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology (at latitude 26°48′N and longitude 109°30′E under a subtropical climate conditions), Chinese Academy of Sciences in March, 2004. The results showed that values of ASOM fractions for the Chinese fir plantations were lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. The contents of easily oxidisable carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) for the first rotation of Chinese fir plantation were 35.9%, 13.7%, 87.8% and 50.9% higher than those for the second rotation of Chinese fir plantation, and were 15.8%, 47.3%, 38.1% and 30.2% separately lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. For the three investigated forest sites, the contents of MBC and WSOC had a larger decrease, followed by WSC, and the change of EOC was least. Moreover, soil physico-chemistry properties such as soil nutrients in Chinese fir plantation were lower than those in broad-leaved forest. It suggested that soil fertility declined after Chinese fir plantation replaced native broad-leaved forest through continuous artificial plantation.

Labile and stabile soil organic carbon fractions in surface horizons of mountain soils–relationships with vegetation and altitude

Global and local climate changes could disturb carbon sequestration and carbon stocks in forest soils. Thus, it is important to characterize the stability of soil organic matter and the dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions in forest ecosystems. This study had two aims:(1) to evaluate the effects of altitude and vegetation on the content of labile and stabile forms of organic carbon in the mountain soils; and(2) to assess the impact of the properties of soil organic matter on the SOC pools under changing environmental conditions. The studies were conducted in the Karkonosze Mountains(SW Poland, Central Europe). The content of the most labile fraction of carbon(dissolved organic carbon,DOC) decreases with altitude, but the content of fulvic acids(FA), clearly increases in the zone above 1000 m asl, while the stabile fraction(humins, nonhydrolyzing carbon) significantly decreases. A higher contribution of stabile forms was found in soils under coniferous forests(Norway spruce), while a smaller-under deciduous forests(European beech) and on grasslands. The expected climate change and the ongoing land use transformations in the zone above1000 m asl may lead to a substantial increase in the stable humus fraction(mainly of a non-hydrolyzing carbon) and an increase in the SOC pools, even if humus acids are characterized by a lower maturity and greater mobility favorable to soil podzolization.In the lower zone(below 1000 m asl), a decrease in the most stable humus forms can be expected,accompanied by an increase of DOC contribution,which will result in a reduction in SOC pools. Overall,the expected prevailing(spatial) effect is a decreasing contribution of the most stable humus fractions,which will be associated with a reduction in the SOC pools in medium-high mountains of temperate zone of Central Europe.

Productivity, Leaf Nutrient Content and Soil Carbon Stocked in Agroforestry and Traditional Management of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.)

The aim of the work was to evaluate the productivity, leaf nutrient content and soil nutrient concentration in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in sequence with black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) under Leucaena diversifolia alley cropping agroforestry system (AFS) and traditional management system/sole crop (without trees-TS), after two years of cultivation following a randomized block design. The experiment was carried out in the Brazilian Association of Biodynamic Agriculture, in Botucatu—S?o Paulo, Brazil. Treatments were: control (C), chemical fertilizer application (F), biomass of L. diversifolia alley cropping application (B), biomass of L. diversifolia alley cropping + chemical fertilizer application (B + F). In the second year of management it was observed that black oat yield was higher in treatments B + F and F with significant difference in relation to the others treatments in both systems, followed by treatment B. Between systems, only treatment B showed significant difference, with higher yield value corresponding to AFS, reflecting the efficiency of AFS to promote soil fertility. Maize production presented the second year of cultivation an increasing trend in all treatments in both production systems. This result may be due to the cumulative effect of mineralization and maize straw and oats, along the experiment. How productivity was higher in the AFS system, could also be occurring effect of biological nitrogen fixation, water retention and reduction of extreme microclimate through the rows of L. diversifolia. Comparing the AFS and TS, it was observed that the concentration of N in leaf tissue was higher in the AFS treatments, probably due to nitrogen fixation performed through the rows of L. diversifolia, that is a nitrogen fixing tree species. After two years, carbon stocked in soil show higher values in the treatments biomass + fertilizer and biomass application, in both systems, AFS and TS.

Litterfall dynamics and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Brazilian palm swamp ecosystems

Background: This study aimed to determine the litterfall production, accumulation, decomposition rate and nutrient stocks, and to estimate the soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) stocks in three palm swamp ecosystems with different land use intensities in the Southeast of Brazil.Methods: Three palm swamp ecosystems with different land use intensities were evaluated: Agua Doce(AD),conserved area;Capivara(CV), area with small agricultural practices;and Buriti Grosso(BG), area with an intensive land use. Produced and accumulated litterfall from the Cerrado areas surrounding the palm swamps were collected from October 2014 to September 2015, and the Ca, Mg, K, and P concentrations were determined in the dry and rainy seasons. Soil samples were collected in the surrounding Cerrado and within the palm swamps until 100 cm soil depth to determine bulk density and soil C and N contents and stocks.Results: Annual litterfall production in the Cerrado surrounding palm swamps was similar in AD(3.58 Mg·ha^-1·year^-1) and CV(3.79 Mg·ha^-1·year^-1), and was lower in BG(2.84 Mg·ha^-1·year^-1), and was more intense during the dry season. Furthermore, litterfall accumulation was higher in CV(7.12 Mg·ha^-1·year^-1) and BG(6.75 Mg·ha^-1·year^-1), culminating in lower decomposition rates. AD showed the highest decomposition rate(0.60) due to its vegetation structure and conservation. The macronutrient contents from the production and accumulated litterfall had a low influence of the land use, decreasing in the following order: Ca > K > Mg > P. Soils in CV and BG palm swamp areas showed higher values of C and N contents, due to the use of land for agricultural crops and cattle raising in an extensive(rangeland) system. The BG palm swamp, showed the highest C(124.03 Mg·ha^-1) and N(10.54 Mg·ha^-1) stocks due to the land use history with different agricultural practices over time.Conclusions: The litterfall dynamics in the Cerrado surrounding palm swamps was more affected by climatic variables than the intensity of land use, but the litter decomposition was more accelerated in the conserved area.Anthropic interventions with soil organic matter(SOM) inputs contributed to an increase in soil C and N stocks in the palm swamp ecosystems.

Characteristics and Development of Agricultural Soil in Hetao Irrigation District,Inner Mongolia

Hetao Irrigation District is located in the cold and arid region of Hetao Plain,Inner Mongolia,where the agricultural soil has unique characteristics.Although the agricultural soil properties in Hetao Irrigation Districts have been reported,the overall characteristics remain unclear.Through literature review and investigation,the overall characteristics,development patterns,and related reasons were explored,consequently providing theoretical support for enhancing soil utilization and formulating sustainable soil development strategies.The results showed that the agricultural soil in Hetao Irrigation District originated from the sedimentary layer and anthropogenic mellowing produced by the diversions of the Yellow River.The soil has periodic secondary salinization characteristics,accompanied by a slightly increasing pH value over time.It has low soil organic contents with a stable changing trend,low nitrogen,and phosphorus contents but high potassium and sulfur content,uneven nutrient distribution,diverse production performance,weak but stable ecological performance,and heterogeneous soil quality with a stable change trend.These findings indicate that this kind of soil can be used to plant diverse crops tolerant to different saline-alkali and requiring various nutrients.This agricultural soil is sustainable,but it is also faced with the problems of increased saline-alkali,nutrient loss,and pollution.

Spatial Variation in Soil Chemistry on a Sub-Antarctic Island

On both west and east sides of sub-Antarctic Marion Island (47oS, 38oE), total Na and exchangeable Na, Mg and K concentrations in the soil decline with increasing distance inland and altitude, related to a decrease in the intensity of seaspray deposition. On the east side, the coastal plain is wide and slopes gently up to the mountainous interior and total C, total N and soil moisture content all decrease significantly, whereas bulk density increases significantly, as one moves away from the sea, reflecting a gradual change from organic, wet, low bulk density peats characteristic of low-land coastal regions to mineral, dry, high bulk density volcanic soils characteristic of inland areas. On the west side, the narrow coastal plain is bounded by an escarpment that rises up very steeply to the highland interior. There, sampling was largely restricted to the coastal plain (soils are rare on the escarpment and interior) and did not cover the same transition from organic to mineral soils as on the east side. Hence, total C, total N and bulk density did not change significantly with increasing distance inland on the west side. Most total Mg is in the mineral fraction of the soil, with a lesser contribution by organic, exchangeable and soil solution forms of Mg. On the east side the gradual transition from highly organic peats to very mineral soils results in an increase in total Mg going inland, but on the west, where there was not this change in soil minerality, total Mg decreased with increasing distance inland, reflecting the decreasing intensity of seaspray. Once the between-side differences in the influence of altitude and distance from the sea are accounted for, there are significant differences in soil chemical composition between the two sides of the island. Overall, west side soils are more influenced by both seaspray and the parent volcanic basalts than are east side soils.

Influence of Enclosure Regime on Soil Properties of Forest Land in Zigui County in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

[Objective] This study aims to explore the influence of enclosure regime on the soil properties of forest land in Zigui County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. [Method] We collected soil from closed forest, forest converted from farmland, and natural secondary forest in Zigui County, and measured soil texture, bulk density, porosity, organic matter, maximum water holding capacity,water content, and content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium.The findings were expected to lay a theoretical basis for forest enclosure in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. [Result] The proportion of sands and soil bulk density in natural secondary forest were significantly lower than those in forest converted from farmland and closed forest, and the soil porosity, organic matter content, maximum water holding capacity, and overall nutrient content were significantly higher than those of the rest two forests. Soil organic matter was in significantly positive correlation with soil water holding capacity, total N,total K content, alkali-hydrolyzable N content, and available K content, and in negative correlation with soil bulk density(P<0.05). The natural secondary forest with high organic matter content had satisfactory soil properties. [Conclusion]Soil restoration in closed forest and forest converted from farmland lagged behind, and it took a long time for the improvement and restoration of the soil.

湘南典型烟区土壤有机碳库指数、养分库容对烟叶质量的影响

于2020─2021年采集了耒阳烟区土壤及烟叶样品,分析了土壤有机碳库指数、养分及其库容对烟叶质量的影响和作用途径。结果表明:土壤有机碳库指数、养分总库容量、有效磷库容量及碱解氮库容量是影响烤后烟叶化学成分、外观质量及感官质量的4个主要指标;土壤有机碳库指数通过影响烟叶总钾、总糖、总植物碱含量间接地影响烤烟的感官质量,还通过影响烟叶总钾、总植物碱、总氮(土壤碱解氮)含量间接地影响烤烟的外观质量;土壤有机碳库指数、烤烟总钾含量、总植物碱含量与烤烟的外观质量、感官质量均呈显著正相关;烤烟的总糖含量与其感官质量呈显著正相关;土壤碱解氮含量与烤烟的外观质量呈显著正相关;烤烟总氮含量与其外观质量呈显著负相关。因此,提高耒阳烟区烤烟质量的重点在于提高土壤有机碳库指数。

松嫩平原不同类型土壤剖面形态描述及其性状分析

土壤剖面观察及描述是土壤分类的基础工作,而各层次性状分析是土壤健康评估的重要参考指标。以松嫩平原为主要研究区域,选取4种不同类型土壤:黑钙土(HGT)、厚层黑土(HHT)、薄层黑土(BHT)、风沙土(FST),在垂直和水平两种空间尺度上开展剖面对比调查工作。调查结果指出,4种土壤中HHT和BHT质地最为黏重,而FST质地最轻。另外,除FST外,其他3种土壤随土层深度增加砂粒含量逐渐升高,HGT、HHT、BHT分别升高了21%、125%、122%,质地逐渐变轻。土壤剖面颜色随土层深度增加而逐渐加深,HHT剖面整体颜色较其他土壤相比较深。土壤pH随土层深度加深呈逐渐升高的趋势,HGT、HHT、BHT、FST分别提高了58%、44%、22%、37%,HHT土体pH显著高于其他土壤类型(P<0.05)。土壤有机碳(SOC)随剖面深度增加呈下降的趋势,HGT、HHT、BHT、FST中SOC含量分别降低了21%、41%、26%、23%,其中HHT在0~60 cm土层中SOC含量显著高于其他类型土壤。土壤养分含量随剖面深度加深同样呈逐渐降低的趋势,4种类型土壤中碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量随土层加深分别降低了38.1%~68.2%、46.3%~98.3%和100%。综合分析,在垂直空间尺度上,土壤随深度增加发育程度减弱,有机质及养分含量降低,表层土壤酸化现象显著。在水平空间尺度上,厚层黑土的发育程度高于其他类型土壤。

修复连作大蒜土壤生产力衰退的有机质补偿方案与初步机理

针对山东省金乡县品牌大蒜主产区长期连作大蒜田中土壤有机质亏缺和大蒜产量连年衰减的典型问题,以不同比例的有机肥替代化肥作为有机质补偿方案,研究了有机肥替代化肥对大蒜产量和土壤障碍的修复效果。试验选取了大于25年连作历史的代表性田块,以未种植大蒜的麦田作为非连作田块对照,设置常规化肥施肥(CF)、以氮(N)为基准进行有机肥替代化肥25%(M25)、50%(M50)和100%(M100)四个处理。结果表明,在长期大蒜连作土壤中,有机替代处理对大蒜的产量衰退具有显著的当季修复效果,增产幅度可达20%,同时改善了土壤中的氮素养分供应状态和土壤大于2 mm团聚体的比例;其中25%有机替代率(M25)具有较佳的经济效益;而在土壤有机质未出现亏缺的非连作土壤中,有机替代处理并无直接的增产效果。综上,本研究明确了增施有机肥仅在土壤有机质出现明显亏缺的连作大蒜土壤中可通过促进大颗粒土壤团聚体的形成和提升全生育期土壤有效态养分的固持能力,进而对连作大蒜土壤生产力的退化具有显著的修复效果。该研究对缓解连作体系中的类似土壤退化问题和维持土壤生产力的可持续性,具有有益的借鉴作用。

有机无机肥配施对潮土麦田肥力和冬小麦产量的影响

【目的】研究不同施肥方式对黄淮海潮土区麦田肥力和冬小麦氮素利用效率和产量的影响,为该区域优化施肥措施、合理利用有机肥资源和保障作物高产提供理论支持和技术指导。【方法】基于天津潮土区连续12年的施肥处理定位试验,设置施肥处理为对照(CK,不施肥)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥减量50%配施有机肥(MF_(1))、常量化肥配施有机肥(MF_(2))、单施化肥处理(F)。【结果】与对照相比,施肥处理均能显著提高麦田土壤有机质和碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,且有机无机肥配施处理提升土壤肥力效果最好。与对照相比,M、MF_(1)、MF_(2)和F处理土壤有机质增幅分别为92%、48%、78%和20%。MF_(1)处理孕穗-成熟期叶片氮素含量显著降低,促进氮素向籽粒的转移,提高氮素利用效率,显著提高穗粒数和千粒重,进而起到增产作用。MF_(1)、MF_(2)处理冬小麦产量分别达到6467和6345 kg/hm^(2),较F处理提高12%和9%。【结论】施用化肥115 kg/hm^(2)、有机肥15000 kg/hm^(2)的配施模式能够较常规模式降低化肥投入15%,并保持冬小麦产量稳定,可作为黄淮海平原潮土区冬小麦农田的推荐施肥技术。

秸秆粉碎技术对土壤环境及作物生长的提升机理

秸秆粉碎技术是指将农田或农作物种植后残留的秸秆、稻草等植物秸秆进行机械粉碎处理,在有效处理秸秆的同时秸秆中的有机物质和养分为土壤提供营养,有助于改善土壤质量。该文分析了秸秆粉碎对土壤环境的影响,包括改善土壤结构、增加土壤有机质和提高土壤保水保肥能力等方面的正面影响。同时探讨了秸秆粉碎技术可能带来的负面影响,如对土壤微生物和生物多样性的影响等,阐述了秸秆粉碎对作物生长中提供养分、改善土壤温度、减轻土壤压实等方面的作用机理,并结合实际案例和研究成果,总结秸秆粉碎技术在提升土壤环境质量和促进作物生长方面的重要意义和发展趋势,研究内容旨在对农业生产具有重要意义。

A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties

Forest fires are key ecosystem modifiers affecting the biological,chemical,and physical attributes of forest soils.The extent of soil disturbance by fire is largely dependent on fire intensity,duration and recurrence,fuel load,and soil characteristics.The impact on soil properties is intricate,yielding different results based on these factors.This paper reviews research investigating the effects of wildfire and prescribed fire on the biological and physico-chemical attributes of forest soils and provides a summary of current knowledge associated with the benefits and disadvantages of such fires.Low-intensity fires with ash deposition on soil surfaces cause changes in soil chemistry,including increase in available nutrients and pH.High intensity fires are noted for the complete combustion of organic matter and result in severe negative impacts on forest soils.High intensity fires result in nutrient volatilization,the break down in soil aggregate stability,an increase soil bulk density,an increase in the hydrophobicity of soil particles leading to decreased water infiltration with increased erosion and destroy soil biota.High soil heating(> 120℃) from high-intensity forest fires is detrimental to the soil ecosystem,especially its physical and biological properties.In this regard,the use of prescribed burning as a management tool to reduce the fuel load is highly recommended due to its low intensity and limited soil heating.Furthermore,the use of prescribed fires to manage fuel loads is critically needed in the light of current global warming as it will help prevent increased wildfire incidences.This review provides information on the impact of forest fires on soil properties,a key feature in the maintenance of healthy ecosystems.In addition,the review should prompt comprehensive soil and forest management regimes to limit soil disturbance and restore fire-disturbed soil ecosystems.

基于养分指标相关性的土壤有机质预测模型研究

为探究土壤间各养分指标间的相互关系,选取了天津市宁河区不同区域的种植土壤,基于行业标准规定的检测方法,对主要养分指标进行了测定,并研究各指标间的相关性。结果表明,各区域土壤pH值变异系数最小,整体均呈碱性;有机质、全氮及速效钾变异系数属于中等;有效磷的变异系数最高。各研究区域土壤有机质含量与全氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH值呈显著负相关(P<0.01),而与其他指标间不具备普遍且显著的相关性。基于多元线性回归分析建立了土壤有机质与全氮及pH值之间的预测模型,通过模型计算出的预测值与实际测定值的拟合性较好;另取土壤样品进行验证表明,预测模型具有良好的可靠性和准确性。

半干旱区湖泊湿地土壤养分与盐碱化特征研究——以岱海为例

为探究半干旱区湖泊湖滨带土壤养分与盐碱化特征,以典型盐化湖泊岱海为例,分析其湖滨带的草地、浅滩和盐碱地3种土地类型的土壤剖面4种养分[有机质(OM)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)]浓度、土壤钙(Ca^(2+))、镁(Mg^(2+))、交换性钾(K^(+))、交换性钠(Na^(+))、碳酸根(CO_(3)^(2-))、重碳酸根(HCO3-)、氯(Cl^(-))和硫酸根(SO_(4)^(2-))离子浓度分布,结合主成分分析和冗余分析等统计学方法,研究湖滨带土壤盐碱化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:1)岱海湖滨带不同类型土壤剖面盐分空间分布差异明显,其中草地和浅滩呈明显盐分表聚现象,表层全盐量均值分别达1.99、15.27 g/kg,而盐碱地土壤10~20 cm全盐量最高(17.30 g/kg)。2)湖滨带土壤pH为8.24~8.86,在浅滩和盐碱地深层较高,而在草地的浅层较高。盐碱地与浅滩土壤均属于碱土,而草地表层土壤多属于中度碱化土,其碱化度沿深度方向降低。3种土地类型的主要盐碱化因子为Cl^(-)、Mg^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Na^(+)、全盐量、HCO3-、pH、CO_(3)^(2-)。3)3种土地类型的4种养分浓度基本呈随土壤深度增加而减少的趋势,其中浅滩营养元素最丰富。根据冗余分析结果,3种土地类型中大部分离子间都具有很强的相关性,AP、Mg^(2+)与pH均具有负相关性,其他盐分与养分在不同土地类型中相关性差异较大。

地膜覆盖对热带地区南瓜产量及土壤碳氮的影响

地膜覆盖技术在热带地区海南岛广泛应用,以探究不同颜色地膜覆盖对冬季南瓜产量、品质和土壤碳氮养分活性状态的影响为目标,为改善地膜覆盖技术下土壤肥力提供科学依据。2020年设置地膜覆盖田间试验,5个处理3次重复,处理为对照、白色、黑白双色、黑色、银黑色地膜覆盖处理。研究结果表明,黑色、银黑色地膜覆盖可显著提高南瓜产量、品质,单果平均重超过4 kg,产量分别为112.20、102.45 t/hm^(2),单果重、单产、去瓢鲜重、去瓢干重均达到对照4倍以上,可溶性糖约为其他处理的3倍。黑膜、银黑膜覆盖降低土壤有机质、全氮含量,增加土壤活性养分含量,提高土壤活性碳氮比。经过一个南瓜生育期,其高活性有机质分别为4.67、5.20 g/kg,约为其他处理的4倍,碱解氮分别为61.37、77.12 mg/kg,极显著高于其他处理。黑色、银黑色地膜覆盖可导致土壤有机质、全氮含量有所降低,迅速积累活性有机质、碱解氮含量从而显著提高热带地区海南岛南瓜产量。

烟秆生物质炭对连作植烟土壤养分及烟叶产质量的影响

【目的】明确烟秆生物质炭通过影响植烟土壤养分含量并最终影响烤烟产质量的可能路径,以期为今后利用生物质炭缓解烤烟连作障碍提供理论支撑。【方法】以红花大金元为研究对象,设置4个烟秆生物质炭施用量(0、300、500、600 g/株)处理,分析添加生物质炭对连作土壤不同形态养分含量及烤烟产质量的影响。【结果】在烤烟产值方面,施用烟秆生物质炭可有效提高烤烟的均价、产量、产值及中上等烟比例,其中以500 g/株处理最优。在土壤养分方面,生物质炭显著提高土壤pH、速效钾、全钾、水解性氮和有机质含量,且随烟秆生物质炭施用量的增加,pH、有机质含量均呈上升趋势;同时有机质组分MBC、CPOM、FPOM、LFOM和HFOM随生物质炭施入量的增加呈升高趋势,而HDOM、MOM和CDOM则呈降低趋势。相关性分析表明,土壤pH、水解性氮、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾含量与有机质组分间呈显著相关性,其中pH、水解性氮、速效钾、全氮与有机质、微生物量碳、细颗粒有机质,全磷与热水溶性有机质,全钾与有机质、轻组有机质、重组有机质、细颗粒有机质均呈显著正相关。逐步回归分析表明,烟秆生物质炭的施用使细颗粒有机质对pH和全钾、重组有机质对水解性氮、微生物量碳对全氮和有机质、热水溶性有机质对全磷具有促进作用。【结论】烟秆生物质炭是通过提高土壤中有机质含量,尤其是活性有机质含量来增强土壤养分循环,从而提高土壤pH、水解性氮和速效钾含量,促进烟株吸收,最终提高中上等烟比例和产质量。

河南省典型土壤类型及土地利用方式对土壤活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

基于河南省典型土壤类型和不同土地利用方式,研究其对土壤活性有机质和碳库管理指数变化影响特征,为河南省土壤的开发利用及可持续发展提供理论依据。结果表明:1)在褐土和潮土中,果园土壤有机质质量分数最高,分别比荒地高70.12%和29.04%。在砂姜黑土中,农田土壤有机质质量分数显著高于其他土地利用方式,为23.61 g/kg。2)在褐土中,果园利用方式有利于提高土壤低活性有机质(LLOM)和高活性有机质(HLOM)质量分数,但荒地土壤的总活性有机质占总有机质的比例高达67.79%;在砂姜黑土和潮土中,农田利用方式显著提高土壤各活性有机质的质量分数,其总活性有机质的比例分别为48.66%和41.08%。3)不同土壤类型下,农田土壤的碳库指数(CPI)数值均>1。在褐土中,菜地利用方式有利于LLOM和中活性有机质(MLOM)的土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)的提高,分别为95、137。在砂姜黑土和潮土中,农田利用方式有助于土壤各活性有机质的CPMI的增高,值的范围分别为183~202和154~171。土地利用方式和土壤类型×土地利用方式互作均对土壤各活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响达到极显著水平。综上,在褐土中,果园利用方式提高土壤LLOM和HLOM含量效果最佳;在砂姜黑土和潮土中,农田利用方式有助于提高土壤各活性有机质质量分数。土地利用方式及土壤类型×土地利用方式互作对土壤总有机质、各活性有机质和碳库管理指数均产生极显著的影响。