Relationship between spatio-temporal evolution of soil pH and geological environment/surface cover in the eastern Nenjiang River Basin of Northeast China during the past 30 years

To illuminate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and geochemical driving mechanism of soil pH in the Nenjiang River Basin,the National Multi-objective Regional Geochemical Survey data of topsoil,the Second National Soil Survey data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)were analyzed.The areas of neutral and alkaline soil decreased by 21100 km^(2)and 30500 km^(2),respectively,while that of strongly alkaline,extremely alkaline,and strongly acidic soil increased by 19600 km^(2),18200 km^(2),and 15500 km^(2),respectively,during the past 30 years.NDVI decreased with the increase of soil pH when soil pH>8.0,and it was reversed when soil pH<5.0.There were significant differences in soil pH with various surface cover types,which showed an ascending order:Arbor<reed<maize<rice<high and medium-covered meadow<low-covered meadow<Puccinellia.The weathering products of minerals rich in K_(2)O,Na_(2)O,CaO,and MgO entered into the low plain and were enriched in different parts by water transportation and lake deposition,while Fe and Al remained in the low hilly areas,which was the geochemical driving mechanism.The results of this study will provide scientific basis for making scientific and rational decisions on soil acidification and salinization.

Effects of Straw and Biochar Returned to the Soil on Soil Physical Properties and pH Value in Cold Rice Region

[Objectives]In order to explore the feasibility of using straw and biochar returned to the soil to improve soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice regions of China.[Methods]the effects of straw directly returned to the soil and charred straw(biochar)returned to the soil on soil bulk density,porosity,temperature and pH value of cold paddy soil were studied in this paper.[Results]The results showed that compared with conventional production,straw(6 t/ha),a small amount of biochar(2 t/ha)and a large amount of biochar(40 t/ha)returned to the soil reduced paddy soil bulk density at different growth stages by 6.02%-11.86%,2.69%-6.67%and 8.58%-11.32%,respectively,increased total porosity by 7.41%-14.93%,3.19%-8.38%and 9.81%-14.27%,respectively,and increased aeration porosity by 22.28%-192.11%,17.80%-92.11%and 52.44%-157.11%,respectively.Straw and a small amount of biochar returned to the soil had no significant effect on soil temperature and pH value of paddy field,but a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature by 5.13%-8.79%and pH value by 3.15%-5.96%in the later stage of rice growth.[Conclusions]The straw and biochar returned to the soil could reduce soil bulk density,increase total porosity and aeration porosity,and only a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature and pH value.

A novel strategy for quantitative analysis of soil pH via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy coupled with random forest

pH is one of the significant properties of soil,and is closely related to the decomposition of soil organic matter,anion-cation balance,growth of plants and many other soil processes.In the present work,laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) technique coupled with random forest(RF) was proposed to quantify the pH of soil.First,LIBS spectra of soil was collected,and some common elements in soil were identified based on the National Institute of Science and Technology database.Then,in order to obtain a better predictive result,the influence of different input variables(full spectrum,different spectral ranges,the intensity of characteristic bands and characteristic lines) on the predictive performance of RF calibration model was explored with the evaluation indicators of root mean square error(RMSE) and coefficient of determination(R2),the characteristic bands of four elements(AI,Ca,Mg and Si) were determined as the optimal input variables.Finally,the predictive performance of RF calibration model was compared with partial least squares calibration model with the optimal input variables and model parameters,and RF calibration model showed a better predictive performance,and the four evaluation indicators of R_p^2,RMSEP,mean absolute error and mean relative error were 0.9687,0.1285,0.1114 and 0.0136,respectively.It indicates that LIBS technique coupled with RF algorithm is an effective method for pH determination of soil.

Effect of Long-term Drip Fertigation on Root Growth of Lychee and Soil pH

Through field experiment,we explore the impact of long-term drip fertigation on growth and distribution of lychee root and changes of soil pH in different layers of soil in lychee garden.The results show that drip fertigation can significantly promote the growth of lychee roots,and increase the contact area of root and soil;if it experiences six years of drip fertigation successively,the dry weight of root,root length and surface area of root in soil in drip fertigation area,will be 2.29 times,2.17 times and 2.25 times that in non-drip fertigation area,respectively.The lychee root is mainly distributed in 0-40 cm layer of soil,but there is conspicuous difference between drip fertigation area and non-drip fertigation area in terms of root distribution in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layer of soil.Drip fertigation is more favorable for the root to go deep inside the soil.Under long-term drip fertigation,the soil acidification in lychee garden is prominent,and in comparison with non-drip fertigation area,there is the greatest decline in soil pH in 10-20 cm layer of soil in drip fertigation area,reaching 1.47 units.

Threshold of Soil pH for Occurrence of Tobacco Bacterial Wilt in Henan Province

[Objective]The paper was to study the relationship between spatial distribution characteristics of soil p H and bacterial wilt in tobacco-growing area in Henan Province.[Method]The 21 tobacco-growing fields infected by bacterial wilt and 91 tobacco-growing fields with no cases were selected from Henan Province,and the pH of fields was determined.[Result]Bacterial wilt mainly occurred in the tobacco-growing fields in Luoshan,Pingqiao,Queshan,Biyang,Suiping,and Xiping,and the soil pH mainly ranged from 5.5 to 6.5(accounted for 84.75%of total surveyed tobacco fields);bacterial wilt had not been found in tobacco-growing fields in Tanghe,Zhengyang,Shangcai,Sheqi,Wuyang and Chenqu,and the soil pH mainly ranged from 6.5 to 7.0(accounted for 81.25%of total surveyed tobacco fields).There were significant differences in soil pH between the fields with and without bacterial wilt,and soil pH 6.5 could be regarded as the threshold for the occurrence of tobacco bacterial wilt in Henan Province.There was extremely significantly positive linear correlation between soil p H and latitude(y=0.7375 x-17.799,R2=0.386,P<0.01).The geographical boundary of soil pH 6.5 was roughly 33°N,and bacterial wilt was less likely to occur in the north tobacco-growing areas of the boundary.[Conclusion]The study will provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of tobacco bacterial wilt in Henan.

Soil pH Dynamics and Nitrogen Transformations Under Long-Term Chemical Fertilization in Four Typical Chinese Croplands

Long-term fertilization experiment provides the platform for understanding the proton budgets in nitrogen transformations of agricultural ecosystems.We analyzed the historical(1990-2005) observations on four agricultural long-term experiments in China(Changping,Chongqing,Gongzhuling and Qiyang) under four different fertilizations,i.e.,no-fertilizer(control),sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer(F N),sole chemical phosphorous and potassium fertilizers(F PK) and chemical nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium fertilizers(F NPK).The significant decline in topsoil pH was caused not only by chemical N fertilization(0.29 and 0.89 pH at Gongzhuling and Qiyang,respectively) but also by chemical PK fertilization(0.59 pH at Gongzhuling).The enhancement of available nutrients in the topsoil due to long-term direct nutrients supply with chemical fertilizers was in the descending order of available P(168-599%)>available K(16-189%)>available N(9-33%).The relative rate of soil pH decline was lower under long-term judicious chemical fertilization(-0.036-0.034 pH yr-1) than that under long-term sole N or PK fertilization(0.016-0.086 pH yr-1).Long-term judicious chemical fertilization with N,P and K elements decreases the nutritional limitation to normal crop growth,under which more N output was distributed in biomass removal rather than the loss via nitrate leaching.We concluded that the N distribution percentage of nitrate leaching to biomass removal might be a suitable indicator to the sensitivity of agricultural ecosystems to acid inputs.

两种调理剂对水稻土pH值和重金属吸收的影响

探明两种调理剂对近中性水稻土pH值、重金属有效性和水稻吸收的影响,及其与土壤性质的关系,为调理剂的科学开发及合理施用提供科学依据。选取水淬高炉渣源调理剂(T1)及其腐殖质改性调理剂(T2),分别设置2个施用量梯度(T1L、T1H和T2L、T2H),通过盆栽试验分析了两种调理剂及不同用量对土壤pH值、有效硅、镉、锌、铜含量,以及水稻籽粒和秸秆镉、锌、铜含量的影响。与对照(CK)相比,2个施用T1调理剂处理土壤pH值分别升高0.64和1.02,2个施用T2调理剂处理pH值分别升高0.27和0.56(P<0.05),土壤pH值随调理剂施用量的增加而增加。T1L和T1H处理土壤有效硅含量与CK相比分别提高5和22倍(P<0.05),且显著高于施用T2调理剂处理。与CK相比,T1H处理土壤有效镉、锌、铜含量分别降低37.21%、45.57%和95.30%(P<0.05);T2L和T2H处理土壤有效锌含量分别降低31.55%和30.67%,有效铜含量分别降低6.53%和19.32%(P<0.05)。与CK相比,T1L和T1H水稻籽粒锌含量分别降低23.44%和18.12%(P<0.05);施用T2调理剂后,籽粒和秸秆锌、铜含量无显著变化。土壤pH值、有效硅含量与土壤有效镉、锌、铜含量呈显著或极显著负相关,土壤有效硅含量与籽粒、秸秆镉含量呈显著负相关。研究表明,在近中性水稻土上施用富含硅的强碱性调理剂,既有利于提高土壤p H值和有效硅含量,又可有效降低土壤重金属有效性及其水稻吸收量。

基于Meta分析研究毛竹入侵致土壤pH提升及养分和微生物群落结构的变化

诸多研究发现毛竹入侵周围林分提高土壤pH,但未见统计性描述报道。为此,本研究将通过大数据分析证实此现象的普遍性以及探究伴随的土壤养分和微生物变化。本研究收录包含毛竹入侵有关土壤pH变化的42篇文献总计101组数据,采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis)进行深入探讨。在研究土壤养分变化时,本文还结合了团队采集的12个毛竹入侵带的样地数据总计92个样品18组数据进行分析。结果表明,在所有的数据组中,84.9%的土壤在经过毛竹入侵后其pH有不同幅度的提升,说明毛竹入侵周围林分普遍提高土壤pH;土壤pH增加幅度随入侵阶段、毛竹纯林时间增加而增加,随土层深度增加而降低;入侵针叶林致土壤pH增加的幅度高于阔叶林。入侵的毛竹纯林与原生林相比,总体上显著降低(P<0.05)了土壤全氮(–15.9%)、硝态氮(–21.7%)、全碳(–2.0%),却增加(P<0.05)了土壤有效磷(+54.9%)、铵态氮(+14.7%)和碱解氮(+8.2%)。对27篇包含微生物数据的文献进行整合分析,结果表明毛竹入侵改变了微生物群落结构,增加(P<0.05)了放线菌门相对丰度(+25.86%),而降低(P<0.05)了酸杆菌门(–15.49%)、浮霉菌门(–26.66%)、拟杆菌门(–22.58%)的相对丰度。本研究通过Meta分析证明毛竹入侵周围林分提高土壤pH为普遍自然现象,结合土壤硝态氮和铵态氮指标的变化推测了导致土壤pH提升的可能机制,毛竹入侵提高了土壤细菌和真菌多样性,表明入侵对土壤微生物具有正反馈效应。

土壤改良剂施用量对锥栗园土壤pH和养分含量的影响

为探究土壤改良剂施用量对锥栗果园酸性土壤环境的改良效果和对土壤养分含量的影响,以福建省建瓯市某锥栗园为研究对象,设置施入土壤改良剂0(CK)、373.13(A)、746.27(B)、1119.40(C)和1492.54 kg·hm^(−2)(D)5个浓度梯度,研究不同土壤改良剂施用量对锥栗园土壤pH和养分含量(有机质、全氮、全磷、钙、镁、钾、硅)的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,D组显著提高了0~20 cm土层中镁、硅的含量,分别提高了35.3%、33.6%。B组显著提高了21~40 cm土层中有机质、全氮、全磷和硅的含量,分别提高了171.9%、52.4%、41.4%、23.1%;D组显著提高了21~40 cm土层中有机质、钾和硅的含量,分别提高了203.1%、54.8%、35.9%,同时pH值上升,有效改良土壤酸性环境。B组显著提高了41~60 cm土层中全氮、全磷、有机质的含量,分别上升了93.5%、41.7%、440.5%;D组显著提高了41~60 cm土层中有机质、全磷的含量,分别上升了297.3%、200%。不同浓度的酸性改良剂对锥栗土壤养分含量都有一定的改善效果,综合考虑土壤改良剂最适宜施加量为1492.54 kg·hm^(−2)。

永州植烟土壤pH分布特征及其影响因素初探

研究永州植烟土壤pH分布状况,为永州烟区土壤pH调节提供科学理论依据。在永州产烟区采集土壤样品689个,利用多元统计学和逐步回归方法分析了永州土壤pH空间变异及其主要驱动因素。结果表明,永州植烟土壤pH均值为6.95,仅有25.84%的植烟土壤pH处于“适宜”水平内,3.34%的植烟土壤pH处于“极低”(≤5.0)水平,51.52%的植烟土壤pH位于“极高”区间(≥7.5),存在偏碱性的问题。影响因素的分析结果显示,交换性钙、交换性镁、有机质、速效钾、全钾、全氮、有效硫、阳离子交换量8个指标对pH的累计解释能力达到了82.2%,交换性钙对永州植烟土壤pH的空间变异影响能力最大,可独立解释其变异的79.5%。各基础设施配套情况、各轮作制度、各成土母质下的pH均存在显著或者极显著差异。

耕地土壤pH值和有机质含量空间分布特征及影响因素——以长沙县为例

为了解长沙县耕地土壤有机质丰缺状况和空间分布特征,采集了长沙县2 118份耕层(0~20 cm)土壤样本,测定土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量,分析了不同母岩母质、土壤质地、土地利用方式对土壤pH值和有机质含量的影响。结果表明:长沙县耕地土壤主要以微酸性为主,其中部和北部耕地土壤酸性更强;土壤有机质含量较高,呈北高南低的分布趋势;不同母岩母质中,除砂岩风化物发育的土壤呈酸性,其他类型的母岩母质形成的土壤均呈弱酸性,土壤有机质含量平均值范围为27.2~38.3 g/kg;不同土壤质地中,轻壤的pH均值最高,为6.3,砂壤的pH均值最低,为5.5,有机质含量排序为轻壤>砂壤>中壤>黏土>重壤;不同土地利用方式中,水田的pH值平均为5.92,有机质含量平均为34.2 g/kg,旱地的pH平均值是5.89,有机质含量平均为30.5 g/kg。

AOA and AOB communities respond differently to changes of soil pH under long-term fertilization

Archaeal and bacterial ammonia-oxidizers drive the first step of nitrification,ammonia oxidation.Despite their importance,the relative contribution of soil factors influencing the abundance,diversity and community composition of ammonia oxidizing archaea(AOA)and bacteria(AOB)are seldom compared.In this study,the AOA and AOB communities in soils from a long-term fertilization experiment(which formed gradients of pH and nutrients)were measured using 454 pyrosequencing of the amoA gene.Results showed that both AOA and AOB communities were influenced by fertilization practice.Changes of AOA abundance,diversity and community structure were closely correlated with a single factor,soil pH,and the abundance and diversity of AOA were lower under the acidified treatments.By contrast,AOB abundance was higher in the acidified soil than in the control soil while AOB diversity was little impacted by soil acidification,and both the abundance and diversity of AOB were most highly correlated with soil carbon and available phosphorus.These results indicated that AOB diversity seemed more resistant to soil acidification than that of AOA,and also suggested that AOB have greater ecophysiological diversity and broader range of habitats than AOA in this lime concretion black soil,and the potential contribution of AOB to ammonia oxidation in acid environments should not be overlooked.

土壤pH对果园土壤质量的影响及调控技术研究综述

在果园中,土壤pH值通常被描述为影响土壤物理、化学和生物特性的“主要土壤变量”,对果园土壤质量影响巨大。结合近年来国内外有关果园土壤pH的研究进展,综述了土壤pH对土壤物理、化学和生物特性的影响,以及如何调控土壤pH以提升土壤质量、实现水果可持续生产的策略。

Generating soil salinity, soil moisture, soil pH from satellite imagery and its analysis

In an agricultural field,the water content and salt content are defined as soil moisture and soil salinity and have to be estimated precisely.The changing of these two factors can be assessed using remote sensing technology.This study was conducted by analysing the Landsat 8 satellite images,soil data of field surveys,laboratory analyses and statistical computations.Soil properties such as soil moisture and soil salinity were estimated using soil moisture index(SMI)and soil salinity index(SSI),respectively.The research combined and integrated the soil data from survey and laboratory with Landsat 8 satellite images to build two multiple regression equations model named the soil pH Index(SpHI).They are based on bare soil and paddy leaf models as the explanatory factors of soil moisture and soil salinity changes.All the computation processes were replicated three times using three different dates of Landsat 8 satellite images to produce the multi-temporal analysis.Soil moisture increased after 30 days,while the salt content was only trace amounts.Both proposed models detected 4.49–7.59 of soil pH,4.66 in bare soil model and 6.62 in paddy leaf model.During the planting period,the soil pH in bare soil model decreased to 2.12–6.47 while the paddy leaf model increased to 4.49–7.59 with RMSE 1.40 and PRMSE 24%of accuracy.The spatial relationship between soil pH,soil salinity and soil moisture are linear but varied in correlation level from weak,moderate to strong.Based on the bare soil model,the relationship between soil pH and soil moisture shows a weak negative relationship with R28.37%and a strong positive relationship with R281.94%in paddy area and bare soil area respectively,as like as in paddy area based on the paddy leaf model with R2100%.The relationship between soil temperature and soil pH shows a weak negative relationship for all models and a moderate negative relationship of soil salinity and soil pH in bare soil area based on the bare soil model with R234.89%.

昆明烟区植烟土壤pH与中微量元素时空变异性研究

分析昆明烟区5个年度(2012—2020年)共4888份植烟土壤pH和中微量营养元素的年际变化特征,为预测和阻控土壤酸化及科学配施中微量营养元素提供理论基础。结果表明,2012—2020年:①pH均值介于6.0~6.4,主要分布在微酸性至中性范围,随种植年限的增加,强酸性土壤频度增加,微酸性和中性土壤减少;②有机质均值变幅为29.7~32.2 g/kg,自2018年后有所下降;③交换性镁均值介于240.6~270.7 mg/kg,整体较丰富,随种植年限增加略有降低;④有效锌主要分布在很高等级,有效硼和水溶性氯主要分布在低和很低等级;⑤除pH外,5个年度的土壤有机质、交换性镁、有效锌、有效硼和水溶性氯样本的空间变异性较高。综上所述,在常规施肥管理模式下,昆明烟区植烟土壤酸碱度、有机质和交换性镁含量整体适宜,近年来有缓慢下降趋势;有效硼和水溶性氯含量整体偏低,均表现出一定的时空异质性。因此,基于昆明烟区常规施肥水平上,在注重提高有机肥和硼肥施用量,降低锌肥施用量的同时,应保持土壤交换性镁和水溶性氯的平衡。

粉垄措施对银北盐碱地土壤pH、全盐及碱化度的影响

针对宁夏银北盐碱地改良面临的技术瓶颈,利用现代粉垄耕作技术,以传统耕作为对照,开展了不同粉垄深度(40 cm、45 cm、50 cm)对盐碱地土壤pH值、全盐含量及碱化度的影响研究。结果表明,与传统耕作措施相比,玉米生长期不同粉垄深度土壤全盐含量降低13.0%~51.1%,其中:粉垄深度45 cm表层(0~20 cm)土壤pH值、全盐含量、交换性Na^(+)分别降低0.9%、51.1%和16.7%。与传统耕作措施相比,玉米收获期粉垄深度40 cm处理土壤pH值降低0.09~0.4;粉垄深度50 cm处理表层(0~20 cm)土壤pH值增加了0.21,20~100 cm剖面土壤pH值降低了0.08~0.62。粉垄深度40 cm、50 cm处理均显著降低了0~40 cm土层土壤全盐含量和交换性Na^(+)含量,降幅分别为7.0%~25.0%和16.7%~55.6%;增加了40~80 cm土层交换性Na^(+)含量。同时,粉垄措施也显著降低了0~60 cm剖面土壤碱化度,降幅在17.7%~34.5%,其中:粉垄深度40 cm较对照未粉垄表层0~20 cm土壤耕层碱化度降低20.8%,20~40 cm和40~60 cm剖面土壤碱化度也分别降低了19.3%和34.5%。

Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China

Fungi play important roles in ecosystem processes, and the elevational pattern of fungal diversity is still unclear. Here, we examined the diversity of fungi along a 1,000 m elevation gradient on Mount Nadu, Southwestern China. We used MiSeq sequencing to obtain fungal sequences that were clustered into operational taxonomic units(OTUs) and to measure the fungal composition and diversity. Though the species richness and phylogenetic diversity of the fungal community did not exhibit significant trends with increasing altitude, they were significantly lower at mid-altitudinal sites than at the base. The Bray-Curtis distance clustering also showed that the fungal communities varied significantly with altitude. A distance-based linear model multivariate analysis(DistLM) identified that soil pH dominated the explanatory power of the species richness(23.72%),phylogenetic diversity(24.25%) and beta diversity(28.10%) of the fungal community. Moreover, the species richness and phylogenetic diversity of the fungal community increased linearly with increasing soil pH(P<0.05). Our study provides evidence that pH is an important predictor of soil fungal diversity along elevation gradients in Southwestern China.

Soil pH impact on microbial tetraether lipids and terrestrial input index (BIT) in China

The distributions of microbial tetraether lipids i.e. glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were investigated in a variety of Chinese soils featured by a wide range of pH values in different climate zones. The bacterial branched GDGTs and archaeal isoprenoid GDGTs were found to be widely distributed in Chinese soils and their relative abundance was controlled primarily by soil pH. The bacterial bGDGTs usually dominate over archaeal iGDGTs in abundance when the soil pH is below 8.0. However archaeal iGDGTs become dominant and the abundance of halophilic archaea characterized by GDGT V without cyclopentyl ring increases dramatically in the alkaline soil with pH greater than 8.0. The relative abundance of archaeal iGDGTs to bacterial bGDGTs was defined here as RAI index. The RAI index decreases with elevated soil pH and a linear correlation is found between them indicating that the relative abundance of archaeal iGDGTs to bacterial bGDGTs increases with increased pH. The RAI index thus could be a novel proxy of the pH values of paleosol. The terrestrial input index BIT (Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraethers Index) decreases with increased soil pH suggesting that soil pH should be taken into consideration when the terrestrial contribution to marine sediments is estimated by BIT index. Moreover the TEX86 index cannot be used to reconstruct sea surface temperature in the sediments featured by a large terrestrial input.

Impact of pH on Microbial Biomass Carbon and Microbial Biomass Phosphorus in Red Soils

The impact of pH changes on microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass phosphorus (Pmic)were examined for 3 red soils under citrus production with different lengths of cultivation. Soil pH significantly affected Cmic and Pmic. The Cmic and Pmic changes, as a function of soil pH, appeared to follow a normal distribution with the original soil pH value at the apex and as pH increased or decreased compared to the original soil pH, Cmic and Pmic declined. Moreover, there were critical pH values at both extremes (3.0 on the acidic side and 8.0 to 8.5 on the alkaline side), beyond which most of microorganisms could never survive.The effect of pH on Cmic and Pmic was also related to the original soil pH. The higher the original soil pH was, the less Cmic or Pmic were affected by pH change. It is suggested that soil microorganisms that grow in a soil environment with a more neutral soil pH range (I.e. pH 5.5-7.5) may have a greater tolerance to pH changes than those growing in more acidic or more alkaline soil pH conditions.