Leguminosae plants play a key role in affecting soil physical-chemical and biological properties during grassland succession after farmland abandonment in the Loess Plateau,China

Leguminosae are an important part of terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role in promoting soil nutrient cycling and improving soil properties.However,plant composition and species diversity change rapidly during the process of succession,the effect of leguminosae on soil physical-chemical and biological properties is still unclear.This study investigated the changes in the composition of plant community,vegetation characteristics,soil physical-chemical properties,and soil biological properties on five former farmlands in China,which had been abandoned for 0,5,10,18,and 30 a.Results showed that,with successional time,plant community developed from annual plants to perennial plants,the importance of Leguminosae and Asteraceae significantly increased and decreased,respectively,and the importance of grass increased and then decreased,having a maximum value after 5 a of abandonment.Plant diversity indices increased with successional time,and vegetation coverage and above-and below-ground biomass increased significantly with successional time after 5 a of abandonment.Compared with farmland,30 a of abandonment significantly increased soil nutrient content,but total and available phosphorus decreased with successional time.Changes in plant community composition and vegetation characteristics not only change soil properties and improve soil physical-chemical properties,but also regulate soil biological activity,thus affecting soil nutrient cycling.Among these,Leguminosae have the greatest influence on soil properties,and their importance values and community composition are significantly correlated with soil properties.Therefore,this research provides more scientific guidance for selecting plant species to stabilize soil ecosystem of farmland to grassland in the Loess Plateau,China.

Responses of microbial activities and soil physical-chemical properties to the successional process of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） are capable of modifying nutrient availability to favor the establishment of biogeochemical cycles. Microbial activities serve as critical roles for both carbon and nutrient transformation in BSCs. However, little is known about microbial activities and physical-chemical properties of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. In the present research, a sampling line with 1-m wide and 20-m long was set up in each of five typical interdune areas selected randomly in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Within each sampling line, samples of bare sand sheet, algal crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts were randomly collected at the depth of 0-2 cm. Varia- tions of microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzyme activities and soil physical-chemical properties in different succession of BSCs were analyzed. The relationships between microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and soil physical-chemical properties were explored by stepwise regression. Our results indicate that micro- algal biomass, microbial biomass and most of enzyme activities increased as the BSCs developed and their highest values occurred in lichen or moss crusts. Except for total K, the contents of most soil nutrients （organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P and available K） were the lowest in the bare sand sheet and significantly increased with the BSCs development, reaching their highest values in moss crusts. However, pH values significantly decreased as the BSCs developed. Significant and positive correlations were observed between chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C. Total P and N were positively associated with chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C, whereas there was a significant and negative correlation between microbial biomass and available P. The growth of cyanobacteria and microorganism contributed C and N in the soil, which offered substrates for enzyme activities thus increasing enzyme activities. Probably, improvement in enzyme activities increased soil fertility and promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, eukary- otic algae and heterotrophic microorganism, with the accelerating succession of BSCs. The present research found that microalgal-microbial biomass and enzyme activities played important roles on the contents of nutrients in the successional stages of BSCs and helped us to understand developmental mechanism in the succession of BSCs.

Effects of long-term fencing on soil microbial community structure and function in the desert steppe,China

One of the goals of grazing management in the desert steppe is to improve its ecosystem.However,relatively little is known about soil microbe communities in the desert steppe ecosystem under grazing management.In this study,we investigated the diversity and aboveground biomass of Caragana korshinskii Kom.shrub communities in long-term fencing and grazing areas,combined with an analysis of soil physical-chemical properties and genomics,with the aim of understanding how fence management affects plant-soil-microbial inter-relationships in the desert steppe,China.The results showed that fence management(exclosure)increased plant diversity and aboveground biomass in C.korshinskii shrub area and effectively enhanced soil organic carbon(233.94%),available nitrogen(87.77%),and available phosphorus(53.67%)contents.As well,the Shannon indices of soil bacteria and fungi were greater in the fenced plot.Plant-soil changes profoundly affected the alpha-and beta-diversity of soil bacteria.Fence management also altered the soil microbial community structure,significantly increasing the relative abundances of Acidobacteriota(5.31%-8.99%),Chloroflexi(3.99%-5.58%),and Glomeromycota(1.37%-3.28%).The soil bacterial-fungal co-occurrence networks under fence management had higher complexity and connectivity.Based on functional predictions,fence management significantly increased the relative abundance of bacteria with nitrification and nitrate reduction functions and decreased the relative abundance of bacteria with nitrate and nitrite respiration functions.The relative abundances of ecologically functional fungi with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,ectomycorrhizal fungi,and saprotrophs also significantly increased under fence management.In addition,the differential functional groups of bacteria and fungi were closely related to plant-soil changes.The results of this study have significant positive implications for the ecological restoration and reconstruction of dry desert steppe and similar areas.

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na^(+),K^(+),and Cl^(-).Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na^(+),K^(+),Ca2+,Mg^(2+),Cl^(-),CO_(3)^(2-),SO_(4)^(2-),and HCO_(3)^(-))were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.

Changes in soil carbon stocks and related soil properties along a 50-year grassland-to-cropland conversion chronosequence in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia,China

Land use change significantly influences soil properties. There is little information available on the long-term effects of post-reclamation from grassland to cropland on soil properties. We compared soil carbon （C） and nitrogen （N） storage and related soil properties in a 50-year cultivation chronosequence of grassland in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia. Field surveys on land use changes during the period of 1955-2002 were conducted to build a chronosequence of cropland of different ages since the conversion from grassland. The results showed that soil C and N storage, soil texture, and soil nutrient contents varied with land use types and cropland ages （P〈0.01）. In the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil organic carbon （SOC） density was significantly lower in the crop- lands （3.28 kg C/m2 for C50 soil） than in the grasslands （6.32 kg C/m2）. After 5, 10, 15, 20, 35, and 50 years of crop planting （years since the onset of cultivation）, the SOC losses were 17%, 12%, 19%, 47%, 46%, and 48%, respec- tively, compared with the grasslands. The soil total nitrogen （TN） density of the grasslands was 65 g N/m2, and TN density of the cropland soil was 35 g N/m2 after 50 years of crop planting. Both the SOC and TN densities could be quantitatively determined by a negative exponential function of cropland age （P〈0.0001, R2=0.8528; P〈0.0001, R2=0.9637）. The dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content, pH value were decreased; and the soil bulk density and soil available potassium （AK） content, clay content, and sand content were increased since the conversion of grassland into cropland during the 50-year period. Our results show soil nutrients were higher in grassland than in cropland. The conversion of grasslands to croplands induced a loss of soil C storage and changes of related soil properties. The reclamation time of cultivated soil （cropland age） had significant effects on soil properties in the study area.

Assessment of organic compost and biochar in promoting phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil using Calendula officinalis in the Loess Plateau, China

The Loess Plateau,located in Gansu Province,is an important energy base in China because most of the oil and gas resources are distributed in Gansu Province.In the last 40 a,ecological environment in this region has been extremely destroyed due to the over-exploitation of crude-oil resources.Remediation of crude-oil contaminated soil in this area remains to be a challenging task.In this study,in order to elucidate the effects of organic compost and biochar on phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil(20 g/kg)by Calendula officinalis,we designed five treatments,i.e.,natural attenuation(CK),planted C.officinalis only(P),planted C.officinalis with biochar amendment(PB),planted C.officinalis with organic compost amendment(PC),and planted C.officinalis with co-amendment of biochar and organic compost(PBC).After 152 d of cultivation,total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH)removal rates of CK,P,PB,PC and PBC were 6.36%,50.08%,39.58%,73.10%and 59.87%,respectively.Shoot and root dry weights of C.officinalis significantly increased by 172.31%and 80.96%under PC and 311.61%and 145.43%under PBC,respectively as compared with P(P<0.05).Total chlorophyll contents in leaves of C.officinalis under P,PC and PBC significantly increased by 77.36%,125.50%and 79.80%,respectively(P<0.05)as compared with PB.Physical-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activity of soil in different treatments were also assessed.The highest total N,total P,available N,available P and SOM(soil organic matter)occurred in PC,followed by PBC(P<0.05).C.officinalis rhizospheric soil dehydrogenase(DHA)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)activities in PB were lower than those of other treatments(P<0.05).The values of ACE(abundance-based coverage estimators)and Chao 1 indices for rhizospheric bacteria were the highest under PC followed by PBC,P,PB and CK(P<0.05).However,the Shannon index for bacteria was the highest under PC and PBC,followed by P,PB and CK(P<0.05).In terms of soil microbial community composition,Proteiniphilum,Immundisolibacteraceae and Solimonadaceae were relatively more abundant under PC and PBC.Relative abundances of Pseudallescheria,Ochroconis,Fusarium,Sarocladium,Podospora,Apodus,Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium under PC and PBC were higher,while relative abundances of Gliomastix,Aspergillus and Alternaria were lower under PC and PBC.As per the nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)analysis,application of organic compost significantly promoted soil N and P contents,shoot length,root vitality,chlorophyll ratio,total chlorophyll,abundance and diversity of rhizospheric soil microbial community in C.officinalis.A high p H value and lower soil N and P contents induced by biochar,altered C.officinalis rhizospheric soil microbial community composition,which might have restrained its phytoremediation efficiency.The results suggest that organic compost-assisted C.officinalis phytoremediation for crude-oil contaminated soil was highly effective in the Loess Plateau,China.

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates(>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon(SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total(or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17(or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties(such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.

Introduction of Dalbergia odorifera enhances nitrogen absorption on Eucalyptus through stimulating microbially mediated soil nitrogen-cycling

Background:There is substantial evidence that Eucalyptus for nitrogen(N)absorption and increasing the growth benefit from the introduction of N-fixing species,but the underlying mechanisms for microbially mediated soil N cycling remains unclear.Methods:We investigated the changes of soil pH,soil water content(SWC),soil organic carbon(SOC),total N(TN),inorganic N(NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(-)-N),microbial biomass and three N-degrading enzyme activities as well as the biomass and N productivity of Eucalyptus between a pure Eucalyptus urophylla×grandis plantation(PP)and a mixed Dalbergia odorifera and Eucalyptus plantation(MP)in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China.Results:Compared with the PP site,soil pH,SWC,SOC and TN in both seasons were significantly higher at the MP site,which in turn enhanced microbial biomass and the activities of soil N-degrading enzymes.The stimulated microbial activity at the MP site likely accelerate soil N mineralization,providing more available N(NH_(4)^(+)-N in both seasons and NO_(3)^(-)-N in the wet-hot season)for Eucalyptus absorption.Overall,the N productivity of Eucalyptus at the MP site was increased by 19.7% and 21.9%,promoting the biomass increases of 15.1% and 19.2% in the drycold season and wet-hot season,respectively.Conclusion:Our results reveal the importance of microbially mediated soil N cycling in the N absorption on Eucalyptus.Introduction of D.odorifera enhances Eucalyptus biomass and N productivity,improve soil N availability and increased soil C and N concentration,which hence can be considered to be an effective sustainable management option of Eucalyptus plantations.

Effect of the Continuum Removal in Predicting Soil Organic Carbon with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in the Senegal Sahelian Soils

Spectroscopy plays a major role in the access of the analytical parameters of the soil. It tends to substitute the conventional laboratory analysis because hyperspectral data were least expensive and easier to obtain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the continuum removal (CR) in the validation of the accurate prediction model of the soil properties with Vis-NIR spectroscopy data. Few studies using Vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy have well focused the calculation of the CR method;its effect in the calibration of the accurate models was also not well emphasized. In this study, we used the remote sensing software ENVI 4.7 to compute the CR function where the value of the continuum for each sample and for each spectral wavelength was obtained by dividing the reflectance values of the full spectrum (FS) with those of the continuum curve (CC). The partial least square regression (PLSR) model was applied in the spectral data from the soil of the Senegal Sahelian region. It was calibrated with both data from the full spectrum (FS) and those obtained after the application of the continuum removal. With the application of the CR, ultraviolet wavelengths (350 - 429 nm) and those of near infrared (2491 - 2500 nm) were removed from the explanatory variables of PLSR model. With the FS, all wavelengths between 350 and 2500 nm were taken into account in predicting soil properties. Our findings show a positive effect of the application of CR in the estimation of soil organic carbon. In calibration, the R2 increased up to 10% with the continuum removal in the model of 12 components (CP). In terms of validation, it’s the 15-component model which is the most accurate with the same range in calibration between the FS and the CR. The lowest RMSE ranged from 0.04 with the FS to 0.03 with the application of the CR in calibration and validation. These results show that the interest of this study as soil organic carbon is recognized as a key indicator of fertility of the soil in Sahelian-African regions. For future studies, it’s important to apply the model of neural networks to better evaluate the effect of continuum removal in predicting soil properties from the spectral data and other methods of preprocessing like the multiplicative scatter correction (msc).

Nutrient resorption and its influencing factors of typical desert plants in different habitats on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, China

The resorption of nutrients from senescent leaves allows plants to conserve and recycle nutrients. To explore the adaptation strategies of desert plants to nutrient-limited environments, we selected four typical desert plants(Populus euphratica Oliv., Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal., and Alhagi camelorum Fisch.) growing in the desert area of the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,China. The contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), and Ferrum(Fe) in the leaves of these four typical desert plants and their resorption characteristics were analyzed. The relationship of nutrient resorption efficiency with leaf functional traits and soil physical-chemical properties in two different habitats(saline-alkali land and sandy land) was discussed.The results showed that the four plants resorbed most of the elements. Ca was enriched in the leaves of P.euphratica, G. inflate, and A. camelorum;Mg was enriched in the leaves of G. inflata;and Fe was enriched in the leaves of the four plants. The results of the redundancy analysis showed that leaf thickness, soil electrical conductivity, and soil P content were the major factors affecting the nutrient resorption efficiency of the four plants. Leaf thickness was negatively correlated with N resorption efficiency(NRE),P resorption efficiency, and Fe resorption efficiency;soil electrical conductivity was positively correlated with the resorption efficiency of most elements;and soil P content was negatively correlated with the resorption efficiency of most elements in the plant leaves. The results showed that soil physical-chemical properties and soil nutrient contents had an important impact on the nutrient resorption of plant leaves.The same species growing in different habitats also differed in their resorption of different elements. The soil environment of plants and the biological characteristics of plant leaves affected the resorption of nutrient elements in different plants. The purpose of this study is to provide small-scale data support for the protection of ecosystems in nutrient-deficient areas by studying leaf functional strategies and nutrient conservation mechanisms of several typical desert plants.

降碱抑盐改良剂对重度盐化碱土的改良效果

以宁夏银北重度盐化碱土为研究对象,连续4 a监测脱硫石膏、糠醛渣、醋糟和菌肥单独或配合施用对土壤pH值、全盐和其他理化性状的改良效果及对水稻生长指标的影响。结果表明:(1)改良4年间T2(单施脱硫石膏)或各改良剂配合施用的处理(T3~T6)在0~20 cm土层pH值比T1(CK,不施用改良剂)降低,其中T5(脱硫石膏+糠醛渣+醋糟+菌肥)相对降幅最大,T6(脱硫石膏+菌肥)降幅最小,T3(脱硫石膏+糠醛渣+菌肥)和T4(脱硫石膏+醋糟+菌肥)差异较小;土壤碱化度和电导率变化趋势与pH值相似,但降幅明显大于pH值降幅。(2)4年间T2~T6处理表层土壤有机质含量比T1分别平均增加了1.30、3.97、4.03、5.16 g·kg -1 和2.15 g·kg -1;不同处理土壤速效养分含量的变化趋势与有机质相似,但增幅均大于有机质。(3)4年间T2处理水稻保苗率显著高于T1,但普遍低于改良剂配合施用的处理,T5保苗率最高,T4保苗率略优于T3;改良剂配合施用对株高提升效果不及保苗率明显;各改良剂均能提高作物穗长、每穗粒数和结实率,降低空秕数;T2~T6处理4年产量平均值分别比对照增加 77.92%、118.48%、128.93%、158.10%和102.13%,T4纯收入最高,其次为T5。整体来讲,施用脱硫石膏+糠醛渣+醋糟可以显著降低土壤pH值、碱化度和EC、提高土壤有机质和养分含量,实现土壤降碱抑盐、作物增产增收的目的。

土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性研究

土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的初始阶段,是降雨雨滴直接打击土壤表层引起的土壤颗粒分散和位移发生的过程。为研究土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性,研究通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀试验测定土壤溅蚀速率,运用SPSS 20.0软件,对土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率进行了Pearson相关系数分析。结果表明:土壤渗透性、分散率、团聚度和土壤粒级与土壤溅蚀速率相关性最大。土壤的渗透系数在整个降雨历时阶段对土壤的溅蚀速率一直呈现负影响。分散率在降雨历时为15min时对土壤溅蚀速率呈显著负影响。团聚度对土壤溅蚀速率的影响由T=15min时的显著正相关变成T=20min时的极显著正相关。土壤粒级和土壤溅蚀速率相关性很大,且关系较为复杂。相较于其他4种粒级中,粒级范围在D<0.002mm的土壤颗粒对土壤溅蚀速率影响最大,且在降雨历时为15~20min时,对土壤溅蚀速率皆有显著正相关性。另外,粒级范围在0.2≤D<2mm和0.02≤D<0.2mm的土壤颗粒分别在T=15min和T=20min时对土壤溅蚀速率有显著负相关性。土壤粒级对土壤溅蚀速率的相关性随降雨历时的变化可能与土壤结皮有关。

不同降水对荒漠灌丛土壤理化性质和地表植被分布的影响

[目的]揭示荒漠灌丛土壤理化性质及地表草本分布特征对降水分布变化的响应,为干旱风沙区人工植被建设模式选择、沙漠化防治及未来应对气候变化提供依据。[方法]在榆林市榆阳区、盐池县、沙坡头保护区,以共有人工栽植灌丛柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象,以灌丛外裸地为对照,测定了灌丛内外微生境中土壤含水量、容重、pH值、电导率、全碳、全氮及土壤粒径含量,并调查了灌丛内外微生境地表草本植被分布特征。[结果]①榆阳研究区柠条灌丛显著提高土壤粗沙粒含量、草本植物个体数,降低土壤容重、土壤pH值;油蒿灌丛显著提高土壤黏粉粒含量、全碳、全氮(p<0.05),降低草本植物物种数。盐池研究区柠条灌丛增加土壤全碳、全氮、草本植物高度,降低土壤细沙粒含量、土壤容重、草本植物物种数;油蒿灌丛降低土壤黏粉粒含量、草本植物物种数。沙坡头研究区柠条灌丛降低土壤电导率;油蒿灌丛下无草本植物。②从沙坡头到榆阳区,随降水量增加,灌丛微生境土壤细沙粒含量、土壤容重和土壤电导率降低,而土壤养分相对增加,草本植物物种数、个体数、高度均相对增加。[结论]荒漠区造林策略取决于灌丛种类和降水分布。榆阳研究区栽植柠条和油蒿灌丛、盐池研究区栽植柠条灌丛、沙坡头研究区栽植柠条灌丛更有利于促进沙漠化治理与固沙林地土壤-植被系统恢复。

地形和土壤因子对红松活立木腐朽的影响

【目的】探究地形因子和土壤因子对红松活立木腐朽的影响,进一步阐明腐朽木的分布规律,为保护和可持续利用森林资源提供理论依据和基础数据。【方法】依托黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区30 hm^(2)典型阔叶红松林动态监测样地,选取62个样方内共329株红松活立木,其中小树(10 cm≤DBH<30 cm)73株、成年树(30 cm≤DBH<50 cm)104株、老龄树(DBH≥50 cm)152株,采用阻抗仪检测法判断样木是否出现腐朽,并对样树周围的土壤理化性质和地形因子进行测定分析。在单木水平上,应用曼-惠特尼秩和检验比较健康木与腐朽木立地土壤理化性质差异;在样方水平上,利用斯皮尔曼相关分析探究土壤因子与腐朽率的关联性,采用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验和Bonferroni法两两比较研究地形因子对腐朽率的影响,选用典范对应分析研究不同龄级红松活立木腐朽分布情况。【结果】1)红松活立木平均腐朽率为35.87%,其中小树、成年树、老龄树的腐朽率分别为42.1%、39.2%、29.2%;2)腐朽木所处环境的土壤全碳含量显著低于健康木,铵态氮含量显著高于健康木(P<0.05);3)土壤体积含水率及全氮、全碳、全磷含量与红松活立木腐朽率极显著(P<0.01)负相关,全钾和速效磷含量与腐朽率显著(P<0.05)负相关;4)红松活立木腐朽率在不同坡位以及坡向差异显著(P<0.05),上坡腐朽率显著高于下坡(P<0.05),半阴坡腐朽率显著低于半阳坡(P<0.05);5)坡位和土壤磷含量是与不同生长阶段红松活立木腐朽率相关的最重要因素。健康小树多分布于硝态氮含量较高的土壤条件,而成年和老年红松腐朽木多分布于土壤铵态氮含量较高的立地条件。【结论】在小兴安岭地区,红松活立木腐朽率较高,其中上坡坡位及阴坡和半阳坡坡向的腐朽最严重;不同生长阶段的红松腐朽木均多分布在坡位较高、土壤养分和水分含量较低的立地条件,而土壤中的氮素形态对各龄级红松的腐朽作用存在差异,以上研究结果可为红松的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据和基础数据。

Effects of rodent-induced disturbance on eco-physiological traits of Haloxylon ammodendron in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang,China

Disturbance by rodents alters the morphologies and nutrients of plants as well as the physical-chemical properties of the soils.Changes in plants are considered to be mechanisms of defense against the disturbance by rodents.Rodents gnaw on the assimilating branches of Haloxylon ammodendron(CA Mey.)Bunge and burrow under the bushes in the desert ecosystems of Xinjiang,China.However,eco-physiological responses of different age groups of H.ammodendron to the disturbance by rodents are not well understood.In this study,soil physical-chemical properties under the shrubs and the above-ground morphological,physiological and biochemical features of assimilating branches of H.ammodendron of different age groups(i.e.,young,30−100 cm;middle-aged,100−200 cm;and mature,>200 cm)in burrowed and non-burrowed(control)areas were studied in 2018.We found that disturbance by rodents significantly increased the crown width and total branching rates of young and middle-aged H.ammodendron.Photosynthetic pigment contents of assimilating branches of H.ammodendron were significantly reduced under the disturbance by rodents.In term of plant nutrients,the main differences among different age groups of H.ammodendron under the disturbance by rodents occurred in the total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents that decreased in young plants,increased in middle-aged plants,and did not affect in mature plants.Crude protein and phosphorus contents significantly increased,while crude fiber and calcium contents significantly decreased in young plants.Crude fat and calcium contents significantly decreased in middle-aged plants.Soil organic matter(SOM),total nitrogen(TN),available nitrogen(AN)and available potassium(AK)contents in the topsoil(0–20 cm),which are conducive to forming''fertile islands'',also increased under the disturbance by rodents.In particular,soil AN and AK were the major factors affecting the above-ground morphological characteristics of H.ammodendron in burrowed areas.Overall,the response and defense strategies of H.ammodendron to the disturbance by rodents differed among different age groups,and the effect of the disturbance by rodents on H.ammodendron gradually weakened with the increasing plant age.

西藏不同草地类型群落根系分布特征与土壤因子的关系

选取西藏高原高寒沼泽化草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原3类草地类型的典型样地,于2016年在植被生长季获取0~30cm土层的根系生物质、土壤粒径和养分变化特征,分析不同植被群落根系分配规律及其与土壤因子之间的关系。结果显示,3类植被群落根系生物质分别为14.33、4.54、1.23kg/m2,根系垂直分布呈"T"字形,90%以上的生物质分布在0~20cm土层;根据土壤粒径组成,高寒沼泽化草甸和高寒草甸土壤可定性为粉质壤土,高寒草原为沙质壤土;土壤有机质、全氮和全磷变化规律与根系分布格局一致;根系分布与土壤粉粒、有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.001),且呈现不同拟合曲线。表明根系分布受土壤理化特性的制约,要充分结合根-土关系进行分析,才能更准确地为草地保护和合理利用提供有力的数据支撑。

鼠茅草生草对苹果园土壤理化性质的影响

近年来,大量研究表明果园生草具有改良土壤结构,提高土壤肥力的生态效益。为研究苹果园种植鼠茅草对土壤pH、容重、孔隙度,有效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和有机碳含量的影响,本试验以清耕处理为对照,设置鼠茅草生草处理,在种植鼠茅草两年后对果园土壤的上述指标进行了测定。结果表明,鼠茅草生草处理能显著提高表层土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤硝态氮及0~20 cm和0~40 cm土层中土壤的有机碳含量,显著降低表层土壤的容重,但对铵态氮、有效磷和有效钾含量基本无影响。

城市绿地土壤改良应用技术研究

城市绿地有助于提高居住环境质量,缓解城市热岛效应和区域生态压力,其土壤状况直接关系到城市的绿化效果以及绿地的可持续发展。本文以广州珠江公园风景林区、藤本园、草坪区土壤为研究对象,研究土壤pH、EC、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮等土壤养分指标的变化。根据珠江公园土壤性状,对其土壤的改良方式进行探讨,并针对性地提出管理措施。结果显示,经过土壤改良后,风景林区、藤本园土壤有机质、全磷、全钾增幅较大。藤本园土壤全氮含量增幅较大,但草坪区域土壤有机质较缺乏,后续需注意增施有机肥。

园林废弃物堆肥与不同菌剂结合对青稞幼苗生长及土壤理化性质的影响

本研究探讨园林废弃物堆肥与不同菌剂结合对青稞幼苗生长及土壤理化性质的影响,选用“藏青2000”为试验材料,研究了园林废弃物堆肥配施不同比例的菌剂对青稞幼苗农艺性状和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,园林废弃物堆肥配施不同微生物菌剂对青稞幼苗的株高、须根数、主根长、和茎围有显著促进作用,且随着园林废弃物堆肥的添加量和生育期的延长促生效果增加,其中处理T10、T12和T16对青稞幼苗株高、须根数、主根长、茎基围、生物量和土壤理化性质的促生效果最好。该研究为西藏地区合理利用园林废弃物堆肥提供了理论依据。

Use of ciliate communities for monitoring ecological restoration of grain for the green in north-western China

A 1-year baseline survey was conducted in north-western China to evaluate the ecological restoration quality of grain for green(GFG)using soil ciliate communities.The aims of this study were focused on analyzing the changes of soil ciliate communities in four plots(A,GFG for 15 years;B,GFG for 13 years;C,layland;D,cultivated land)for GFG environmental assessment.Simultaneously we studied the effects of vegetation communities and physical-chemical variables with GFG changes on soil ciliates.A total of 114 species of ciliates were identified among the four sample sites,representing 9 classes,14 orders,22 families and 37 genera.The community patterns of the soil ciliates were significantly correlated with the individual abundance of aboveground plants,soil water content,and soil porosity.The contents of total nitrogen were the main factor affecting the soil ciliate community composition.The species number,individual abundance,and diversity index of the ciliates were each in the order A>B>C>D;that is,the community composition of ciliates was complicated with the implementation of the GFG.It was shown that the succession of ciliate community shifts toward promoting the complexity with the progress of GFG.These findings demonstrate that soil ciliate communities may be used as a useful indicator to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration quality of GFG.