Effect of Intensive Inorganic Fertilizer Application on Microbial Properties in a Paddy Soil of Subtropical China

A field experiment with rice-rice rotation was conducted since 2002 in southeast China for investigating the response of soil microbial properties to intensive nitrogen fertilizer application. The tested soil was a subtropical paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay. Differences between treatments existed in different application rates of urea when the experiment was designed. Urea was applied in five rates, i.e., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 U, equivalent to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 times the local average amount of urea application （900 kg urea ha-~ yr-~, equivalent to 414 kg N ha-1 yr-~）. In 2007, soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and soil organic carbon contents were increased by 10.2-27.9, 8.0-16.0, and 10.2-30.6%, respectively, in treatments with urea application rates of 0.5 to 2 U compared to control （0 U）. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also increased by 3.1-30.8 and 1.3-13.9%, respectively, in treatments with urea application. Basal respiration in treatments with urea input were 9.4-29.1% higher than that in control. However, changes of bacterial functional diversity had different trends. Urea fertilization enhanced bacterial functional diversity until treatment of 1 U, but re-decreased it from treatment of 1.5 U. Principal components analysis indicated that there were intimate relationships among soil organic matter, nitrogen nutrient, microbial biomass, and respiration. Nevertheless, microbial diversity was related to soil moisture contents after urea application. We conclude here that the application of N fertilizer improved soil microbial biomass and respiratory activity. But, microbial diversity was reduced when excessive urea was applied in the tested paddy soil.

Experimental Study on Engineering Behavior of Solidified Soil for Scour Repair and Protection

A new scour countermeasure using solidified slurry for offshore foundation has been proposed recently.Fluidized solidified slurry is pumped to seabed area around foundation for scour protection or pumped into the developed scour holes for scour repair as the fluidized material solidifies gradually.In the pumping operation and solidification,the engineering behaviors of solidified slurry require to be considered synthetically for the reliable application in scour repair and protection of ocean engineering such as the pumpability related flow value,flow diffusion behavior related rheological property,anti-scour performance related retention rate in solidification and bearing capacity related strength property after solidification.In this study,a series of laboratory tests are conducted to investigate the effects of mix proportion(initial water content and binder content)on the flow value,rheological properties,density,retention rate of solidified slurry and unconfined compressive strength(UCS).The results reveal that the flow value increases with the water content and decreases with the binder amount.All the solidified slurry exhibits Bingham plastic behavior when the shear rate is larger than 5 s^(-1).The Bingham model has been employed to fit the rheology test results,and empirical formulas for obtaining the density,yield stress and viscosity are established,providing scientific support for the numerical assessment of flow and diffusion of solidified slurry.Retention rate of solidified slurry decreases with the water flow velocity and flow value,which means the pumpability of solidified slurry is contrary to anti-scour performance.The unconfined compressive strength after solidification reduces as the water content increases and binder content decreases.A design and application procedure of solidified soil for scour repair and protection is also proposed for engineering reference.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Applications on Soil Physical, Chemical Properties and Yield in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.)

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important approaches on improving maize grain yield. However, as is known to all, overuse N fertilizer not only leads to decline of N use efficiency and maize yield, but also leads to potential risk to environment pollution. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N fertilizer applications with nine different treatments on soil physical-chemical characters and maize grain yield using hybrid variety Zhengdan 958 in 2011 and 2012. Results indicated that the soil bulk densities of T2 (CK) and T1 were the lowest compared to other treatments in 2011 and 2012, respectively, whereas the soil bulk density of T5 in 2011 and T3 in 2012 were higher than other treatments. The soil porosity and field capacity of T5 in 2011 and T3 in 2012 were lower than other treatments, but those of CK in 2011 and T1 in 2012 were higher than other treatments. The pH values of T3 to T7 were lower than other treatments. These results indicated that the soil bulk densities were increased, whereas the soil porosity, field capacity and values pH were decreased by N application at different stages. N application could increase the N contents of leaf and stem, whereas less or excess N application should not significant improve maize yield. Although the soil organic matter and total N contents of T3 were the highest in both 2011 and 2012, the yield of T4 is the highest in both 2011 and 2012. The application amount, period and times of N fertilizer were important to maize yield.

Evaluation of soil flame disinfestation(SFD) for controlling weeds,nematodes and fungi

Soil flame disinfestation(SFD) is a form of physical disinfestation that can be used both in greenhouses and on field crops. Its use for soil disinfestation in different crop growing conditions makes it increasingly attractive for controlling soilborne pathogens and weeds. But little is known about the effect on weeds and soilbrone diseases. This study reports on greenhouses and field crops in China that determined the efficacy of SFD to control weeds, nematodes and fungi. It also determined the impact of SFD on the soil physical and chemical properties(water content, bulk density, NO3^–-N content, NH4^+-N content, conductivity and organic matter) in three field trials. A second generation SFD machine was used in these trials. SFD treatment significantly reduced weeds(>87.8%) and root-knot nematodes(Meloidogyne incognita)(>98.1%). Plant height and crop yield was significantly increased with SFD treatment. NO3^–-N and NH4^+-N increased after the SFD treatment, and there was also an increase in soil conductivity. Water content, bulk density and organic matter decreased significantly in the soil after the SFD treatment compared to the control. Soil flame disinfestation is a potential technique for controlling weeds and diseases in greenhouses or in fields. SFD is a non-chemical, safe, environmentally-friendly soil disinfection method.

Clay Materials for Ceramics Application from N’Djamena in the Chad Republic: Mineralogical, Physicochemical and Microstructural Characterization

Herein, we report some characteristics of the clayey materials (CMs) collected from Kaliwa (C1), Kabé (C2) and Malo (C3) district in N’Djamena (Chad). Three samples were characterized applying XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM. In addition, TGA/DSC were performed to control decomposition/mass loss and show phase transitions respectively of CMs. Geochemical analysis by XRF reveals the following minerals composition: SiO2 (~57% - 66%), Al2O3 (~13% - 15%), Fe2O3 (~6% - 10%), TiO2 (~1% - 2%) were the predominant oxides with a reduced proportion in C1, and (~7%) of fluxing agents (K2O, CaO, Na2O). Negligible and trace of MgO (~1%) and P2O5 was noted. The mineralogical composition by XRD shows that, C1, C2 and C3 display close mineralogy with: Quartz (~50%), feldspar (~20%) as non-clay minerals, whereas clays minerals were mostly kaolinite (~15%), illite (~5%) and smectite (~10%). FTIR analysis exhibits almost seemingly similar absorption bands characteristic of hydroxyls elongation, OH valence vibration of Kaolinite and stretching vibration of some Metal-Oxygen bond. SEM micrographs of the samples exhibit microstructureformed by inter-aggregates particles with porous cavities. TGA/DSCconfirm the existence of quartz (570˚C to 870˚C), carbonates (600˚C - 760˚C), kaolinite (569˚C - 988˚C), illite (566˚C - 966˚C), MgO (410˚C - 720˚C) and smectite (650˚C - 900˚C). The overall characterization indicates that, these clayey soils exhibit good properties for ceramic application.

Production Benefits of Double-Cropping Rice Under Optimized Application of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers Combined with Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Co-Returning to Fields

In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.

施氮对田菁翻压还田滩涂盐渍土碳氮及细菌群落结构的影响

为探讨不同施氮处理下田菁翻压还田对滩涂盐渍土的改良效果,通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮水平下(CK、SN1、SN2、SN3、SN4对应的施氮量分别为0、90、135、180、225 kg/hm^(2))绿肥田菁还田对土壤碳氮、pH、水溶性盐和细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:SN3处理下田菁生物量和碳、氮累积量最高,分别为41 882、3 756和101.5 kg/hm^(2)。作绿肥翻压还田后,则以SN2处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量最高,分别为6.51 g/kg和0.637 g/kg。各施氮处理下,田菁翻压后土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量低于CK处理。随田菁翻压量的增加,土壤pH呈逐步下降趋势,而土壤水溶性盐总量则随施氮水平和翻压量的增加而上升,但较种植前明显降低。不同施氮处理田菁翻压后,土壤中具有一定有机降解功能的变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门等细菌类群占据主导地位,且相对丰度随田菁翻压量的增加呈一定变化趋势,但细菌群落结构变化不明显。土壤门水平优势菌群相对丰度与土壤碳氮含量、pH和水溶性盐总量等指标均呈一定的相关关系,其中以拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、蓝菌门、绿弯菌门和迷踪菌门相对丰度与土壤有机碳和全氮含量的相关性较显著。综上所述,SN2处理下田菁翻压还田可显著提升滩涂土壤有机碳和全氮含量;不同施氮水平下生长的田菁翻压还田后,土壤水溶性盐总量均较种植前显著降低,主要优势菌群均有利于绿肥降解与土壤培肥,改善滩涂土壤微生态环境。

长期不同施氮量下黑土团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的变化

为测定不同氮肥施用量对黑土团聚体组成及稳定性、有机碳含量及团聚体有机碳分布的影响,阐明黑土有机碳稳定性对不同施氮水平的响应机制,本研究在吉林省梨树县不同施氮水平长期定位试验田进行取样,以施氮水平不同设置5个处理,分别为T1(0)、T2(160 kg·hm^(-2))、T3(240 kg·hm^(-2))、T4(280 kg·hm^(-2))、T5(320 kg·hm^(-2)),分析长期不同施氮量下水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体结构特征、土壤总有机碳含量及团聚体有机碳分布的变化,探究酸化黑土有机碳含量影响特征。结果表明:随氮肥施用水平的升高,土壤碱解氮(AN)和全氮(TN)含量先增后减,T3处理含量最高,AN和TN分别比T1处理高24.90%、10.28%;土壤速效磷(AP)的含量呈下降趋势。随氮肥用量的提高,土壤团聚体呈现大粒径团聚体向小粒径团聚体转变的趋势,>2 mm粒径团聚体下降14.55%。土壤有机碳总量随施氮水平的提高呈先增后减的趋势,施氮量为280 kg·hm^(-2)有机碳含量最高;>2 mm和2~0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳含量较高;不同施氮水平下有机碳含量与团聚体稳定性特征的几何平均直径、土壤团聚体破坏率、不稳定团粒指数和土壤化学性质的相关度较高。研究表明:通过13 a连续施入不同水平氮肥,土壤有机碳含量随氮肥施用量的增加呈先增后减的趋势;氮肥施用量增加会显著降低土壤pH,土壤团聚体有机碳主要分布在2~0.25 mm粒径中。

软土固化材料研究进展

随着对软土固化材料研究的不断深入,其在土壤固化领域的应用受到了广泛的关注。软土固化材料是一种节能环保的工程材料,用其处理软土可有效解决施工难、耗时长和成本高的问题,且具有工程适应性强、用量少、绿色环保等特点,应用范围十分广泛。为明确软土固化材料对土壤的加固机理和增强效果,本文回顾了近年来不同种类软土固化材料的研究进展,介绍了无机、有机、生物酶和离子4类软土固化材料的固化机理,对这4类固化土的无侧限抗压强度、抗剪强度等力学性能,以及在水稳定性、干湿循环和冻融循环等条件下的稳定性进行总结。在此基础上,本文归纳了软土固化材料的优缺点和适用范围,并结合现有研究指出有待进一步探讨的问题,为软土固化材料的未来发展提供参考。

多肽肥对烟田土壤改良及烤烟生长发育的影响

研究多肽肥(蛋白废弃物转化而来的有机肥)对植烟土壤改良和烤烟生长发育的影响,旨在为改良酸化土壤、增加土壤微生态种群多样性和提高烟叶产量与品质提供数据支持。以云烟87为试验材料,设置多肽肥3个处理(H1、H2、H3),以烟草专用肥(化肥)为对照,鉴定不同多肽肥处理条件下植烟土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落、烤烟的生长状况以及烤烟的品质。结果表明,与施加常规烟草专用肥相比,施用多肽肥后,土壤pH值升高了0.4,土壤全钙和交换性钙含量分别提高了10.28%和33.33%,同时土壤全磷和有效磷含量分别降低了25.81%和45.14%,表明施用多肽肥后不仅可以减少磷肥的用量而且可以改变土壤理化性质。土壤微生物群落分析表明,施加多肽肥能显著提升植烟土壤微生物群落的丰富度和多样性,其中,芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)相对丰度明显提高。施加多肽肥后烟草的生长发育、产量和品质也有所提高,减施磷肥67%多肽肥处理的烟株株高较常规烟草专用肥对照提高了10 cm,烟叶中的有机酸较常规烟草专用肥对照提高11.25%;烤后烟叶上中等烟率较常规烟草专用肥对照提高了0.17%。

阴山南麓复种燕麦箭筈豌豆间作和施氮对土壤特性和饲草产量的影响

为探究内蒙古阴山南麓地区饲草间作和施氮对土壤特性和饲草产量的影响,以饲用燕麦和普通箭筈豌豆为材料,于2020-2021年开展田间小区试验,设置3种种植模式(OV:燕麦箭筈豌豆间作;MO:燕麦单作;MV:箭筈豌豆单作)和3个施氮水平(N0:0 kg/hm^(2);N75:75 kg/hm^(2);N150:150 kg/hm^(2))。研究不同种植模式和不同施氮量下土壤氮素含量、土壤速效养分含量及饲草干草产量的变化规律。结果表明,随施氮量增加土壤全氮含量呈增加趋势,间作较单作提高了土壤全氮含量,所有处理以OV-N75土壤全氮含量最高,2年较N0分别提高50.89%和4.76%;随施氮量增加土壤碱解氮含量呈增加趋势,在N150水平达最高,所有处理以OV-N150处理最高,2年较N0分别提高9.54%和29.15%,但与N75水平无显著性差异(P>0.05);间作结合施氮增加了土壤硝态氮含量,所有处理以OV-N150处理最高,2年较N0分别提高113.60%和119.64%;土壤铵态氮含量以MV模式最高,且在N150施氮水平达最大值,2年较N0分别提高18.13%和69.37%。不同施氮水平下3种种植模式土壤pH均表现为MO>MV>OV,所有处理以2020年OV-N75处理土壤pH最低,较其他处理降低0.38%~3.40%;施氮有利于增加土壤有机质含量,所有处理以MV-N150处理土壤有机质含量最高,2020年较N0和N75分别提高14.45%和9.70%,2021年较N0和N75分别提高32.54%和6.23%;随施氮量增加土壤有效磷含量呈增加趋势,3种种植模式均在N150处理达最高,但与N75水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),其中OV模式N75处理2年较N0分别提高11.31%和29.73%;施氮较不施氮显著增加土壤速效钾含量,但N75与N150水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),其中OV模式N75处理2年较N0分别提高7.57%和24.12%。施氮对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响极显著(P<0.01)。间作结合施氮提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,以OV模式土壤微生物量碳含量最高,2年N75处理较N0分别提高76.16%和71.72%;以MV模式土壤微生物量氮含量最高,2年N75处理较N0分别提高217.56%和184.28%。不同种植模式燕麦和箭筈豌豆随施氮量增加干草产量呈增加趋势,间作模式以N150处理干草产量最高,2年干草产量N75较N0分别提高了29.41%和27.54%,N150较N0分别提高了36.60%和51.21%。综上,燕麦箭筈豌豆间作模式能够提高该地区饲草种植多样性,提高土壤氮素含量和速效养分含量,且在75 kg/hm^(2)施氮条件下与150 kg/hm^(2)无差异性显著(P>0.05),较不施氮相比显著提高饲草干草产量,更适于阴山南麓地区推广种植。

有机无机肥配施对连作高粱产量、养分利用及土壤理化性状的影响

以‘汾酒粱1号’酿造高粱为供试作物,于2018-2021年开展田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、农家肥羊粪(S)、商品有机肥(C)、S+NPK(SNPK)、C+NPK(CNPK)共6个处理,分析不同施肥处理对连作高粱产量、氮磷钾累积量以及土壤容重、pH值、土壤全氮、有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明:连作4年NPK、S、SNPK处理的高粱产量较不施肥处理显著提高4.45%~33.60%;随着连作年限的增加,施用农家肥处理的增产效应逐渐明显,连作第4年S处理的高粱产量较其他施肥处理显著增产6.47%~28.69%。S和SNPK处理的产量变异系数较NPK处理显著降低10.64%和6.38%,可持续性指数值分别提高2.53%和1.27%,表明S和SNPK处理具有较好的稳产性和可持续性。连作第4年S和SNPK处理较NPK处理地上部氮累积量、钾累积量分别提高8.36%、3.31%和3.48%、21.45%,磷的累积量无明显差异,仅分别增加2.22%和0.70%。与NPK处理相比,连作第4年S和SNPK处理的0~20、20~40 cm土层容重分别下降3.78%、4.55%和7.29%、4.31%;SNPK处理明显降低0~40 cm土层土壤pH值;0~20 cm土层土壤有机质和有效磷含量在SNPK处理下分别增加22.18%~36.71%和9.07%~25.62%;20~40 cm土层土壤有机质和有效磷含量在S处理下分别增加15.00%~22.37%和41.08%~43.91%。然而连作第4年各施肥处理高粱产量、氮磷累积量出现明显下降,其中产量降低15.57%~32.76%,氮累积量下降12.89%~27.90%,磷累积量下降5.89%~25.82%。综上所述,施用农家肥或农家肥配施无机肥有利于本地区连作高粱的产量稳产和土壤肥力的改善,但以连作年限在3年内为佳。农家肥配施无机肥有利于提高0~20 cm耕层土壤的肥力水平和连作2年内高粱的产量,施用农家肥处理更有利于提高20~40 cm土层土壤肥力水平和连作3年以上的高粱产量。

不同奶牛粪水还田量对苜蓿生长及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨规模化奶牛养殖场粪水还田对苜蓿生长及土壤理化性质的影响,本研究设计了5种(0、150、300、450、600 m^(3)/hm^(2))经固液分离发酵后的奶牛粪水还田量的试验。通过测定不同还田量下的苜蓿产量、品质、土壤养分含量及重金属含量变化,结果表明:粪水还田能显著提高苜蓿干草产量,随着还田量的增加,产量增加显著,600 m^(3)/hm^(2)的处理下苜蓿全年干草产量达到19369.0 kg/hm^(2);施用粪水不会降低苜蓿的粗蛋白和相对饲喂价值;粪水还田会显著增加土壤的pH和含盐量,同时会提高土壤有机质含量,在全年不施肥的条件下,各处理土壤中有效氮、速效磷和有效钾均表现为下降水平,随着粪水还田量的增加,下降幅度越小,仅靠粪水还田不能满足全年的苜蓿生长需要,应结合施肥效果更佳。粪水还田会增加土壤中铜、镉、砷、铅、铬等重金属的含量,各重金属含量均以600 m^(3)/hm^(2)的水平下增加最大。综合考虑,建议奶牛粪水还田量控制在300~450 m^(3)/hm^(2)范围内,以实现对苜蓿产量和土壤质量的双重改善。

成都市温江区两种绿地土壤抗蚀抗冲性及其影响因素

[目的]探究成都市温江区道路绿地和校园绿地土壤抗蚀、抗冲特征及其影响因素,为城市绿地水土保持和生态可持续发展提供理论支持。[方法]采用野外取样与室内试验相结合的方法,对道路和校园绿地中乔木+草地、乔木+灌木、灌木、灌木+草地、草地开展土壤抗蚀抗冲性特征研究。[结果]>5 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量在道路(79.72%)和校园绿地(39.23%)均表现为最大。土壤总孔隙度、土壤含水量和土壤粉粒含量均表现为:校园绿地>道路绿地(p<0.05)。土壤平均重量直径(MWD),土壤几何平均直径(GMD)、土壤抗蚀性指数、水稳性指数和抗冲指数均表现为:道路绿地>校园绿地(p<0.05),其中乔木+灌木和灌木+草地结构土壤抗蚀抗冲性优于其他植被结构,土壤抗冲系数均随坡度增大而减小。土壤抗蚀、抗冲性指数与>5 mm土壤水稳性团聚体、有机质含量和土壤黏粒均呈极显著正相关;与土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD),不稳定团粒指数(ELT)、<0.25 mm,0.25~2 mm水稳性团聚体呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。[结论]道路绿地乔木+灌木和灌木+草地结构土壤抗蚀抗冲性最好,校园绿地可以通过调整植被结构增强抗逆性和观赏性,降低土壤侵蚀风险。

水氮调控对宁夏中部旱区马铃薯产量与土壤质量的影响

针对宁夏中部干旱区马铃薯产量不高和土壤质量较低等问题,本研究探讨和评价宁夏中部旱区马铃薯农田土壤质量状况,马铃薯产量与农田环境因子的相互关系,以提高马铃薯产量和农田土壤质量。以马铃薯农田为研究对象,2年试验采用三因素完全随机设计,灌溉处理设置灌溉定额(2250 m^(3)/hm^(2),W3)、节水20%(1800 m^(3)/hm^(2),W2)、节水40%(1350 m^(3)/hm^(2),W1);施氮处理设置施氮量(195 kg/hm^(2),N3)、减氮20%(156 kg/hm^(2),N2)、减氮40%(117 kg/hm^(2),N1),以当地不施氮肥和不灌水为CK处理,测定土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物量碳氮磷含量及产量,并将其纳入土壤质量指数(SQI),与马铃薯产量进行拟合分析。结果表明:水氮调控对土壤速效钾、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量均有显著影响,不同水氮调控下0~20 cm土层过氧化氢酶活性(SP)、蔗糖酶活性(SS)、土壤脲酶活性(SU)、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性(SAP)W2N2处理最大,较CK处理增加23.66%、86.28%、58.66%、56.92%,并随土壤深度增加呈逐渐降低趋势。马铃薯产量、土壤微生物量碳氮磷含量及化学计量在W2N2(1800 m^(3)/hm^(2)、156 kg/hm^(2))处理最大。通过SQI得出中水中氮(W2N2)土壤质量等级最高,通过拟合发现W2N2处理能够协同提升土壤综合质量与马铃薯产量,该研究结果可为中国北方干旱地区马铃薯可持续生产和土壤质量提升提供理论依据。

缓释包膜尿素配施对土壤性质和夏玉米生长的影响

缓释肥料根据作物需肥特征可达到养分释放与作物吸收同步的目的.缓释包膜尿素与普通尿素混施既可以降低肥料成本,又能够满足作物生长需求,实现氮肥的合理运筹.研究通过在黄淮海平原豫北地区连续两年(2017—2018年)开展不同施氮剂量下包膜尿素与普通尿素配施试验,于收获季收集0-20 cm表层土壤和植物样品,进行土壤基本理化性质和植株生长指标测定.试验共设置2个施氮水平(L,低氮施用量;H,高氮施用量)和3个配施比例(CU1,包膜尿素∶普通尿素=40∶60;CU2,包膜尿素∶普通尿素=49∶51;CU3,包膜尿素∶普通尿素=57∶43),并设置常规高施氮量全普通尿素处理对照(CK),共计7个处理.研究结果表明,土壤含全氮、速效磷和有效钾量分别较对照增加37.1%~142.0%、16.5%~33.6%和22.0%~73.1%,含有机质量提高7.0%~42.5%,碳氮比降低33.7%~48.8%.各配施处理连续两年夏玉米的株高、基径、千粒质量和产量较对照增加21.4%~31.2%、10.4%~18.7%、6.18%~11.2%和15.2%~32.7%.综合考虑作物产量和土壤肥力等指标,建议采用低氮水平下高包膜尿素配施比例NPK混合方案(包膜缓释尿素148.2 kg/hm^(2),普通尿素111.8 kg/hm^(2),过磷酸钙833 kg/hm^(2)和硫酸钾180.0 kg/hm^(2))既能满足夏玉米高产对养分的需求,又能保证土地持续的生产力.

膨润土对沙地土壤改良与朝天椒农艺性状及产量的影响

探索膨润土对沙地土壤性质及结构、朝天椒农艺性状及产量的影响,为膨润土用于沙地土壤改良应用提供理论依据。于2023年在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市杭锦旗巴拉贡镇山湾村开展膨润土治理沙化耕地大田试验,试验按膨润土施量共设置6组处理,分别为:0(CK)、15.0 t/hm^(2)(A1)、22.5 t/hm^(2)(A2)、30.0 t/hm^(2)(A3)、37.5 t/hm^(2)(A4)、45.0 t/hm^(2)(A5),研究不同膨润土施量对土壤理化性质及结构和朝天椒农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,施用膨润土能够显著改善土壤性质、有效调整土壤结构。膨润土的施用提高了朝天椒生育期内土壤含水量、总孔隙度、CO_(2)通量、WR>0.25 mm含量、pH和电导率;降低了生育期内土壤容重,协调了生育期内土壤三相比例,改善土壤固液气结构。在生育期内膨润土施量与土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。施用膨润土有效促进了朝天椒的生长发育,显著提高朝天椒产量。以A3处理朝天椒产量最高,较对照增产61.2%。膨润土作为土壤改良剂能够有效改善土壤性质,调整土壤结构,提高土壤持水能力和朝天椒产量。综合不同施量对土壤指标及朝天椒产量的影响,研究认为30.0 t/hm^(2)为该试验区2023年适宜施量。

水泥钢渣稳定土的路用性能研究与工程应用

在道路材料中应用钢渣是钢渣规模化消纳的重要途径之一,水泥钢渣稳定土是一类新型路面基层材料。本文针对水泥剂量、钢渣掺量对水泥钢渣稳定土抗压强度以及劈裂强度的影响进行了研究,同时还探讨了钢渣掺量对水泥钢渣稳定土干缩性能的影响。结果表明:随着钢渣掺量的增加,水泥钢渣稳定土的无侧限抗压强度和劈裂强度逐渐提高,折压比先增加后降低,干缩系数逐渐降低;随着水泥剂量的提高,水泥钢渣稳定土的28、90 d无侧限抗压强度和劈裂强度逐渐提高,水泥剂量提高至5%(质量分数)时,折压比出现一定幅度的降低。采用配合比(质量分数)水泥外掺5%,钢渣掺量60%,土掺量40%进行工程应用研究,试验段经过现场检测,工程应用效果良好,具有较好的经济效益。

不同改良措施对黄河南岸灌区盐碱土壤理化性质及团聚体特征的影响

【目的】黄河南岸灌区盐碱土壤盐分高、养分低、结构差等问题严重制约了当地农业和经济发展,探索低成本高效益的土壤改良产品有利于缓解当地耕地压力,促进作物增收。【方法】以黄河南岸灌区2种不同盐碱化程度土壤(中度和重度盐碱土)为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、3%玉米秸秆(T1)、3%牛粪(T2)、3%脱硫石膏(T3)、2%玉米秸秆配施1%牛粪(T4)以及2%玉米秸秆配施1%脱硫石膏(T5)共6个处理,通过室内培养试验,探究不同改良措施对黄灌区2种盐碱程度土壤理化性状和团聚体特征的影响。【结果】(1)不同改良措施均不同程度改善了土壤理化性质。其中,中度盐碱土T1处理p H值降幅为8.14%,有机碳量、全氮量增幅分别为72.99%、16.14%,T5处理p H值降幅为11.34%,有机碳量、全氮量增幅分别为43.75%、38.60%,无渗流条件下T1处理EC值与CK无显著差异,但T5处理EC值显著高于CK;重度盐碱土中,T2处理p H值、EC值降幅分别为1.50%、9.67%,有机碳量、全氮量增幅分别为66.48%、52.94%,T4处理土壤p H值、EC值降幅分别为4.01%、9.67%,有机碳量、全氮量增幅分别为48.94%、48.24%。(2)不同改良措施均改善了土壤团聚体结构和分布。其中,中度盐碱土中,T1处理>2 mm团聚体数量增加最显著,占比达到41.53%,GMD、WR_(0.25)最大,增幅分别达到305.2%、199.90%;T5处理0.25~2 mm团聚体数量增加最显著,占比达到65.10%,GMD、WR_(0.25)增幅分别为198.33%、204.72%。重度盐碱土中,T2处理0.25~2 mm团聚体数量增加最显著,其次为T4处理,二者分别为65.17%、59.92%,T2处理在促进团聚体稳定性表现最好,GMD最大,D最小。(3)不同改良措施中度盐碱土中主成分总得分表现为T5处理>T1处理>T2处理>T4处理>T3处理>CK,重度盐碱土中表现为T2处理>T4处理>T1处理>T5处理>T3处理>CK。【结论】综上,对于中度盐碱土,3%玉米秸秆处理(T1处理)和2%玉米秸秆配施1%脱硫石膏处理(T5处理)在改善土壤理化性状和团聚体结构整体表现较好;对于重度盐碱土,3%牛粪处理(T2处理)和2%玉米秸秆配施1%牛粪处理(T4处理)在改善土壤理化性状和团聚体结构整体表现较好。

Effects of maize straw biochar application on soil physical properties, morph-physiological attributes, yield and water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)production was threatened by the inefficiency of fertilizers,contributing to the deterioration of the soil environment under greenhouse conditions in southern China.Biochar application could ameliorate the physical properties of soil and enhance the growth and productivity of tomatoes.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted with four biochar addition rates of 0%(BA0),1%(BA1),3%(BA3),and 5%(BA5).Results showed that the soil physical properties,morph-physiological indicators,yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of tomatoes with biochar addition were significantly higher than those of tomatoes without biochar addition.Among the different treatments,BA5 provided the highest total porosity(53.09%),field capacity(40.73%),plant height(72.5 cm),net photosynthetic rate(16.04 mmol/m^(2)·s),total dry matter(184.65 g/plant),yield(54.9 t/hm^(2)),and WUE(38.5 kg/m^(3)).The yield and WUE increased from 44.5 t/hm^(2) and 31.2 kg/m^(3) under BA0,respectively,to 54.9 t/hm^(2) and 38.5 kg/m^(3) under BA5,respectively.The results suggest that BA5 can maximize improvements in soil physical properties to augment plant growth,thereby increasing the yield and WUE of tomatoes.However,the effects of BA3 and BA5 on WUE were not significantly different.Thus,from the perspective of economic investment,BA3 is recommended.