Soil Monitoring System as a Basic Tool for Protection of Soils and Sustainable Land Use in Slovakia

The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.

城市化可能引起的地貌灾害及其防治

城市化可能导致流水地貌过程系统的变化,加剧水土流失和洪水威胁;还可能导致重力地貌过程系统的变化,造成土滑、滑坡和崩塌等灾害;城区地下水、地下其它液体和固体物质的开采,可能引起地面沉降或坍陷。这一切会影响自然环境与人类环境,故应采取相应的防治措施。

基于土壤功能与胁迫的耕地土壤健康评价方法

基于功能性土壤管理理论,针对初级生产力、养分供给与循环、生物多样性供给、水净化与调节、碳封存与调节5种功能选取评价指标,通过识别水田、水浇地和旱地对不同土壤功能的供给和需求关系,构建土壤功能供需判别矩阵,并叠加重金属污染胁迫因素,评价耕地土壤的健康状况,从而实现了基于土壤功能与胁迫的耕地土壤健康评价。在河南省温县进行了评价方法的适用性研究,结果表明:温县5种土壤功能供需空间格局基本呈现由南向北逐渐递增的趋势,以青峰岭为界,中北部土壤功能的供需处于盈余状态,而南部区域处于失衡状态;土壤健康等级交错分布,亚健康面积占比最大,为44.4%,健康土壤零散分布在黄庄镇、番田镇、武德镇和祥云镇;土壤质地、土体构型、土壤养分、土壤生物活性和重金属污染胁迫是导致耕地土壤健康空间分异的主要因素。本研究可在理论上丰富土壤健康评价方法体系,在实践上促进耕地资源可持续利用与管理。

黑龙江粮食主产区生态环境恶化的研究

黑龙江省是粮食主产区,是国家重要的商品粮生产基地,粮食生产占有特殊重要地位。黑土地水土流失严重及因此而引起的土壤“营养不良”;水资源紧缺,水质恶化,自然灾害频繁,灾情加重;农业环境污染,有害物质残留食物中。农业环境恶化严重地威胁农业生产。

基于InVEST模型的黑水河流域土壤侵蚀评估及威胁分析

【目的】本文研究了黑水河流域土壤侵蚀量时空分布特征,揭示不同土地利用类型遭受土壤侵蚀的潜在因素。【方法】运用INVEST模型对黑水河流域土壤侵蚀状况进行模拟,在此基础上对流域土壤侵蚀因素进行权重分析。【结果】(1)黑水河流域轻度侵蚀占47.7%,中度侵蚀占22.3%,强烈侵蚀占15.5%,极强烈侵蚀占9.7%。(2)采石挖沙、水域设施用地、养殖、裸地和建设用地的泥沙平均输出量分别为59.94、54.87、73.88、32.5 t/hm^(2),是土壤流失的高危险区域,而林地、耕地、梯田泥沙侵蚀量相对较低。(3)黑水河流域土壤侵蚀时空分布差异性大,土壤侵蚀强度与土地利用开发强度及坡度密切相关。【结论】研究成果为黑水河流域进一步水土流失调查、土地利用结构调整、水库管理、水土流失防治措施的制定等提供了科学依据。

丛枝菌根影响植物抗旱性机理研究

随着全球变暖的日益加剧,干旱的范围以及强度也在逐渐的增强,相关研究表明,我国的干旱区域正在逐渐的扩大,干旱与半干旱区的界限也在由西北向东部移动,这种变化也必然导致生态系统的变化。近年来,人们对于丛枝菌根已经有了一定的认识,但是目前对于丛枝菌根植物适应干旱胁迫的生理和分子机制还是缺乏相应的深入研究,因此,本文将对这些做相关更深入的研究,旨在了解丛枝菌根在干旱与半干旱环境中对增强植物抗寒性的潜在作用。

Risk Assessment and Management of Hazardous Hydrological and Geological Processes in Ukraine

Due to long and irrational land-utilization, Ukraine deals with one of the most strained ecological situations in Europe. This work is devoted to the study of land resources transformation that was caused by human activity. The subject of study is to assess and forecast physical land and soil degradation, associated with the technical intensification of hazardous exogenous processes. The research is based on the use of methods of ecologic-geomorphological analysis, mathematical-statistical modeling and forecasting. This project gives characteristics to the main anthropogenic factors of threats and risks to land and soil, which take place in the territory of Ukraine. The estimation was conducted relatively dangerous hydrological and geological processes that are key factors of physical degradation of resources. These processes include erosion, flooding, secondary waterlogging, landslides and other collapsed phenomena. Graphic models reflect specific factors and environmental consequences of the most dangerous exogenous processes. Predicted is the development of dangerous hydrological and geological processes, influenced by technogenic factors. Different scenarios of physical land degradation are developed by the example of a specific technonatural geosystem. A measurement system of the sustainable usage and management of soil condition in Ukraine is improved.

重金属污染土壤修复技术的发展研究

重金属场地土壤是长期工业化的产物,对人类的健康和环境造成严重的威胁,重金属污染土壤修复技术正逐步成为污染治理研究的一个重要领域。基于此,分析我国重金属污染土壤现状,总结近年来发展起来的重金属污染土壤修复技术,并在此基础上进一步分析重金属污染土壤修复技术的研究方向及应用前景。