Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi,Northwest China.Four types of biodegradable mulches,traditional plastic mulchs and a control group(bare land;referred to as CK)were compared,including a total of six different treatments.Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined.In addition,a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed.Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation.Our results show that,compared with CK,biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5%and 1.5%-3.0%in the middle and late growth periods(P<0.050),respectively.The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows.Compared with plastic mulch,the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C(P<0.050)at the seedling stage and the full growth period,respectively,and the water use efficiency,average fruit yield,and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%,3.39%-8.69%,and 0.51%-6.33%(P<0.050),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition.Therefore,from the perspective of sustainable development,biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.

Water and heat transport in hilly red soil of southern China:I. Experiment and analysis

Studies on coupled transfer of soil moisture and heat have been widely carried out for decades. However, little work has been done on red soils, widespread in southern China. The simultaneous transfer of soil moisture and heat depends on soil physical properties and the climate conditions. Red soil is heavy clay and high content of free iron and aluminum oxide. The climate conditions are characterized by the clear four seasons and the serious seasonal drought. The great annual and diurnal air temperature differences result in significant fluctuation in soil temperature in top layer. The closed and evaporating columns experiments with red soil were conducted to simulate the coupled transfer of soil water and heat under the overlaying and opening fields’ conditions, and to analyze the effects of soil temperature gradient on the water transfer and the effects of initial soil water contents on the transfer of soil water and heat. The closed and evaporating columns were designed similarly with about 18 °C temperatures differences between the top and bottom boundary, except of the upper end closed or exposed to the air, respectively. Results showed that in the closed column, water moved towards the cold end driven by temperature gradient, while the transported water decreased with the increasing initial soil water content until the initial soil water content reached to field capacity equivalent, when almost no changes for the soil moisture profile. In the evaporating column, the net transport of soil water was simultaneously driven by evaporation and temperature gradients, and the drier soil was more influenced by temperature gradient than by evapo- ration. In drier soil, it took a longer time for the temperature to reach equilibrium, because of more net amount of transported water.

Water and heat transport in hilly red soil of southern China:II. Modeling and simulation

Simulation models of heat and water transport have not been rigorously tested for the red soils of southern China. Based on the theory of nonisothermal water-heat coupled transfer, a simulation model, programmed in Visual Basic 6.0, was developed to predict the coupled transfer of water and heat in hilly red soil. A series of soil column experiments for soil water and heat transfer, including soil columns with closed and evaporating top ends, were used to test the simulation model. Results showed that in the closed columns, the temporal and spatial distribution of moisture and heat could be very well predicted by the model, while in the evaporating columns, the simulated soil water contents were somewhat different from the observed ones. In the heat flow equation by Taylor and Lary (1964), the effect of soil water evaporation on the heat flow is not involved, which may be the main reason for the differences between simulated and observed results. The predicted temperatures were not in agreement with the observed one with thermal conductivities calculated by de Vries and Wierenga equations, so that it is suggested that Kh, soil heat conductivity, be multiplied by 8.0 for the first 6.5 h and by 1.2 later on. Sensitivity analysis of soil water and heat coefficients showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity, KS, and the water diffusivity, D(θ), had great effects on soil water transport; the variation of soil porosity led to the difference of soil thermal properties, and accordingly changed temperature redistribution, which would affect water redistribution.

Different discretization method used in coupled water and heat transport mode for soil under freezing conditions

A coupled water and heat transport mode is established based on the Richards equation to study water flow and heat transport in soil during freezing process. Both the finite difference and finite element method are used in the discretization, respectively. Two different computer programs are written and used to simulate an indoor unidirectional frozen test. The freezing depth, freezing rate and temperature variation are compared among lab tests, finite difference calculation simulation and finite element calculation simulation. Result shows that： the finite difference method has a better performance in freezing depth simulation while the finite element method has a better performance in numerical stability in one-dimensional freezing simulation.

Coupled Transfer of Water and Heat in Red Soil: Experiment and Numerical Modelling

Coupled transfer of soil water and heat in closed columns of homogeneous red soil was studied under laboratory conditions. A coupled model was constructed using soil physical theory, empirical equations and experimental data to predict the coupled transfer. The results show that transport of soil water was affected by temperature gradient, and the largest net water transport was found in the soil column with initial water content of 0.148 m3 m-3. At the same time, temperature changes with the transport of soil water was in a nonlinear shape as heat parameters were function of water content, and the changes of temperature were positively correlated with the net amount of water transported. Numerical modelling results show that the predicted values of temperature distribution were close to the observed values, while the predicted values of water content exhibited limited deviation at both ends of the soil column due to the slight temperature changes at both ends. It was indicated that the model proposed here was applicable.

The analysis of heat and water fluxes in frozen silty soil

In this paper, based on the basic equations of water flow and heat transfer, the hydrothermal coupling model is established.The numerical model was realized in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and simulation results are compared with the experimental results of Watanabe and Wake(2008) to verify the effectiveness of the model. Through the calculation, we can obtain the dynamic changes of heat and water fluxes, thermal and hydrological properties, matric potential and temperature gradient in unsaturated freezing soil; and these variables are unmeasurable in practice.

Effect of Crop Root on Soil Water Retentivity and Movement

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of crop root on soil water retentivity and movement to improve the crop growth environment and irrigation efficiency. To simulate soil water movement considering the crop root effect on the physical properties of soil, a numerical model describing the soil water and heat transfers was introduced. Cultivation experiments were conducted to clarify the effect of the crop root on soil water retentivity and verify the accuracy of the numerical model. The relationship between soil water retentivity and the root content of soil samples was clarified by soil water retention curves. The soil water content displayed a high value with increasing crop root content in the high volumetric water content zone. The experimental results indicated that the saturated water content increased with the crop root content because of the porosity formed by the crop root. The differences of the soil water retentivity became smaller when the value of the matric potential was over pF 1.5. To verify the accuracy of the numerical model, an observation using acrylic slit pot was also conduced. The temporal and spatial changes of the volumetric water content and soil temperature were measured. Soil water and heat transfers, which considered the effect of the crop root on the soil water retentivity clarified by the soil water retention curves, were simulated. Simulated volumetric water content and temperature of soil agreed with observed data. This indicated that the numerical model used to simulate the soil water and heat transfer considering the crop root effect on soil water retentivity was satisfactory. Using this model, spatial and temporal changes of soil water content were simulated. The soil water condition of the root zone was relatively high compared with the initial conditions. This indicated that the volumetric water condition of the root zone increased with the soil water extraction and high soil water conditions was maintained because the soil water retentivity of root zone increased with the root effect.

Evaluation of Soil Water Management Difference in Mango Orchards between Thailand and Japan

The objective of this study is to evaluate the difference of the soil water management in mango orchards between the varieties of “Irwin” in Japanand “Nam Dok Mai” inThailand. Field observations were conducted in mango orchards in Okinawa, Japan and Phrao, Thailand to clarify the water management practices. Measurement of the hourly soil water content in Phrao indicated that the irrigation was scarce and the volumetric water content in the soil was maintained almost constant. in the flowering season. This can be the farmers’ practice for flower induction. After the flowering season, irrigation was frequent in order to produce the large fruit. In the harvest season, the soil water content was relatively high because of frequent irrigation and rainfall. In Okinawa, the volumetric water content was maintained at the same level in a relatively deep layer. The result at the5 cmdepth indicated that the farmer carefully controlled the soil water content. In the flowering season, the soil water content was relatively low. While the orchard was managed empirically, the volumetric water content near the soil surface was maintained over 25% during the harvest season. This result indicates that the farmer performed the good soil water management to enhance mango fruit quality even without technical measurement. A numerical model describing the soil water and heat transfers was introduced to predict the farmer’s empirical soil water management in Okinawa. Using the meteorological data in March 2010, the irrigation regime was predicted using the simulated soil water content. In the flowering season, the farmer irrigated when the soil surface water content reached 14%. Based on this criterion for the empirical soil water management, the simulation result indicated that the farmer irrigated four times in this period. The numerical model presented here can be useful for evaluating the differences in water management practices of local farmers.

不同冬灌方式对紫花苜蓿次年生长及土壤水热的影响

为探寻干旱半干旱地区冬季灌水对土壤水分、温度以及翌年紫花苜蓿返青、生长和产量的影响,进而提出适宜于伊金霍洛旗地区紫花苜蓿高产的灌溉方式,采用大田试验的方法,以未冬灌小区作为对照(CK),设置地下滴灌(DI)和畦灌(BI)2种灌溉方式,灌水定额设置为30 mm,共3个试验处理,每个处理3次重复,共9个试验小区。结果表明冬灌对次年紫花苜蓿返青时各土层土壤含水率和土层温度均有一定影响,地下滴灌和畦灌,均能提高紫花苜蓿返青前的土壤含水率、提高土壤温度、改善紫花苜蓿的越冬环境、提高紫花苜蓿的越冬率。冬灌后次年紫花苜蓿返青率较未冬灌处理小区高13.77%,且滴灌处理条件下返青率最高,有利于后期紫花苜蓿产量的提高。地下滴灌冬灌处理条件下紫花苜蓿第1茬产量最高,鲜草产量为31020 kg/hm^(2),干草产量为6150 kg/hm^(2),相对未冬灌处理分别增产23.32%、21.67%。综合考虑地下滴灌条件下冬灌对次年紫花苜蓿生长及土壤水热的影响,建议伊金霍洛旗地区紫花苜蓿在越冬期进行地下滴灌条件下的冬灌。

基于SHAW模型的北疆地区不同滴灌年限棉田冻融期土壤水热盐动态模拟研究

为探究SHAW(Simultaneous heat and water)模型在北疆地区长期膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤水热盐动态模拟的适用性,本研究选用滴灌起始年限为1998年(21 a)的棉田土壤水热盐实测数据对SHAW模型进行率定,以滴灌起始年限为2006年(13 a)、2008年(11 a)、2012年(7 a)和荒地(0 a)的水热盐实测数据进行验证。模型率定结果表明,随土壤深度增加土壤温度的模拟效果越好;土壤水盐的模拟效果先增强后减弱。模拟土壤温度Nash系数(NSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和R2分别为0.713~0.993、0.209~2.498℃和0.911~0.994;模拟土壤水分NSE和RMSE分别为0.824~0.967和0.009%~0.032%;模拟土壤盐分NSE和RMSE分别为0.609~0.844和0.001~0.012 g/kg。模型验证结果表明,随滴灌年限增加模拟效果越好,模拟除荒地20~60 cm土层土壤温度NSE小于0.600,滴灌7、11和13 a地块各层土壤温度NSE均大于0.600,RMSE介于0.143~3.213℃;滴灌0、7、11和13 a地块模拟的各层土壤水分NSE均大于0.670,RMSE为0.009%~0.057%;滴灌0、7、11和13 a地块模拟的除120~140 cm土层土壤盐分NSE小于0.600,其他各层土壤盐分NSE均大于0.616,RMSE为0.000~0.016 g/kg。总体而言,SHAW模型适用于北疆地区冻融期长期膜下滴灌棉田的一维土壤水热盐模拟。

不同“干播湿出”处理方式对南疆棉田土壤水热盐和产量的影响研究

针对新疆南疆地区气候干旱,棉花出苗影响因素复杂的现状,为探索在“干播湿出”条件下棉花出苗期适宜的处理方式,在新疆阿克苏地区沙雅县海楼镇开展大田试验。试验共设计5个试验处理,即单膜覆盖(CT)、双膜覆盖(ST)、施用改良剂(GT)、滴灌冬灌(DT)以及对照组冬灌漫灌(CK),试验通过“水肥一体技术”,随出苗水滴施改良剂,播种时机械覆双膜,研究不同处理对土壤温度、含水率、含盐量以及出苗率和产量的影响。棉花出苗期0~20 cm土层的含水率变化表明,土壤含水率由高到低排序为ST>GT>DT>CK>CT;对0~100 cm土壤含水率分析,在0~30 cm土层含水率由高到低排序为ST>GT>DT>CK>CT,各处理方式在30 cm以下土层土壤含水率差别不大。在5cm土层,双膜覆盖处理的升温效果最好,保温效果最好,有效积温最高;在15 cm土层,双膜覆盖处理的土壤温度变化幅度最小,保温效果最好。分析0~40 cm土层土壤含盐量发现,施用改良剂处理能有效改变0~10 cm和20~30cm土层土壤盐分,但在10~20 cm和30~40 cm土层范围内盐分较对照处理并无显著差异。双膜覆盖能有效改变0~10 cm土层范围内土壤盐分,但在10~40 cm土层范围内盐分较对照处理没有显著差异。在干播湿出不同技术处理中,双膜覆盖处理可以有效提高棉花苗期土壤含水率与温度,提升棉花出苗率,有效改善水土环境,拥有更适合棉花出苗和生长的土壤环境。

BCC_AVIM陆面模式不同土壤垂直离散化方案对土壤水热输送的数值模拟

陆面模式中的土壤如何分层至关重要,一般情况下认为在受大气—地面界面影响较大的土壤表层应该细分,土壤越往深层,土壤层厚度的分层可以相应加大。已有研究表明:在不同天气和气候积分条件下,土壤厚度在根带以下,其对模拟结果有不同的影响。这表示根据不同的研究要求,应当改变土壤的分层方式。然而什么是陆面模式中的最优土壤分层方式仍不确定。因此本文主要利用BCC_AVIM陆面模式探究不同土壤垂直离散化方案对于土壤水热属性,表面辐射通量与感热、潜热通量模拟的敏感性,从而达到提升模式模拟效果的目的。BCC_AVIM陆面模式中原土壤分层方案为10层,将土壤各层的节点深度,土壤层厚度以及土壤各层的界面深度进行插值,由原来的10层土壤层插值到20层,在本文中称为方案一;参考模式CLM5.0中的土壤垂直离散化方案并改进到BCC_AVIM陆面模式中,原土壤层次也由10层增加到20层,为本文的方案二。将改进后的方案一和方案二与原方案结果对比分析发现:(1)方案一和方案二对土壤温度的模拟与实测数据更吻合,对于各层土壤温度的数值大小与变化趋势的模拟效果有所提升,其中方案一对浅层土壤温度的模拟效果更好。(2)在土壤湿度的模拟上,三种方案对浅层土壤湿度的模拟效果较好,对深层土壤湿度的模拟效果相对较差,其中方案一对土壤各层湿度曲线变化趋势与数值大小的模拟更加贴近实测数据。(3)方案一对土壤各层是否发生冻结或消融的时间判定更合理,更加接近实测数据。整体上,方案一的模拟效果最佳。由此,得出结论:方案一相较于原方案对土壤温、湿度的模拟效果有所改善,这表明在同样的土壤深度下,更密集更细致的土壤分层有利于提升模式对土壤水热输送的模拟能力。同时,方案一的模拟效果总体优于方案二,这也表明,在相同的土壤层次下,浅中层拥有更密集的土壤分层,对于提升模式对土壤水热输送的模拟能力有一定的积极影响。

加热光纤法同步测定土壤水热参数误差分析

土壤水热参数是研究土壤水热传输的基本物理参数。当前热脉冲探针法(HPP)可同步测定土壤水热参数,但该方法仅限于在点尺度下测定。与其具有相同理论基础的加热光纤法(SPHP-DTS),可将测定尺度增大至田间千米尺度,但其测定精度尚未得到有效验证。为了探知SPHP-DTS法的误差,本研究进行了SPHP-DTS法与HPP法测定土壤水热参数的对比试验。结果表明,以HPP为标准,加热光纤法测定热导率的精度RMSE为0.13 W×m^(-1)×℃^(-1)。SPHP-DTS法测定的热导率显著高于HPP法,主要原因在于加热光纤时产生的温度效应。通过热导率法测定土壤含水率时,在热导率测定误差的影响下,SPHP-DTS法的测定精度明显低于HPP法。SPHP-DTS法测定土壤水热参数的其他误差来源包括光纤与土壤之间多个界面的接触热阻、光纤的温度敏感性、噪音干扰以及温度梯度驱动下的水分迁移。本研究可为SPHP-DTS法提升土壤水热参数测定精度提供理论参考。

温室传热水道与土壤换热强度影响的数值分析

以呼和浩特市某日光温室铺设的传热水道为研究对象,为提供传热水道在土壤中铺设间距、深度的准确依据,利用CFD数值模拟技术对传热水道在不同供水温度(30、40、50℃)、不同埋管深度(30、40、50cm)、不同管道间距(20、40、50cm)的情况时对温室土壤的换热强度进行研究与分析。结果表明:埋管深度越深对土壤地面温度影响越小,管道间距越宽则土壤的温度分布越分散,使土壤不容易达到温度扩散的饱和值,管温越高对管道以下的土壤影响越大,造成资源浪费;当埋管深度为30cm、管间距为20cm时,土壤的换热效果最佳。研究结果可为温室传热水道对土壤加热提供理论参考。

宁夏衬砌渠道渠基冻胀率水热响应试验研究

衬砌渠道周围的水分与温度场分布存在明显差异,此范围内渠基土在水热两场耦合作用下冻胀有明显不同。基于这种差异,开展渠基土在不同水分、温度条件下冻胀率试验研究。结果表明:在不同温度条件下,土体冻胀率随温度的变化过程可分为2个阶段,当温度从0℃降至-5℃左右时,在此阶段产生的冻胀率约占整个冻胀过程的50%~80%,冻胀率与温度线性关系明显。随着温度继续降低,2者非线性关系明显。在无补水情况下,相同温度条件下的土体,初始含水率越大,所产生的冻胀率越大;初始含水率25%和35%的土体产生的冻胀率均为初始含水率15%土体的1倍到2倍以上。当土体在冻胀过程中有水分补充时,其冻胀率与水分变化线性关系明显,初始含水率越大的土体产生的冻胀率增量越大,初始含水率25%、35%的土体冻胀率增量均为15%土体的2倍以上。提出的水热耦合条件与渠基土冻胀率的多元非线性关系与试验数据吻合较好。建立数值模拟模型,对衬砌渠道不同位置处冻胀作用分布与变形进行计算与分析,结果表明:温度越低、水分越大,衬砌渠道所受到的切向冻胀力与法向冻胀力越大。水热变化差异越大时,土体冻胀导致的衬砌渠道冻胀变形越显著。

风对砂土非饱和带水汽热运移规律影响研究

针对目前以非饱和带土体水汽热运移对类似铁路、公路工程以及污染物运移影响根本认识不足的问题,基于室内砂土土柱试验,开展了在一定热辐射条件下,考虑风速(0、0.56、1.44 m/s)对砂土非饱和带水汽热运移规律影响研究。结果表明:温度控制系统和风速控制系统工作以后,风速的增大一方面降低了土表的温度梯度,并减缓着水分的流失,另一方面加快土表水分的流失作用,2种机制共同影响着土体的含水率变化。蒸发速率受到温度梯度的影响,随着温度梯度以及基质势作用下气态水向上运移速率趋于稳定,土体的瞬时蒸发量在40 h之后也趋于稳定。总结的经验可供今后类似项目借鉴。

下蜀土降雨入渗光纤感测及渗透系数估算研究

下蜀土中裂隙较为发育,在降雨时入渗能力强,因此容易诱发浅层滑坡等灾害。为了研究下蜀土的降雨入渗特征,本文采用主动加热光纤光栅(AH-FBG)法开展了地基土水分分布及其动态变化的原位监测研究。基于监测数据,掌握了冬季和夏季土体体积含水率的时空分布特征,并计算得到降雨事件的降雨入渗量及入渗补给系数。在此基础上,通过稳态法计算获取了原位下蜀土的非饱和渗透系数,并与间接法估算值进行比较。结果表明:将AH-FBG法应用于下蜀土含水率的原位监测具有可行性,其中5 cm深度的均方根误差较大,为0.0252 m^(3)·m^(-3),主要受到浅层土体和空气的热量交换作用以及土体裂隙的影响,其余深度均不超过0.01 m^(3)·m^(-3)。原位监测系统对降雨入渗和蒸发作用引起的含水率变化均具有良好的响应。无论是冬季还是夏季,由稳态法计算得到的原位非饱和渗透系数均大于间接法估算值,表明下蜀土中的裂隙为降雨入渗提供了优先渗流通道。

跨季节土壤蓄冷-土壤源热泵系统长期运行特性实验研究

为解决土壤源热泵在长期运行条件下土壤热失衡导致的运行效率下降问题,针对夏热冬冷地区的特点,提出一种利用室外风机盘管将冬季或过渡季室外空气中的冷量存储于土壤中的跨季节蓄冷-土壤源热泵系统。利用地埋管换热系统的相似模型实验台,进行了系统运行3年的供冷、供暖、蓄冷工况实验,综合分析了埋管进出口水温、气温、土壤温度、土壤及埋管换热量、单位埋深换热量等参数,研究系统的长期运行特性。研究显示:3年的土壤平均温度分别上升0.14℃、0.22℃、0.20℃,总体来说升高幅度较小;蓄冷时的室外气温越低、土壤与室外空气的温差越大,蓄冷效果越好;埋管进出口平均温差、土壤平均温度变化、土壤换热量、埋管换热量、单位埋深换热量的大小关系一致。研究结果表明,跨季节蓄冷维持了土壤的长期热平衡,系统的长期运行效果较好。

肝胆湿热黄疸治疗思路浅析

文章通过撷取临床验案六则:慢性乙型病毒性肝炎案、乙型肝炎后肝硬化失代偿期伴肝衰竭案、乙型肝炎肝硬化后伴肝癌案、药物性肝损害案、酒精性肝硬化失代偿期伴肝衰竭案、酒精性肝损害伴肝衰竭案等,逐一分析总结治疗黄疸的辨病辨证过程以及治疗用药思路;医案力求反映临床原貌,结合辅助检查结果客观反映治疗效果,并以按语形式总结治疗心得体会。纵观验案,饮食不节,嗜食肥甘厚味,过量饮酒,为黄疸的常见诱发因素;病机抓住湿,治疗上利湿与健脾并举,以期“培土制水”;用药顾护脾胃,“正气内存,邪不可干”,维护好后天之本;淡渗利湿之药,中病即止。治疗思路力求简单明了,用药精简对症,临床上期望达到执简驭繁,收到立竿见影之效。

2016-2021年南亚热带近自然化改造马尾松人工林土壤水热动态数据集

本研究依托崇左凭祥友谊关森林生态系统广西野外科学观测研究站,在中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心林区,利用南亚热带近自然化改造马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林内的自动气象观测站,开展土壤水热动态监测和研究,样地布设、指标监测和数据质量控制均按照规范进行。本数据集对2016–2021年近自然化改造马尾松人工林的土壤温度、土壤体积含水量、土壤热通量、空气温度和空气相对湿度等观测数据,经过异常值剔除、数据插补等标准数据处理,统计得到马尾松人工林日尺度的土壤水热动态数据,并对数据集的构建进行了说明。建立和共享本数据集对于理解近自然化改造马尾松人工林的土壤水热特征有重要价值,同时可为深入研究针阔叶混交林对全球气候变化的响应提供基础数据,也为南亚热带森林资源的可持续经营和管理提供数据基础支撑。