Study of vibrating foundations considering soil-pile-structure interaction for practical applications

An investigation of soil-pile-structure interaction is carried out, based on a large reciprocating compressor installed on an elevated concrete foundation （table top structure）. A practical method is described for the dynamic analysis, and compared with a 3D finite element （FE） model. Two commercial software packages are used for dynamic analysis considering the soilpile-structure interaction （SPSI）. Stiffness and damping of the pile foundation are generated from a computer program, and then input into the FE model. To examine the SPSI thoroughly, three cases for the soil, piles and superstructure are considered and compared. In the first case, the interaction is fully taken into account, that is, both the superstructure and soil-pile system are flexible. In the second case, the superstructure is flexible but fixed to a rigid base, with no deformation in the base （no SSI）. In the third case, the dynamic soil-pile interaction is taken into account, but the table top structure is assumed to be rigid. From the comparison beteen the results of these three cases some conclusions are made, which could be helpful for engineering practice.

Seismic response of tall building considering soil-pile-structure interaction

The seismic behavior of tall buildings can he greatly affected by non-linear soil-pile interaction during strong earthquakes.In this study a 20-storey building is examined as a typical structure supported on a pile foundation for different conditions:(1) rigid base,i.e.no deformation in the foundation:(2) linear soil-pile system;and (3) nonlinear soil-pile system. The effects of pile foundation displacements on the behavior of tall building are investigated,and compared with the behavior of buildings supported on shallow foundation.With a model of non-reflective boundary between the near field and far field, Novak's method of soil-pile interaction is improved.The computation method for vibration of pile foundations and DYNAN computer program are introduced comprehensively.A series of dynamic experiments have been done on full-scale piles, including single pile and group,linear vibration and nonlinear vibration,to verify the validity of boundary zone model.

Study on soil-pile-structure-TMD interaction system by shaking table model test

The success of the tuned mass damper (TMD) in reducing wind-induced structural vibrations has been well established. However, from most of the recent numerical studies, it appears that for a structure situated on very soft soil, soil-structure interaction (SSI) could render a damper on the structure totally ineffective. In order to experimentally verify the SSI effect on the seismic performance of TMD, a series of shaking table model tests have been conducted and the results are presented in this paper. It has been shown that the TMD is not as effective in controlling the seismic responses of structures built on soft soil sites due to the SSI effect. Some test results also show that a TMD device might have a negative impact if the SSI effect is neglected and the structure is built on a soft soil site. For structures constructed on a soil foundation, this research verifies that the SSI effect must be carefully understood before a TMD control system is designed to determine if the control is necessary and if the SSI effect must be considered when choosing the optimal parameters of the TMD device.

Application of engineered compressible inclusions to mitigating soilstructure interaction issues in integral bridge abutments

The thermally induced cyclic loading on integral bridge abutments causes soil deformation and lateral stress ratcheting behind the abutment wall due to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck.The forward and backward movements of the abutment in response to the expansion/contraction of the bridge deck lead to the formation of settlement trough and surface heaving,frequently creating a bump at the bridge approach and increasing the lateral earth pressure behind the abutment.Measures to reduce the bump at the bridge approach,including several treatment methods,such as compaction of selected backfill materials,grout injection,installation of approach slab,and using a layer of compressible inclusion material behind the abutment were proposed.However,these guidelines still lack sufficient design details and there are limited experimental findings to validate design assumptions.In this paper,the use of engineered compressible materials to alleviate the lateral earth pressure ratcheting and settlement at the bridge approach is investigated.The comparative study is presented for the soil-inclusion,material-structure and soil-structure interactions for an integral bridge under three different backfill conditions,i.e.(a)sand,(b)sand and EPS geofoam,and(c)sand and Infinergy®.The study was conducted in a special large-scale test chamber with a semi-scale abutment to gain better insights into the soil-structure interaction(SSI).The kinematics and rearrangement of the soil during the cyclic loading have been investigated to identify the mitigating effects of compressible inclusions.The comparative study indicates that both compressible inclusions perform comparatively well,however,Infinergy®is a better alternative than the medium-density EPS geofoam,as it works more effectively to reduce the backfill settlement and heaving as well as soil ratcheting effects under cyclic translational movement.

Shake table test of soil-pile groups-bridge structure interaction in liquefiable ground

This paper describes a shake table test study on the seismic response of low-cap pile groups and a bridge structure in liquefiable ground. The soil profile, contained in a large-scale laminar shear box, consisted of a horizontally saturated sand layer overlaid with a silty clay layer, with the simulated low-cap pile groups embedded. The container was excited in three E1 Centro earthquake events of different levels. Test results indicate that excessive pore pressure （EPP） during slight shaking only slightly accumulated, and the accumulation mainly occurred during strong shaking. The EPP was gradually enhanced as the amplitude and duration of the input acceleration increased. The acceleration response of the sand was remarkably influenced by soil liquefaction. As soil liquefaction occurred, the peak sand displacement gradually lagged behind the input acceleration; meanwhile, the sand displacement exhibited an increasing effect on the bending moment of the pile, and acceleration responses of the pile and the sand layer gradually changed from decreasing to increasing in the vertical direction from the bottom to the top. A jump variation of the bending moment on the pile was observed near the soil interface in all three input earthquake events. It is thought that the shake table tests could provide the groundwork for further seismic performance studies of low-cap pile groups used in bridges located on liquefiable groun.

Simple Method for Dynamic Responses of Soil-Pile-Isolated Structure Interaction System

To investigate the effect of soil-pile-structure interaction(SPSI effect)on the dynamic response of a baseisolated structure with buried footings on a pile foundation,certain shake table tests are previously conducted.Based on the test results and the existing related studies,an efficient simplified model and a corresponding calculation method are verified for estimating the dynamic characteristics of a base-isolated structure with buried footings on a pile foundation with the SSI effect.In this method,the solutions by Veletsos and co-workers for a non-isolated structure with the SSI effect are verified and advanced for a base-isolated structure,and the solutions by Maravas and co-workers for a non-isolated structure on a pile foundation are introduced to consider the effect of the piles.By comparison with the shake table test,this work proves that the simplified method can efficiently estimate the dynamic responses of a base-isolated structure with buried footings on a pile foundation.Using parameter analysis,this work also shows that the dynamic characteristics of a non-isolated structure are quite similar to those of the base-isolated structure when the soil foundation is sufficiently soft,which means that the isolation layer gradually loses its isolation function as the soil foundation softens.

An overview of structure-soil-structure dynamic interaction research

The concept of structure-soil-structure dynamic interaction was introduced and the research methods were summarized.Based on lots of documents,a systematic summary of the history and current situation of structure-soil-structure dynamic interaction research considering adjacent structures was proposed as reference for researchers.The existing matter and the prospect of future research trend in this field was also examined.

Elastodynamic Infinite Elements with Modified Bessel Shape Functions for Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction

The paper is devoted to formulations of decay and mapped elastodynamic infinite elements, based on modified Bessel shape functions. These elements are appropriate for Soil-Structure Interaction （SSI） problems, solved in time or frequency domain and can be treated as a new form of the recently proposed Elastodynamic Infinite Elements with United Shape Functions （EIEUSF） infinite elements. The formulation of 2D Horizontal type Infinite Elements （HIE） is demonstrated here, but by similar techniques 2D Vertical （VIE） and 2D Comer （CIE） Infinite Elements can also be formulated. Using elastodynamic infinite elements is the easier and appropriate way to achieve an adequate simulation including basic aspects of Soil-Structure Interaction. Continuity along the artificial boundary （the line between finite and infinite elements） is discussed as well and the application of the proposed elastodynamic infinite elements in the Finite Element Method （FEM） is explained in brief. Finally, a numerical example shows the computational efficiency of the proposed infinite elements.

考虑SSI的滑坡区输电塔线体系安全性分析

为探究边坡变形对输电塔线体系安全性的影响规律,以位于滑坡体上的某输电塔线体系为研究对象,采用有限元数值计算方法,考虑塔线耦合作用、土-结构相互作用(SSI)以及边坡变形程度与方向的影响,建立了输电塔线体系整体有限元模型,探究了塔线体系受力特性对边坡变形的响应规律,提出了可用于评估滑坡区输电线路安全性的2个参数,即铁塔塔腿支座位移以及塔腿根开变化值。结果表明:在典型边坡变形作用下,上部塔线体系的失效以第一横隔面以及导线悬挂点附近主材、交叉斜材等杆件的屈服为标志;边坡变形角度对塔线体系失效特征的影响不大,但对其抗边坡变形能力的影响显著;总体来看,塔线体系承受一定倾角边坡变形的能力远小于承受水平地表变形的能力,其中大部分情况下只能承受水平地表变形工况下塔腿支座变形的70%~80%,拉伸变形工况下只能承受水平地表变形工况下塔腿支座变形的60%左右。研究结果对滑坡区输电铁塔的安全防治有指导意义。

SSI体系阻尼特性振动台模型试验研究

土与结构由于材性上的差异,其相互作用体系通常被认为是非经典阻尼体系。在振动台模型试验的基础上,研究软弱地基基础上的土-结构相互作用体系的阻尼特性问题。在递增的振动台模拟地震作用下,通过对模型体系不同部位测点的传递函数、自振频率、模态阻尼比等实测数据的对比,考察SSI体系合成模态、合成模态阻尼比的存在性及其动力非线性产生后的变化规律。结果表明,土-结构相互作用体系具有十分明显的经典阻尼特性,在SSI体系抗震设计方法中可以按经典阻尼体系考虑。

SSI体系阻尼比实测及其分布规律研究

阻尼比是结构动力分析的重要动力特性参数,目前规范采用的阻尼比是基于刚性地基或近似刚性地基的试验结果,未能考虑土与结构相互作用(SSI)效应。针对SSI效应问题,体系阻尼比的准确评估是其动力分析的重要前提。为了实现实际SSI体系阻尼比值较准确的识别,提出环境激励下SSI体系阻尼比测试与识别方法,并应用这一识别方法,给出西安及其周围地区82幢各类SSI体系基本等效黏滞阻尼比的实测识别结果。同时在实测阻尼比数据的基础上,初步研究实际SSI体系阻尼比的总体分布规律、影响因素和取值范围。

考虑SSI效应储油罐的子结构实验方法与数值模拟

提出了应用振动台子结构试验方法来研究考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI)效应储罐的抗震性能,该方法将土体简化为双自由度八参量集总参数模型进行模拟,储罐作为试验子结构应用振动台加载,两部分联机完成振动台子结构试验。该方法能完成大比例尺储罐试验,具有传统试验方法难以比拟的优势。然后,通过数值模拟分析了SSI效应对储罐动力响应的影响。分别研究了不同储液高度和不同地基刚度对储罐位移和加速度响应的影响。研究结果表明:考虑SSI效应时,罐体位移响应和加速度响应均有所减小,土质越软,效果越明显;随着储液高度的增高,位移、加速度反应呈现减小趋势。

考虑SSI效应的核电站厂房楼层反应谱对比分析

在集总参数表征的场地动阻抗框架内,国内外主要核电厂抗震设计规范均推荐单一常系数弹簧-阻尼器并联体系表征均质场地动力模型。结合土-结构相互作用数值分析的最新发展,本文以CPR1000型反应堆厂房的集中质量简化模型作为研究对象,基于ASCE4-98规范、RCC-G规范、集10参数等适用于均质场地的集总参数地基模型以及适用于非均质复杂场地的粘弹性人工边界场地模型,开展了直接法和阻抗子结构法两种时程分析方法的对比研究,并将得到的楼层加速度反应谱与SASSI程序计算结果进行对比,互相验证了不同地基动力数值模型以及计算方法的有效性,对于评价核电厂地基适应性具有一定的指导与参考意义。

SSI效应对粘弹性阻尼结构减震效果的影响分析

本文以一单跨7层框架结构为研究对象,对不同场地和地震波输入条件下的粘弹性阻尼结构进行了二维有限元时程分析,探讨了SSI(土-结构动力相互作用)效应对粘弹性阻尼结构减震效果的影响。分析结果表明:①在硬土和稍硬土地基条件下,SSI效应明显降低了结构的楼层位移峰值,若在抗震设计中对客观存在的SSI效应加以考虑,设置较少数量的阻尼器(与刚性地基假定条件下确定的阻尼器数量相比)就能使结构的实际地震位移反应满足基于刚性地基假定的地震位移控制目标;②粘弹性阻尼结构的减震效果与场地条件、输入地震动特性密切相关;③与刚性地基相比,SSI效应使粘弹性阻尼结构的减震效果明显降低,且地基越软,降低幅度越大。因此,在实际的工程设计中,应当充分考虑SSI效应,对粘弹性阻尼结构的减震控制效果进行合理的评价,并针对不同的场地条件选用合适的阻尼器类型和性能参数,才有可能达到预期的减震控制效果。

考虑SSI三种效应的桩基础RC梁式桥抗震性能评估方法研究

桩-土-桥动力相互作用是桥梁抗震研究的热点和难点问题,需合理考虑地基土柔度效应、运动学效应及阻尼效应的影响。采用基于性能点轨迹法的结构非线性静力分析方法,引入FEMA440针对土-结相互作用运动学效应、地基阻尼效应的地震动需求谱修正算法,探讨建立综合考虑桩-土相互作用三种效应的桩基础RC桥梁的抗震性能评估方法。以某高速公路RC连续梁桥为算例,分别以三种设计谱及相应的人工波为输入进行非线性静、动力方法验算对比,两个水准下的计算结果表明所建议方法在补充考虑后两种效应后,地震响应略小于以考虑第一种效应为主的动力时程法,所建议方法能有效评估桩基础桥梁在预期地震需求下的抗震性能。

动水压力影响下考虑SSI效应的桥墩结构地震响应分析

基于Morison方程法,采用附加质量考虑动水压力的影响,利用ABAQUS软件计算平台建立了动水压力作用下刚性地基桥墩和考虑SSI效应的桥墩结构,对动水压力作用下考虑和不考虑SSI效应时桥墩的地震响应进行了比较,分析了考虑SSI效应的桥墩的地震响应随水深的变化规律。结果表明:动水压力作用会增大桥墩的地震响应,其受桥墩入水深度的影响;当考虑SSI效应后,动水压力作用对桥墩自振频率折减和地震响应增大作用有所降低,但仍不能忽视动水压力作用。

基岩地震谱与地震动位移输入的土–结构相互作用(SSI)计算模型改进

对基岩地震动输入的适用性和SSI计算模型的合理性进行研究。首先,借鉴已有基岩地震谱表达式,采用数值方法修正高频段过滤函数,得到适用于我国目标场地的基岩地震谱;然后,分析当前位移输入的SSI计算模型,指出所存在的因单元尺寸划分逐步精细而导致的不收敛问题,推广无质量刚性元(massless rigid element,MRE)法解决这一问题,并给出MRE、结构系统和黏弹性人工边界三者间连接示意图;最后,基于上述工作和随机振动理论生成基岩地震动位移输入谱,对一算例进行分析,结果表明采用MRE法解决SSI计算模型的可行性。研究工作可为土–结构共同作用相关问题的研究提供参考。

基于能力谱法的SSI体系抗震pushover分析方法

本文首先经过2次等效将土与结构相互作用的多自由度体系等效为单自由度体系,并给出了修正反应谱和等价能力谱的确定方法,进而提出了基于能力谱法考虑土与结构动力相互作用(SSI)效应的结构体系pushover分析方法(SSIPA);然后对3种不同高度考虑SSI效应的结构体系在5条地震动作用下采用本文提出的方法进行了算例分析,将结果与非线性时程分析的结果进行了比较,研究了本方法的适用性和准确性;最后,与建筑抗震设计规范的设计反应谱相结合,对9层考虑SSI效应的钢结构用本文提出的方法进行了弹塑性地震反应分析,根据我国抗震设计规范的规定进行抗震性能的评估验证了本方法的可行性。

考虑SSI效应的核电结构水平与竖向地震响应的耦合效应研究

本文通过振动台试验研究第三代核反应堆AP1000核安全壳模型水平与竖向地震响应的耦合效应,对该结构模型在单向和三向激励下的加速度响应进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,对于刚性地基:无隔震时,在结构频率附近,上部结构在三向地震输入下的加速度响应大于单向地震输入下的加速度响应;有隔震时,上部结构在三向地震输入下的加速度响应大于单向地震输入下的加速度响应。对土性地基来说:无隔震时,在2~10Hz范围内,上部结构在单向地震输入下的加速度响应大于三向地震输入下的加速度响应;有隔震时,在隔震系统频率附近,上部结构在单向地震输入下的加速度响应大于三向地震输入下的加速度响应。

考虑SSI效应的带隔板渡槽动力特性及其地震响应

研究了考虑土与结构相互作用(SSI)效应的带隔板矩形渡槽动力特性及其地震响应。利用特征函数展开法得到渡槽和槽内流体以时间为变量的耦合运动微分方程。采用复多项式分式对弹性半空间上明置条形基础的阻抗函数进行最小二乘拟合,建立与频率无关的土体集总参数模型。最后使用子结构法得到土体-渡槽-流体耦合体系的运动控制方程,基于Newmark-β法求解体系的动力响应,与ADINA结果进行了对比验证。分析了土剪切波速、充液量、隔板尺寸及位置等参数对整个体系地震响应的影响,研究表明:SSI效应对槽内流体晃动特性和动力响应的影响不可忽视。