Damage mechanism of soil-rock mixture after freeze-thaw cycles

As a widely distributed geological and engineering material,the soil-rock mixture always undergoes frequentative and short-term freeze-thaw cycles in some regions.Its internal structure is destroyed seriously,but the damage mechanism is not clear.Based on the damage factor,the damage research of properties of soil-rock mixture after different times of freeze-thaw cycles is investigated.Firstly,the size-distributed subgrade gravelly soil samples are prepared and undergo different times of freeze-thaw cycles periodically(0,3,6,10),and indoor large-scale triaxial tests are completed.Secondly,the degradation degree of elastic modulus is considered as a damage factor,and applied to macro damage analysis of soil-rock mixture.Finally,the mesoscopic simulation of the experiments is achieved by PFC3D,and the influence on strength between soil-rock particles caused by freeze-thaw cycles is analyzed.The results show that freeze-thaw cycles cause internal damage of samples by weakening the strength between mesoscopic soil-rock particles,and ultimately affect the macro properties.After freeze-thaw cycles,on the macro-scale,elastic modulus and shear strength of soil-rock mixture both decrease,and the decreasing degree is related to the times of cycles with the mathmatical quadratic form;on the meso-scale,freeze-thaw cycles mainly cause the degradation of the strength between soil-rock particles whose properties are different significantly.

Freeze-thaw damage mechanism of elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures at different confining pressures

As a frequently-used roadbed filler,soil-rock mixture is often in the environment of freeze-thaw cycles and different confining pressures.In order to study the freeze-thaw damage mechanism of elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures at different confining pressures,the concept of meso-interfacial freeze-thaw damage coefficient is put forward and the meso-interfacial damage phenomenon of soil-rock mixtures caused by the freeze-thaw cycle environment is concerned;a double-inclusion embedded model for elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures in freezing-thawing cycle is proposed.A large triaxial test was performed and the influences of confining pressure and experimental factors on elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures were obtained,and then the accuracy of the double-inclusion embedded model to predict the elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures in freezing-thawing cycle is verified.Experiment results showed that as to soil-rock mixtures,with the increase of confining pressure,the elastic modulus increases approximately linearly.The most crucial factors to affect the elastic modulus are rock content and compaction degree at the same confining pressure;the elastic modulus increases with the increase of rock content and compactness;as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases,the freeze-thaw damage coefficient of meso-structural interface and the elastic modulus decrease.

Physical simulation test of soil-rock mixture from synthetic transparent soil

The waste dump of open-pit coal mine is remade of soil-rock mixture under the action of gravity,dynamic load of transportation equipment and earthquake,etc.By using artificial synthetic transparent soil,the developing process and migration law for soil-rock mixture are observed in the remade process.The mixture of fused quartz sand,liquid paraffin and n-tridecane is chosen as the material for synthetic transparent soil which is mixed with liquid paraffin and n-tridecane at a mass ratio of4.4at room temperature of17℃.Physical and mechanical properties of transparent soil are determined by physical test and compared with those in natural sandy soil.The results show that transparent soil and sandy soil have high similarity,in other words,transparent soil can be used for similar simulation experiments of soil-rock mixture.

Numerical analysis of the failure process of soil-rock mixtures through computed tomography and PFC3D models

Soil-rock mixture （SRM） is a unique type of geomaterial characterized by a heterogeneous composition and a complicated structure. It is intractable for the continuum-based soil and rock mechanics theories to accurately characterize and predict the SRM＇s mechanical properties. This study reports a novel numerical method incorporating microfocus computed tomography and PFC3D codes to probe the deformation and failure processes of SRM. The three-dimensional （3D） PFC models that represent the SRM＇s complex structures were built. By simulating the entire failure process in PFC3D, the SRM＇s strength, elastic modulus and crack growth were obtained. The influence of rock ratios on the SRM＇s strength, deformation and failure processes, as well as its internal mesoscale mechanism, were analyzed. By comparing simulation results with experimental data, it was verified that the 3D PFC models were in good agreement with SRM＇s real structure and the SRM＇s compression process, deformation and failure patterns; its intrinsic mesomechanism can be effectively analyzed based on such 3D PFC models.

Study on mechanical properties of soil-rock mixture of various compactness subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

The soil-rock mixture,a collection of soil particles and rock blocks,is inherently heterogeneous and anisotropic due to significant particle size and material strength differences.This study conducts triaxial tests on soil-rock mixture samples of various compactness subjected to varying freeze-thaw cycles.A mesoscopic simulation is carried out by particle flow code(PFC)to analyze the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of soil and rock particles.The results show that the mechanical properties of the soil-rock mixture under freeze-thaw cycles are greatly affected by the initial compaction.In general,when the degree of compaction is higher,the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the soil-rock mixture is greater.The stress-strain curves of the samples with different compactness demonstrate strain-softening behavior.The freeze-thaw cycles greatly influence the failure strength of the samples with a higher degree of compaction but have little impact on the samples with a lower degree of compaction.On the microscopic level,during freeze-thaw cycles,the pore volume in the highly compacted sample is too small to accommodate the volume expansion from ice crystal formation,causing significant strength loss among the soil and rock particles and deterioration of the macroscopic properties of the soil-rock mixture.

Experimental Study on Seepage Characteristics of a Soil-Rock Mixture in a Fault Zone

A mixture of fault gouge and rubble taken out from a fault zone is used to prepare a S-RM(Soil-Rock Mixture)sample with rock block proportions of 20%,30%,40%,50%,60%and 70%,respectively.A GDS triaxial test system is used accordingly to measure the seepage characteristics of such samples under different loading and unloading confining pressures in order to determine the variation law of the permeability coefficient.The test results show that:(1)The permeability coefficient of the S-RM samples decreases as the pressure increases,and the decrease rate of this coefficient in the initial stage of confining pressure loading is obviously higher than in the semi-late period;(2)The permeability coefficient at different confining pressure levels presents a common trend as the rock block proportion is increased,i.e.,it decreases first then it increases(the permeability coefficient of the sample with rock block proportion 40%being the smallest,70%the largest);(3)In the stage of confining pressure unloading,the recovery degree of the permeability coefficient grows with the increase of rock block proportion(the recovery rate of S-RM sample with rock block proportion 70%reaches 50.2%);(4)In the stage of confining pressure loading and unloading,the sensitivity of the permeability coefficient to the rock block proportion displays the inverse“Z”variation rule(when rock block proportion reaches 60%,the sensitivity is highest);(5)In the stage of confining pressure loading,the relationship between the permeability coefficient and confining pressure can be described by an exponential relationship.

Generation of 3D random meso-structure of soil-rock mixture and its meso-structural mechanics based on numerical tests

The mesoscopic failure mechanism and the macro-mechanical characteristics of soil-rock mixture(S-RM) under external load are largely controlled by S-RM's meso-structural features. The objective of this work is to improve the three-dimensional technology for the generation of the random meso-structural models of S-RM, for randomly generating irregular rock blocks in S-RM with different shapes, sizes, and distributions according to the characteristics of the rock blocks' size distribution. Based on the new improved technology, a software system named as R-SRM3 D for generation and visualization of S-RM is developed. Using R-SRM3 D, a three-dimensional meso-structural model of S-RM is generated and used to study the meso-mechanical behavior through a series of true-triaxial numerical tests. From the numerical tests, the following conclusions are obtained. The meso-stress field of S-RM is influenced by the distribution of the internal rock blocks, and the macro-mechanical characteristics of S-RM are anisotropic in 3D; the intermediate principal stress and the soil-rock interface properties have significant influence on the macro strength of S-RM.

Centrifuge and numerical modeling of h-type anti-slide pile reinforced soil-rock mixture slope

Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.

Numerical analysis of soil-rock mixture's meso-mechanics based on biaxial test

Soil-rock mixture(S-RM)is a widely distributed geotechnical medium composed of "soil" and "rock block" different both in size and strength. Internal rock blocks form special and variable meso-structural characteristics of S-RM. The objective of this work was to study the control mechanism of meso-structural characteristics on mechanical properties of S-RM. For S-RM containing randomly generated polygonal rock blocks, a series of biaxial tests based on DEM were conducted. On the basis of research on the effects of rock blocks' breakability and sample lateral boundary type(rigid, flexible) on macroscopic mechanical behavior of S-RM, an expanded Mohr-Coulomb criterion in power function form was proposed to represent the strength envelop. At the mesoscopic level, the variations of meso-structure such as rotation of rock block, and the formation mechanism and evolution process of the shear band during tests were investigated. The results show that for S-RM with a high content of rock block, translation, rotating and breakage of rock blocks have crucial effects on mechanical behavior of S-RM. The formation and location of the shear band inside S-RM sample are also controlled by breakability and arrangement of rock blocks.

Soil-water characteristic surface model of soil-rock mixture

The relationship between the water content or saturation of unsaturated soils and its matrix suction is commonly described by the soilwater characteristic curve(SWCC).Currently,study on the SWCC model is focused on fine-grained soils like clay and silty soils,but the SWCC model for grinding soil-rock mixture(SRM)is less studied.Considering that the SRM is in a certain compaction state in the actual project,this study established a surface model with three variables of coupling compaction degree-substrate suction-moisture content based on the Cavalcante-Zornberg soil-water characteristic curve model.Then,the influence of each fitting parameter on the curve was analyzed.For the common SRM,the soil-water characteristic test was conducted.Moreover,the experimental measurements exhibit remarkable consistency with the mode surface.The analysis shows that the surface model intuitively describes the soil-water characteristics of grinding SRM,which can provide the SWCC of soils with bimodal pore characteristics under specific compaction degrees.Furthermore,it can reflect the influence of compaction degrees on the SWCC of rock-soil mass and has a certain prediction effect.The SWCC of SRM with various soil-rock ratios have a double-step shape.With the increase in compaction degree,the curves as a whole tend toward decreasing mass moisture content.The curve changes are mainly concentrated in the large pore section.

Pore evolution and shear characteristics of a soil-rock mixture upon freeze-thaw cycling

The changes in pore structure within soil-rock mixtures under freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions result in strength deterioration,leading to instability and slope failure.However,the existing studies mainly provided qualitative analysis of the changes in pore or strength of soil-rock mixture under freeze-thaw cycles.In contrast,few studies focused on the quantitative evaluation of pore change and the relationship between the freeze-thaw strength deterioration and pore change of soil-rock mixture.This study aims to explore the correlation between the micro-pore evolution characteristics and macro-mechanics of a soil-rock mixture after frequent freeze-thaw cycles during the construction and subsequent operation in a permafrost region.The pore characteristics of remolded soil samples with different rock contents(i.e.,25%,35%,45%,and 55%)subjected to various freeze-thaw cycles(i.e.,0,1,3,6,and 10)were quantitatively analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Shear tests of soil-rock samples under different normal pressures were carried out simultaneously to explore the correlation between the soil strength changes and pore characteristics.The results indicate that with an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles,the cohesion of the soil-rock mixture generally decreases first,then increases,and finally decreases;however,the internal friction angle shows no apparent change.With the increase in rock content,the peak shear strength of the soil-rock mixture rises first and then decreases and peaks when the rock content is at 45%.When the rock content remains constant,as the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises,the shear strength of the sample reaches its peak after three freeze-thaw cycles.Studies have shown that with an increase in freeze-thaw cycles,the medium and large pores develop rapidly,especially for pores with a size of 0.2–20μm.Freeze-thaw cycling affects the internal pores of the soil-rock mixture by altering its skeleton and,therefore,impacts its macro-mechanical characteristics.

Mechanical Properties of Soil-Rock Mixture Filling in Fault Zone Based on Mesostructure

Soil-rock mixture(SRM)filling in fault zone is an inhomogeneous geomaterial,which is composed of soil and rock block.It controls the deformation and stability of the abutment and dam foundation,and threatens the long-term safety of high arch dams.To study the macroscopic and mesoscopic mechanical properties of SRM,the development of a viable mesoscopic numerical simulation method with a mesoscopic model generation technology,and a reasonable parametric model is crucially desired to overcome the limitations of experimental conditions,specimen dimensions,and experiment fund.To this end,this study presents a mesoscopic numerical method for simulating the mechanical behavior of SRM by proposing mesoscopic model generation technology based on its mesostructure features,and a rock parameter model considering size effect.The validity and rationality of the presented mesoscopic numerical method is experimentally verified by the triaxial compression tests with different rock block contents(RBC).The results indicate that the rock block can increase the strength of SRM,and it is proved that the random generation technique and the rock parameter model considering size effect are validated.Furthermore,there are multiple failure surfaces for inhomogeneous geomaterial of SRM,and the angle of the failure zone is no longer 45◦.The yielding zones of the specimen are more likely to occur in thin sections of soil matrix isolated by blocks with the failure path avoiding the rock block.The proposed numerical method is effective to investigate the meso-damage mechanism of SRM.

Experimental study on shear properties and resistivity change of soil-rock mixture

The deterioration of shear resistance in rock and soil masses has resulted in numerous severe natural disasters,highlighting the significance of long-term monitoring for disaster prevention and mitigation.This study explores the use of a non-destructive method to quickly and accurately evaluate the shear properties of soil-rock mixture.The shear stress,shear strain,and resistivity of the soil-rock mixture were tested simultaneously using a combination of direct shear and resistivity tests.The test results show that the resistivity of the soil-rock mixture gradually decreases with increasing shear strain.The resistivity of all specimens ranged approximately from 60 to 130Ω.m throughout the shear process.At the end of the shear test,the vertical failure resistivity showed an irregular“W”shape with increasing rock content.It exhibited a significant negative linear functional relationship with the shear strength.With reference to the determination of cohesion and internal friction angle on the shear strength envelope,the horizontal angle of the vertical failure resistivity-normal stress curve is defined as the resistivity angle,and the intercept of the curve is the resistivity at the initial moment of shear.It has been observed that the resistivity angle is negatively and linearly correlated with the internal friction angle.At the same time,there is a linear growth relationship between resistivity at the initial moment of shear and cohesion.It has been demonstrated that an increase in rock content contributes to a general escalation in both the average structure factor and average shape factor.Meanwhile,a decrease in the anisotropy coefficient has also been noted.These alterations are indicative of the extent of microstructural transformations occurring during the deformation process of the soil-rock mixture.The research results verify the feasibility of real-time deformation monitoring and characterization of shear strength parameters using resistivity.

Influence of water content and shear rate on the mechanical behavior of soil-rock mixtures

Soil-rock mixtures(S-RMs) are widely distributed in the nature. The mesoscopic deformation and failure mechanisms as well as the macro-mechanical behaviors of the S-RMs depend largely upon the rate of deformation, water content and particle sizes. In this research, a series of large-scale direct shear tests with different water contents and different grain-size distributions were conducted to study the influence of the aforementioned factors on the mechanical properties of the S-RMs. Due to the effect of the rock blocks' breakage in the S-RMs, the relationship between the shear strength and the vertical stress of S-RM follows a power law instead of a linear one. It is found that there exists a threshold value for the vertical stress during the shearing process,below which the soil strength is mainly determined by the inter-locking of particles and the re-arrangement of meso-structure,and otherwise large-sized rock blocks are gradually broken into smaller fragments, resulting in a decrease in the soil strength.The shear rate can also significantly influence the degree of particle breakage and the meso-structural rearrangement of the SRMs, namely, under low shear rate, the particles of the samples are fully broken resulting in enhanced macro-strength. As a result, the lower the shear rate, the higher the macroscopic strength. So under unsaturated conditions, the water content will affect the strength of the S-RMs by reducing the strength of rock blocks. As the water content increases, the soil strength decreases gradually, and assumes a moderate value when the water content reaches 8%. At the same water content, the soil strength increases with the sizes of large rock blocks. For the occlusion, breakage and structure re-arrangement of the oversized rock blocks inside S-RM, which have a huge influence on the mechanical characteristics of the samples.

Numerical study of soil-rock mixture:Generation of random aggregate structure

The soil-rock mixture(SRM) is highly heterogeneous. Before carrying out numerical analysis,a structure model should be generated. A reliable way to obtain such structure is by generating random aggregate structure based on random sequential addition(RSA). The classical RSA is neither efficient nor robust since valid positions to place new inclusions are formulated by trial, which involves repetitive overlapping tests. In this paper, the algorithm of Entrance block between block A and B(EAB)is synergized with background mesh to redesign RSA so that permissible positions to place new inclusions can be predicted,resulting in dramatic improvement in efficiency and robustness.

Fracture evolution analysis of soil-rock mixture in contrast with soil by CT scanning under uniaxial compressive conditions

Soil-rock mixture(SRM),as a type of extremely heterogeneous geomaterial,is very common in nature and engineering.The fracture and damage of SRM often induce severe geological disasters.Hence,it is important to analyze the fracture evolution process of this material.In the present research,real-time computed tomography(CT)scanning was conducted on SRM and pure soil samples under uniaxial compressive experiments to investigate the influence of rocks on fracture evolution in SRM.The initiation of cracks,the original values of,and variations in,average density and heterogeneity in the soil matrix,the crack width evolution during loading,and the final failure modes were all studied.Cracks with a width greater than 0.1 mm will not arise until over 90%of ultimate stress is reached.In general,in SRM,areas where the initial average density of the soil matrix is smaller and the initial heterogeneity is greater,are much easier to crack,but the results for pure soil show the opposite effect.According to fracturing conditions shown in CT slices,fracturing and non-fracturing areas in the soil matrix were investigated.The average density of the soil matrix decreases in all areas under loading,except non-fracturing areas in SRM.For the whole sample,the increase in heterogeneity in the soil matrix of SRM is greater than that of pure soil;but for the fracturing areas,this increase in pure soil is greater.Besides,the average and standard deviations of crack width both follow logarithmic distributions with high correlation coefficients.

基于新权重函数的MIX-GARCH-L模型及其应用

文章引入一种新的权重函数,并构建新的波动率模型——MIX-GARCH-L模型,新模型能够充分利用高低频数据提炼出更有价值的信息。针对新模型参数估计问题,提出MIX-GARCH-L模型的参数估计方法来分析估计量的理论性质,证明了对应的中心极限定理以及用Service-Boostrap方法模拟检验估计量的数据表现。所提模型具有以下优势:新权重函数能够更好地根据交易特征的变动来自动调整不同交易日的权重,从而使每个高频交易日所分配到的权重与未来波动率产生的冲击效果一致;能够利用同一交易过程中多种高频交易数据,信息利用更加充分,使得MIX-GARCH-L模型具有更好的预测精度和预测优势。实证结果显示:MIX-GARCH-L模型的MSPE值明显小于GARCH-RV模型和GARCH-M模型的MSPE值,说明MIX-GARCH-L模型不仅在模型预测上有更高的预测精度,而且在稳健性上的表现也更好。

Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms in gastroenteropancreatic tract

Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms(MiNENs)are a hetero-geneous group of malignant neoplasms that can settle in the gastroenteropan-creatic tract.They are composed of a neuroendocrine(NE)and a non-NE compo-nent in at least 30%of each tumour.The non-NE component can include different histological combinations of glandular,squamous,mucinous and sarcomatoid phenotypes,and one or both of the components can be low-or high grade malignant.Recent changes in the nomenclature of these neoplasms might lead to great deal of confusion,and the lack of specific clinical trials is the main reason why their management is difficult.The review aims to clarify the definition of MiNEN and analyze available evidence about their diagnosis and treatment options according to their location and extension through careful analysis of the available data.It would be important to reach a general consensus on their diagnosis in order to construct a classification that remains stable over time and facilitates the design of clinical trials that,due to their low incidence,will require long recruitment periods.

Mixed neuroendocrine and adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal tract:A complex diagnosis and therapeutic challenge

In this editorial we comment on the manuscript describing a case of adenocarcinoma mixed with a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction.Mixed neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal system are rare heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by a high malignant potential,rapid growth,and poor prognosis.Due to the rarity of these cancers,the standard therapy is poorly defined.The diagnosis of these tumors is based on combination of morphological features,immunohistochemical and neuroendocrine and epithelial cell markers.Both endocrine and epithelial cell components can act independently of each other and thus,careful grading of each component separately is required.These cancers are aggressive in nature and the potential of each component has paramount importance in the choice of treatment and response.Regardless of the organ of origin,these tumors portend poor prognosis with increased proportion of neuroendocrine component.Multidisciplinary services and strategies are required for the management of these mixed malignancies to provide the best oncological outcomes.The etiopathogenesis of these mixed tumors remains obscure but poses interesting question.We briefly discuss a few salient points in this editorial.

Dendroclimatological study of Sabina saltuaria and Abies faxoniana in the mixed forests of the Qionglai Mountains,eastern Tibetan Plateau

Tree-ring chronologies were developed for Sabina saltuaria and Abies faxoniana in mixed forests in the Qionglai Mountains of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.Climate-growth relationship analysis indicated that the two co-exist-ing species reponded similarly to climate factors,although S.saltuaria was more sensitive than A.faxoniana.The strong-est correlation was between S.saltuaria chronology and regional mean temperatures from June to November.Based on this relationship,a regional mean temperature from June to November for the period 1605-2016 was constructed.Reconstruction explained 37.3%of the temperature variance during th period 1961-2016.Six major warm periods and five major cold periods were identified.Spectral analysis detected significant interannual and multi-decadal cycles.Reconstruction also revealed the influence of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation,confirming its importance on climate change on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.