Mechanism of nitrogen loss driven by soil and water erosion in water source areas

Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation forests.The catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were determined.The main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation forests.Establishing well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking water.This preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.

Spatiotemporal changes in forest loss and its linkage to burned areas in China

Fire-induced forest loss has substantially increased worldwide over the last decade.In China,the connection between forest loss and frequent fi res on a national scale remains largely unexplored.In this study,we used a data set for a time-series of forest loss from the Global Forest Watch and for a MODIS-derived burned area for 2003–2015 to ascertain variations in forest loss and to explore its relationship with forest fi res(represented by burned areas)at the country-and forest-zone levels.We quantifi ed trends in forest loss during 2003–2015 using linear regression analysis and assessed the relation between forest loss and burned areas using Spearman’s correlation.Forest loss increased signifi cantly(264.8 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.54,p<0.01)throughout China,with an average annual increase of 11.4%during 2003–2015.However,the forest loss trend had extensive spatial heterogeneity.Forest loss increased mainly in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone(315.0 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.69,p<0.01)and tropical rainforest zone(38.8 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.66,p<0.01),but the loss of forest decreased in the cold temperate deciduous coniferous forest zone(−70.8 km 2 year−1;R 2=0.75,p<0.01)and the temperate deciduous mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest zone(−14.4 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.45,p<0.05).We found that 1.0%of China’s area had a signifi cant positive correlation(r≥0.55,p<0.05)with burned areas and 0.3%had a signifi cant negative correlation(r≤−0.55,p<0.05).In particular,forest loss had a signifi cant positive relationship with the burned area in the cold temperate deciduous coniferous forest zone(16.9% of the lands)and the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone(7.8%).These results provide a basis for future predictions of fi re-induced forest loss in China.

Rapid Urbanization Induced Extensive Forest Loss to Urban Land in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

China has experienced rapid urbanizations with dramatic land cover changes since 1978. Forest loss is one of land cover changes, and it induces various eco-environmental degradation issues. As one of China’s hotspot regions, the Guangdong-Hong KongMacao Greater Bay Area(GBA) has undergone a dramatic urban expansion. To better understand forest dynamics and protect forest ecosystem, revealing the processes, patterns and underlying drivers of forest loss is essential. This study focused on the spatiotemporal evolution and potential driving factors of forest loss in the GBA at regional and city level. The Landsat time-series images from 1987 to2017 were used to derive forest, and landscape metrics and geographic information system(GIS) were applied to implement further spatial analysis. The results showed that: 1) 14.86% of the total urban growth area of the GBA was obtained from the forest loss in1987–2017;meanwhile, the forest loss area of the GBA reached 4040.6 km2, of which 25.60%(1034.42 km2) was converted to urban land;2) the percentages of forest loss to urban land in Dongguan(19.14%), Guangzhou(18.35%) and Shenzhen(15.81%) were higher than those in other cities;3) the forest became increasingly fragmented from 1987–2007, and then the fragmentation decreased from2007 to 2017);4) the landscape responses to forest changes varied with the scale;and 5) some forest loss to urban regions moved from low-elevation and gentle-slope terrains to higher-elevation and steep-slope terrains over time, especially in Shenzhen and Hong Kong.Urbanization and industrialization greatly drove forest loss and fragmentation, and, notably, hillside urban land expansion may have contributed to hillside forest loss. The findings will help policy makers in maintaining the stability of forest ecosystems, and provide some new insights into forest management and conservation.

Alternate freezing and thawing enhanced the sediment and nutrient runoff loss in the restored soil of the alpine mining area

This study highlights the influence of freezing-thawing processes on soil erosion in an alpine mine restoration area. Accordingly, a series of simulation experiments were conducted to investigate runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses, and potential influencing factors under freeze-thaw(FT) conditions. Three FT treatments(i.e., 0, 3, and 5 FT cycles), and two soil moisture contents(SMCs;i.e., 10% and 20% SMC on a gravimetric basis) were assessed. The runoff, sediment yield, ammonia nitrogen(AN), nitrate nitrogen(NN), total phosphorus(TP), and dissolved phosphorus(DP) losses from runoff were characterized under different rainfall durations. The fitting results indicated that the runoff rate and sediment rate, AN, NN, TP, and DP concentrations in runoff could be described by exponential functions. FT action increased the total runoff volume and sediment yield by 14.6%–26.0% and 8.8%–35.2%, respectively. The runoff rate and sediment rate increased rapidly with the increment of FT cycles before stabilizing. At 20% SMC, the total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly higher than those at 10% SMC. The loss curves of AN and NN concentrations varied due to differences in their chemical properties. FT action and high SMC promoted AN and NN losses, whereas the FT cycles had little effect. FT action increased TP and DP losses by 60.2%–220.1% and 48.4%–129.8%, respectively, compared to cases with no FT action;the highest TP and DP losses were recorded at 20% SMC. This study provides a deep understanding of freezing-thawing mechanisms in the soils of alpine mine restoration areas and the influencing factors of these mechanisms on soil erosion, thereby supporting the development of erosion prevention and control measures in alpine mine restoration areas.

SiC trench MOSFET with dual shield gate and optimized JFET layer for improved dynamic performance and safe operating area capability

A novel silicon carbide(SiC) trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET) with a dual shield gate(DSG) and optimized junction field-effect transistor(JFET) layer(ODSG-TMOS) is proposed. The combination of the DSG and optimized JFET layer not only significantly improves the device’s dynamic performance but also greatly enhances the safe operating area(SOA). Numerical analysis is carried out with Silvaco TCAD to study the performance of the proposed structure. Simulation results show that comparing with the conventional asymmetric trench MOSFET(Con-ATMOS), the specific on-resistance(Ron,sp) is significantly reduced at almost the same avalanche breakdown voltage(BVav). Moreover, the DSG structure brings about much smaller reverse transfer capacitance(Crss) and input capacitance(Ciss), which helps to reduce the gate–drain charge(Qgd) and gate charge(Qg). Therefore, the high frequency figure of merit(HFFOM) of Ron,sp·Qgdand Ron,sp· Qgfor the proposed ODSG-TMOS are improved by 83.5% and 76.4%, respectively.The switching power loss of the proposed ODSG-TMOS is 77.0% lower than that of the Con-ATMOS. In addition, the SOA of the proposed device is also enhanced. The saturation drain current(Id,sat) at a gate voltage(Vgs) of 15 V for the ODSGTMOS is reduced by 17.2% owing to the JFET effect provided by the lower shield gate(SG) at a large drain voltage. With the reduced Id,sat, the short-circuit withstand time is improved by 87.5% compared with the Con-ATMOS. The large-current turn-off capability is also improved, which is important for the widely used inductive load applications.

Identification Method for Users-Transformer Relationship in Station Area Based on Local Selective Combination in Parallel Outlier Ensembles Algorithm

In the power distribution system,the missing or incorrect file of users-transformer relationship(UTR)in lowvoltage station area(LVSA)will affect the leanmanagement of the LVSA,and the operation andmaintenance of the distribution network.To effectively improve the lean management of LVSA,the paper proposes an identification method for the UTR based on Local Selective Combination in ParallelOutlier Ensembles algorithm(LSCP).Firstly,the voltage data is reconstructed based on the information entropy to highlight the differences in between.Then,the LSCP algorithmcombines four base outlier detection algorithms,namely Isolation Forest(I-Forest),One-Class Support VectorMachine(OC-SVM),Copula-Based Outlier Detection(COPOD)and Local Outlier Factor(LOF),to construct the identification model of UTR.This model can accurately detect users’differences in voltage data,and identify users with wrong UTR.Meanwhile,the key input parameter of the LSCP algorithm is determined automatically through the line loss rate,and the influence of artificial settings on recognition accuracy can be reduced.Finally,thismethod is verified in the actual LVSA where the recall and precision rates are 100%compared with othermethods.Furthermore,the applicability to the LVSAs with difficult data acquisition and the voltage data error in transmission are analyzed.The proposed method adopts the ensemble learning framework and does not need to set the detection threshold manually.And it is applicable to the LVSAs with difficult data acquisition and high voltage similarity,which improves the stability and accuracy of UTR identification in LVSA.

基于改进LSTM的蘑菇生长状态时空预测算法

密集蘑菇簇会严重影响蘑菇质量和自动采摘成功率。为避免形成超密集蘑菇簇,提出一种蘑菇生长状态时空预测算法,对蘑菇生长状态进行预测以指导提前疏蕾。该算法采用编码器-预测器框架,将历史序列图像转换为3D张量序列作为模型的输入;编码器网络中将卷积和长短时记忆(Long short term memory, LSTM)网络融合实现对蘑菇生长的时空相关性特征的提取;在预测网络中加入扩散模型以解决预测图像的模糊问题;此外,在损失函数中增加了蘑菇面积差异损失函数来进一步减小预测蘑菇与实际蘑菇的形状和位置偏差。实验结果表明,本文算法峰值信噪比可达35.611 dB、多层级结构相似性为0.927、蘑菇预测准确性高达0.93,有效提高了蘑菇生长状态图像预测质量和精度,为食用菌生长预测提供了一种新思路。

采动含水层生态功能修复:概念内涵、理论与技术框架

针对我国保水采煤研究现状及煤矿区采损生态修复的技术需求,提出应开展采动含水层生态功能修复研究,并将其纳入绿色开采技术体系中。在充分阐述采动含水层生态功能修复概念与内涵的基础上,构建了以采动含水层失水流动规律及水径流阻隔关键技术为主的理论与技术框架,分析了当前相关研究进展与未来攻关方向。含水层的损伤失水与生态功能退化本质源于采煤引起的岩层运动与裂隙发育,应在充分掌握含水层失水机制与规律的基础上对其开展生态功能修复理论与技术研究。深入揭示含水层失水路径分布与水流动力耗散规律,将失水流量集中分布的采动影响区作为重点修复的靶区,合理运用“边采边修”、“采后再修”等方式实施水流通道封堵与修复。同时,应充分利用采动岩体裂隙自修复机制及其引起的含水层自恢复效应,开展采动含水层生态功能引导修复研究与实践;基于水-气-岩相互作用产生化学沉淀促进导水裂隙自修复的降渗机理,提出了向含水层下方裂隙岩体中灌注可与地下水产生化学沉淀的修复试剂,以诱导沉淀物在裂隙中吸附-固结并封堵通道的含水层生态功能修复技术路径。在此基础上,阐述了利用铁/钙质化学沉淀进行导水裂隙修复降渗的研究现状,提出未来应重点研究形成利于不同类型导水通道高效封堵的化学沉淀诱导生成对策。研究可望为西北部生态脆弱矿区煤炭开采地下水保护与生态修复提供参考。

京津冀农牧业氮素环境排放特征和脆弱风险评价

为满足人们日益增长的食物需求,农牧系统发展迅速,进而导致源于农牧生产系统的氮素损失增加,给生态环境和人体健康带来巨大威胁,因此农牧系统精准优化调控具有重要意义。农牧系统氮素损失风险评价则是系统精准优化调控的重要前提。鉴于此,本文利用NUFER-county模型对京津冀地区农牧业氮素环境排放进行估算,并根据《河北省现代农业发展“十三五”规划》划定的京津冀5个农业生态功能区,结合文献综述,确定不同地区不同形态氮素损失风险阈值,并划定该地区氮素损失风险脆弱区,从而实现根据区域功能分区进行区域尺度不同形态氮素损失风险的精准划定。本研究发现,京津冀地区农牧系统总氮损失约为157.001万吨,单位面积氮素损失量为221.64 kg·hm^(-2),氮素损失风险总体较高,所有区域均存在风险。就空间分布来看,氮素损失较为严重的地区为山前平原高产区、生态涵养山区和都市高值农业区,且不同形态氮素损失拥有相似的空间变异规律,主要与当地的农业生产强度、化肥施用量和畜禽养殖量有关。此外,京津冀地区整体来看,氨挥发损失风险较高,硝酸盐损失风险相对较低。基于以上内容,未来可以针对京津冀不同农业生态功能区的氮素损失风险区进行分区分步优化,积极推广应用农牧业氮素分区精准管理调控措施,降低并尽可能消除农牧业导致的氮素损失风险,这对于该地区农牧业未来的绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。

北京浅山区绿色空间及生态环境质量变化研究

北京浅山区作为首都重要的生态源地和生态屏障,承载着带动山区经济发展和城市可持续发展的任务。研究北京浅山区绿色空间结构,可为推动浅山区绿化建设提供参考,以改善浅山区生态环境质量。以北京浅山区为研究区,基于面向对象分类方法,提取北京浅山区2015—2021年的绿色空间,分析其分布和变化特征,并探讨绿色空间变化对水土流失的改善效果及对生态环境质量的影响。结果表明:北京浅山区2015—2021年绿色空间面积总体呈现增加趋势,面积增加了8.00%,共增加了30867.39 hm^(2);2015—2021年北京浅山区水土流失状况改善明显,绿色空间面积的增加对水土流失的改善具有较大贡献;2015—2021年北京浅山区绿色空间面积的增加使得2021年的浅山区生态环境质量总体呈现较好状态,生态环境质量评价等级为好的地区面积增加63877.19 hm^(2),2021年北京浅山区生态环境质量远远高于2015年。

基于用电信息采集数据的低压台区异常线损诊断新方法

低压配电网台区的线损分析对发现和解决异常线损问题,减小用电损失以及用户的精细化管理具有重要意义。文章基于全事件用电信息采集系统采集的真实台区数据,提出了一种新的低压台区线损诊断方法。该方法利用电网诊断规则对所采集的原始数据进行质量分析,并通过对台区线损特征地提取和分类,建立了基于电压信息的二分K-means聚类诊断算法和基于电量信息的全局搜索诊断算法,实现了对台户异常电能表的快速定位及台区线损异常的治理。通过剔除异常电能表和实际检验表明该方法具有较高的准确性和一定的实用性。

一级能效电工钢片比总损耗的精确测量与仿真分析

针对国标爱泼斯坦方圈法测量新一级能效硅钢片比总损耗结果的不确定性问题,本文提出了一种工频下基于双爱泼斯坦方圈的新一级能效硅钢片比总损耗测量方法。通过双爱泼斯坦方圈法测量硅钢片的比总损耗,分析并修正了测量方法中的误差,实现了对爱泼斯坦方圈测量时接缝区和均匀区的损耗分离,并分析了接缝区比总损耗对爱泼斯坦方圈测量结果的影响机理。建立了爱泼斯坦方圈有限元模型,对其接缝区和均匀区的损耗进行研究,仿真结果与双方圈法测量结果吻合,验证了本文提出的新一级能效超低损耗薄硅钢片的比总损耗时测量方法的有效性和准确性。测量和仿真结果表明,基于双方圈法测量薄硅钢片比总损耗的结果比单方圈法测量的结果更精确。本文提出的测量和修正方法可用于一级能效薄硅钢片损耗特性的精确测量。

自然通风湿式冷却塔节水方案的数值研究

为降低自然通风湿式冷却塔的耗水量,本文采用一种可用于回收其蒸发损失的空气冷凝器结构,并通过数值模拟方法对其节水特性展开研究。首先基于空气运动控制方程和水蒸气冷凝模型,建立了用于分析空气冷凝器节水特性的数学模型,其次分析了冷却空气流速、空气冷凝器的结构尺寸和材质等因素对该冷凝器节水特性的影响。研究结果表明:空气冷凝器的单位面积节水量随着冷却空气流速以及冷凝器宽度的增大而增大,但随着冷凝器长度和高度的增大而减小;空气冷凝器的材质和壁厚对其单位面积节水量没有显著影响,空气冷凝器可采用重量轻和成本低的薄壁PVC来加工制造。

陕西省水土保持率远期目标值与分阶段目标值的确定与探讨

[目的]探讨和明确陕西省水土保持率远期目标值与分阶段目标值,为准确评价该区水土保持工作成效和科学推进水土流失综合防治工作提供科学支撑。[方法]综合考虑陕西省社会经济条件与自然条件,分析对应年度水土流失面积变化情况及水土保持率变化情况,结合各年度水利年鉴和全国水土保持规划实施情况考核评估结果,结合土壤侵蚀分类分级、土地利用、海拔地形、植被覆盖、地理空间数据,研判现状条件下陕西省水土流失治理形势,确定陕西省2050年水土保持率远期目标值,及2025,2030和2035年分阶段目标值,并结合目标责任考核,提出陕西省水土保持率的实现途径。[结果]①自2011年以来陕西省水土流失面积年均减少量不断降低,治理难度不断加大,陕西省水土流失面积由72686.00 km^(2)降低至2022年的62637.02 km^(2);②至2050年,水土流失治理措施全部实施后,预计削减水土流失面积21607.05 km^(2),水土保持率远期目标值为79.02%;③2025,2030和2035年分阶段目标值分别为71.42%,73.97%和75.62%。[结论]科学合理地确定陕西省水土保持率目标值,可以满足陕西省落实生态文明建设目标评价考核与水土保持目标责任考核等工作的需求。

人口流失地区就地城镇化特征与影响因素研究——以四川省典型县域为例

探讨人口流失地区的就地城镇化特征与影响因素,对于推动形成“以县城为重要载体的就地城镇化模式”具有重要参考意义。文章以四川省72个县域单元为研究范围,以典型个例——岳池县的留守农民调查数据为支撑,运用多元逻辑回归分析,从个人、家庭、生产生活、养老和教育4个层次分析留守农民的不同居住地域迁移意愿和影响因素。研究发现:一、与其他地区不同,人口流失地区城镇化在空间-经济-人口3个层面分异明显,近40%的留守农民有城镇化倾向,迁移意愿和偏好强度依次为县城>大城市>地级市>小城镇;二、就地城镇化影响因素呈现“轻生产、重生活”特征,即不以收入、就业为首要导向,而是将家庭养老和子女教育视为就地城镇化的决定性因素。最后,基于此提出构建完善的城乡教育与养老服务体系,并积极探索内生型城镇化发展路径的政策建议。

正流量液压挖掘机多路阀阀口压力损失研究

挖掘机液压系统存在管道损失、溢流损失、节流损失及泄漏损失等问题,导致挖掘机作业过程中功率损失较大,能量利用率不高。为提高挖掘机液压系统功率利用率,以正流量挖掘机为研究对象,通过建立机电液联合仿真平台,针对多路阀压力损失较大的问题,提出改变主阀异形阀口区域过流面积的方法,以降低局部压力损失,提高液压系统的功率利用率。以铲斗联为例,改变铲斗主阀进出油口、合流阀口的过流面积及其之间的匹配,将铲斗动作的驱动效率提高了4%,降低了液压系统的功率损失,提高了液压系统的节能性能。

基于三元中心引导的弱监督视频异常检测

针对监控视频异常的复杂多样性和短时持续性,引入弱监督视频异常检测方法,旨在仅使用视频级别的标签进行异常检测,并提出了基于变分自编码器(VAE)与长短期记忆(LSTM)网络的异常回归网络VLARNet作为异常检测框架,以捕获时序数据中的时间依赖关系、去除冗余信息,保留数据的关键信息。该框架将异常检测视为回归问题,为学习检测特征,设计了异常分数回归的三元中心损失(TCLASR),与动态多实例学习损失(DMIL)相结合以进一步提高特征的区分能力。DMIL能够扩大异常实例与正常实例之间的类间距离,但同时也扩大了类内距离,而TCLASR可使来自同类的实例与类中心的距离更接近,与不同类中心的距离更远。对VLARNet在ShanghaiTech与CUHK Avenue数据集上进行了综合实验。实验结果表明,VLARNet能够有效利用视频数据的各种信息,在两个数据集上获得的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)分别为94.64%和93.00%,明显优于对比算法。

考虑不同失效模式的索杆结构构件面积缺损限值研究

索杆结构长期服役过程中的锈蚀会造成构件截面损失,导致结构内力的重新分配,影响结构的安全性能。文中基于可靠度理论与结构极限状态分别建立了构件强度失效、钢索松弛失效及节点变形失效3种失效模式,并得到了不同失效模式临界状态下的可靠度限值控制不等式;通过力学推导,给出了以缺损面积为变量的杆件内力与节点位移变化公式,依据该公式可计算出可靠度限值控制不等式中的影响系数矩阵;引入钢材的锈蚀模型并结合非线性规划,提出了一种确定索杆结构构件面积缺损限值的方法。对一Levy型索穹顶的构件面积缺损限值进行了算例分析,并与规范限值进行对比。结果表明:索杆结构中的多数构件在强度失效与变形失效模式下的面积缺损限值高于耐久性限值,但松弛失效模式下的构件面积缺损限值小于耐久性限值,如按该限值要求对结构进行设计及维护将有可能发生钢索松弛失效;而安全性限值对于钢索构件较为严格,对于钢杆构件则与耐久性限值相同。因此,需综合考虑3种失效模式与规范限值,并按最严格的结果进行控制。