Effects of Fertilization on Moisture Content of Soils in the Loess Hilly-gully Region

[Objective] The aim of this study was to study the influence of plants on the soil moisture content under different fertilization.[Method] Using sainfoin,sweet clover,Astragalus adsurgens,alfalfa,ryegrass,little flower,white clover as experimental material,this study explored the effects of soil moisture on the improvement of soil quality.[Result] Results showed that the soil moisture content of different plants follows as：sainfoin 〉sweet clover 〉Astragalus adsurgens 〉alfalfa perennial ryegrass 〉small crown 〉white clover,and the average moisture content reached 24.13% which was 2.45% higher than that of control group.At planting white clover,sweet clover,under the condition of 7 kinds of crops,in the treatments without fertilizer and with organic fertilizer,soil moisture content of soil in 0-20 cm grew significantly.[Conclusion] The application of organic fertilizer and growing of plants would improve soil moisture in abandoned fields,enhance the ability of soil water supply,and improve soil fertility.

Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0-10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001,2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0-3 m of cropland and about 0-2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0-2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no si nificant differences among other vegetation types. In 2-10 m, there was no significant mois- ture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.

Responses of soil moisture to vegetation restoration type and slope length on the loess hillslope

Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers（0-400 cm depth） was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought（2015） and normal hydrological year（2016） in three vegetation restoration areas（artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland）, on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers（0-100 cm） under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers（below 100 cm）. In2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess Plateau

Soil Physical Properties of Different Land Use Types in Loess Hilly Region

[Objectives]To explore the impact of land use changes on physical properties of soil in loess hilly region.[Methods]The methods of field sampling and indoor analysis were adopted.Farmland in a small watershed in the middle of the Loess Plateau,grassland that had been abandoned for 7 years,grassland that had been abandoned for 30 years,jujube orchard and ditch were sampled,and the particle composition(clay,silt and sand)and moisture changes of the soil in the top 0-100 cm were studied.[Results]In the small watershed,the top 0-100 cm of the soil was composed of 14%clay,70%silt and 16%sand.The contents of clay,silt and sand in the grassland that had been abandoned for 30 years varied greatly,while varied little in the land of other use types.The soil moisture content of grassland that had been abandoned for 30 years,jujube orchard,grassland that had been abandoned for 7 years,farmland and ditch increased with the increase of depth,with means of 10.29%,11.66%,10.08%,11.43%and 11.34%,respectively.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the growth of crops of different land use types in the loess hilly region.

Spatial variability of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions in rainfed jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in the loess hilly region, China

Leaf wetness provides a wide range of benefits not only to leaves,but also to ecosystems and communities.It regulates canopy eco-hydrological processes and drives spatial differences in hydrological flux.In spite of these functions,little remains known about the spatial distribution of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions.Leaf wetness measurements at the top(180 cm),middle(135 cm),and bottom(85 cm)of the canopy positions of rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)in the Chinese loess hilly region were obtained along with meteorological and soil water conditions during the growing seasons in 2019 and 2020.Under soil water non-deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness was 5.45%higher at the top than at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.The frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness at the top,middle and bottom of the canopy positions was over 80%at 17:00‒18:00(LST).However,the occurrence of leaf wetness at the top was earlier than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Correspondingly,leaf drying at the top was also latter than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Leaf wetness duration at the middle was similar to that at the bottom of the canopy position,but about 1.46-3.01 h less than that at the top.Under soil water deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness(4.92%-45.45%)followed the order of top>middle>bottom of the canopy position.As the onset of leaf wetness was delayed,the onset of wet leaf drying was advanced and the leaf wetness duration was shortened.Leaf wetness duration at the top was linearly related(R^(2)>0.70)to those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions under different soil water conditions.In conclusion,the hydrological processes at canopy surfaces of rainfed jujube depended on the position of leaves,thus adjusting canopy structure to redistribute hydrological process is a way to meet the water need of jujube.

Deep profile soil moisture distribution characteristics for different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China

Soil moisture is a limiting factor for vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, China. Micro-topography may cause heterogeneities in the distribution of soil moisture, but little is known about its effect on deep soil moisture. Our study aims to explore the distribution and impact of soil moisture within the upper 10 m of soil for different microtopographies. Taking undisturbed slope as the control, five micro-topographies were selected. Soil moisture over a depth of 0-10 m from 2017 to 2019 was investigated, and soil particle size and soil organic matter were measured. Variance analysis and multiple comparisons were used to analyze the difference in soil moisture for different microtopographies and multiple-linear regression was used to analyze the influence of micro-topography on soil moisture. There are significant differences in soil moisture within the different layers underlying the examined micro-topographies, while the inter-annual variation in soil water storage for the selected microtopographies increase with increased rainfall. The depth of influence of micro-topographic vegetation on soil moisture exceeded 1000 cm for a gully(GU), 740 cm for a sink hole(SH), 480 cm for a scarp(SC), 360 cm for an ephemeral gully(EG) and 220 cm for a platform(PL). Micro-topography will cause the heterogeneous distribution of soil moisture in the shallower layers, which changes the vegetation distribution differences between micro-topographies. This may be the survival strategy of herbaceous vegetation in response to climate change in the Loess Plateau. For future vegetation restoration efforts, we need to pay attention to the influence of microtopography on soil moisture.

Variation and relationship between soil moisture and environmental factors in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016

This study analyzed soil moisture,soil erosion,and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016.We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016.The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River,especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm.However,seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer.Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation.Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016.For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River,wind deposition played a role in water retention.Similarly,a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture.Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai?Tibet Plateau.The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.

Response of soil respiration to environmental and photosynthetic factors in different subalpine forest-cover types in a loess alpine hilly region

Soil respiration(Rs)is important for transport-ing or fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,and even diminutive variations can profoundly influence the carbon cycle.However,the R_(s) dynamics in a loess alpine hilly region with representative sensitivity to climate change and fragile ecology remains poorly understood.This study investigated the correlation and degree of control between R_(s) and its photosynthetic and environmental factors in five subalpine forest cover types.We examined the correlations between R_(s) and variables temperature(T_(10)) and soil moisture content at 10 cm depth(W_(10)),net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and soil properties to establish multiple models,and the variables were measured for diurnal and monthly vari-ations from September 2018 to August 2019.The results showed that soil physical factors are not the main drivers of R_(s) dynamics at the diel scale;however,the trend in the monthly variation in R_(s) was consistent with that of T_(10)and P_(n).Further,R_(s) was significantly affected by pH,providing further evidence that coniferous forest leaves contribute to soil acidification,thus reducing R_(s).Significant exponential and linear correlations were established between R_(s) and T_(10)and W_(10),respectively,and R_(s) was positively correlated with P_(n).Accordingly,we established a two-factor model and a three-factor model,and the correlation coefficients(R_(2))was improved to different degrees compared with models based only on T_(10) and W_(10).Moreover,temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))was the highest in the secondary forest and lowest in the Larix principis-rupprechtii forest.Our findings suggest that the control of R_(s) by the environment(moisture and tempera-ture)and photosynthesis,which are interactive or comple-mentary effects,may influence spatial and temporal homeo-stasis in the region and showed that the models appropriately described the dynamic variation in R_(s) and the carbon cycle in different forest covers.In addition,total phosphorus(TP)and total potassium(TK)significantly affected the dynamic changes in R_(s).In summary,interannual and seasonal variations in forest R_(s) at multiple scales and the response forces of related ecophysiological factors,especially the interactive driving effects of soil temperature,soil moisture and photo-synthesis,were clarified,thus representing an important step in predicting the impact of climate change and formulating forest carbon management policies.

Characteristics of Soil Respiration of Terraces and Slope Farmland in Loess Hilly and Gully Regions

Soil CO_2 emissions of terraces and slope farmland in loess hilly and gully regions were measured by using Infra Red Gas Analysis(IRGA),and the diurnal variation characteristics of soil respiration rate in different slope positions of terraces and slope farmland were analyzed.The results show that the diurnal variation curves of soil respiration rate of terraces and slope farmland in loess hilly and gully regions had a single peak.The soil respiration rate of terraces reached the peak during 13:00-15:00,while the soil respiration rate of slope farmland reached the peak from 11:00 to13:00,and it was the lowest at next 07:00.The daily average of soil respiration rate in slope farmland was 0.86μmol/(m^2·s),accounting for 93.48% of that of terraces.The daily average of soil respiration rate in different slope positions of terraces and slope farmland is shown as follows:the bottom of the slope>the middle of the slope>the top of the slope.At the top of the slope,the daily averages of soil respiration rate in terraces and slope farmland were the same;at the middle and bottom of the slope,the daily average of soil respiration rate in terraces was larger than that of slope farmland.

Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau,China

Knowledge about the effects of vegetation types on soil properties and on water dynamics in the soil profile is critical for revegetation strategies in water-scarce regions, especially the choice of vegetation type and human management measures. We focused on the analysis of the effects of vegetation type on soil hydrological properties and soil moisture variation in the 0–400 cm soil layer based on a long-term（2004―2016） experimental data in the northern Loess Plateau region, China. Soil bulk density（BD）, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity（Ks）, field capacity（FC） and soil organic carbon（SOC） in 2016, as well as the volumetric soil moisture content during 2004–2016, were measured in four vegetation types, i.e., shrubland（korshinsk peashrub）, artificial grassland（alfalfa）, fallow land and cropland（millet or potato）. Compared with cropland, revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa significantly decreased BD and increased Ks, FC, and SOC in the 0–40 cm soil layer, and fallow land significantly increased FC and SOC in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Soil water storage（SWS） significantly declined in shrubland and grassland in the 40–400 cm soil layer, causing severe soil drought in the deep soil layers. The study suggested that converting cropland to grassland（alfalfa） and shrubland（peashrub） improved soil-hydrological properties, but worsened water conditions in the deep soil profile. However, natural restoration did not intensify deep-soil drying. The results imply that natural restoration could be better than revegetation with peashrub and alfalfa in terms of good soil hydrological processes in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region.

Regularity of Erosion and Soil Loss Tolerance in Hilly Red-Earth Region of China

The observations from 14-yr long-term investigation on the soil-water losses in the sloping red-earth (slope 8°- 15°) showed that soil-water losses were closely correlated with land slope and vegetative coverage. Runoff rate in sloping red-earth could be reduced doubly by exploitation, while the soil erosion was enhanced doubly during the first two years after exploitation. Subsequently, it tended to be stable. Soil erosion was highly positively correlated with land slope, i. e. soil erosion increased by 120 t km-2 yr-1 with a slope increase of 1°. On the contrary, soil erosion was highly negatively correlated with vegetative coverage, i. e. soil erosion was limited at 200 t km-2 yr-1 below as the vegetative coverage exceeded 60%. Furthermore, soil erosion was highly related with planting patterns, i. e. soil erosion in contour cropping pattern would be one sixth of that in straight cropping. Based on the view of soil nutrient balance and test data, it was first suggested that the soil loss tolerance in Q2 red clay derived red-earth should be lower than 300 t km-2 yr-1.

宁南黄土区不同人工植被类型深层土壤水分亏缺评价

【目的】开展评估不同人工植被类型深层土壤水分亏缺程度,能为区域科学合理实施植被恢复策略提供理论依据。【方法】以宁夏彭阳中庄小流域5种不同植被类型(山桃林、沙棘林、柠条林、苜蓿地,农田为对照)为研究对象,采用土壤水分相对亏缺指数(CSWDI)和干燥化指数(SDI)定量评价模型,对不同植被类型下0~1 000 cm土壤水分亏缺及干燥化程度进行定量化分析与评价。【结果】不同植被类型深层土壤水分变化特征差异明显,0~1 000 cm平均土壤水分含量呈现出农地(16.29%)>山桃林(13.06%)>沙棘林(12.22%)>柠条林(9.12%)>苜蓿地(8.08%)。在垂直剖面上,土壤水分随土层深度增加总体呈现先减小后增加再逐渐稳定的趋势。在0~1 000 cm农地基本没有水分亏缺和干层发生,山桃林、柠条林、沙棘林和苜蓿地均呈现不同程度的土壤水分亏缺现象,平均土壤水分相对亏缺指数分别为0、0.22、0.62、0.35、0.79,平均土壤干燥化指数分别为185.5%、67.45%、51.55%、87.35%、36.10%,5种植被类型中苜蓿地土壤水分亏缺最严重,其次为柠条林、沙棘林、山桃林、农地。山桃林、柠条林、沙棘林、苜蓿地均有不同程度的干层分布,分别呈现中度、轻度和严重干燥化,干层厚度(DSLT)分别为890、860、800、920 cm,DSL-SWC分别为12.42%、8.14%、11.56%、7.76%。【结论】宁南黄土区不同人工植被类型对深层土壤水分亏缺具有明显影响,导致不同程度土壤干层发生,其中苜蓿地土壤水分亏缺最严重,应采取相应措施恢复土壤水分,促进区域水土资源可持续利用和生态健康发展。

免耕和休耕改善黄绵土水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本组成单元,对土壤功能的发挥至关重要,探究耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,有助于为耕作措施的制定和土壤健康提供理论依据。本研究基于5年的田间定位试验,分析了免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTMS)、休耕(AL)和常规耕作(CK)对黄绵土0~20 cm土壤水稳性团聚体组成和稳定性的影响,并解析其与土壤性质间的耦合关系。研究结果表明,NTMS和AL显著增加了>5 mm粒径团聚体含量、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和>0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体质量,显著降低了<0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量和分形维数(D);土壤容重(BD)、饱和持水量(SM)和毛管持水量(CMC)与土壤水稳性团聚体组成具有显著的相关关系,土壤有机质(SOM)、可蚀性因子(K)、pH和过氧化氢酶(CA)与土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性具有显著的相关关系,这7项因子可以解释土壤团聚体组成和稳定性92.0%的变异,解释率从大到小的顺序依次为CMC(33.6%)、SM(25.8%)、BD(11.4%)、SOM(8.71%)、pH(5.42%)、CA(5.27%)和K(1.86%)。免耕+秸秆覆盖耕作措施和短期休耕(3年)促进黄绵土>5 mm粒径团聚体的形成,增加土壤团聚体稳定性。

晋西黄土区典型人工林土壤水分的垂直分布特征

【目的】探究晋西黄土区人工林恢复过程中0~500 cm土层土壤含水量垂直特征,为改善人工林土壤水环境,实现林水平衡提供理论依据。【方法】以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域5种典型人工林(刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia、侧柏Platycladus orientalis、油松Pinus tabuliformis、刺槐-侧柏、刺槐-油松)为研究对象,通过土钻烘干法测定0~500 cm土层土壤含水量,分析人工林土壤含水量的垂直特征。【结果】研究区典型人工林平均土壤含水量由大到小依次为侧柏、刺槐-侧柏、油松、刺槐-油松、刺槐,5种人工林土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05),降水量及土壤质地是影响人工林土壤含水量的主要因素;在垂直方向上,人工林土壤含水量变异程度均为中等变异,变异系数随土层深度的增加呈减小趋势,约在360 cm土层形成稳定变化,人工植被主要影响0~360 cm土层内的土壤水,5种人工林中刺槐林地土壤水分变异程度最大,侧柏林地土壤水分最为稳定;采用有序聚类法将人工林土壤水分垂直层次划分为交换层、利用层、调节层和稳定层,不同林分间层次划分深度存在一定差异。【结论】研究区人工林可导致土壤含水量一定程度的减少,刺槐、油松、刺槐-油松林会加剧对深层土壤水分的消耗,其中刺槐林对深层土壤水分的消耗最为明显,建议在林业生态工程建设时,适当减少刺槐林面积,提高侧柏栽植比例。对现存土壤含水量较低的刺槐林,通过间伐降低林分密度,或将其改造为混交林,以期改善土壤水环境,实现林水平衡。

黄土丘陵区两个典型成熟森林群落土壤水分时空变化特征及对降雨事件的响应

[目的]探究黄土丘陵区刺槐人工林和辽东栎天然次生林土壤水分的时空变化特征及其对降雨事件的响应机制,揭示该区域两个典型森林群落的土壤水分特征及其差异性,为该地区森林植被建设与管理提供科学依据。[方法]以黄土丘陵区两个典型树种的成熟森林群落为研究对象,通过对试验地0—300 cm范围土壤含水量10年间(2009—2019)的监测,并结合同期降水量变化,分析这两种森林群落土壤水分的时空变化规律及对降雨的响应。[结果](1)2019年生长季末两森林群落0—100 cm和0—300 cm平均土壤含水量均高于2009年平均值,在0—100 cm范围内两群落均达到显著差异,且2019年辽东栎林平均土壤含水量显著高于刺槐林;在0—300 cm范围的平均值仅辽东栎林达到显著差异。(2)两森林群落土壤水分的空间分布均在0—200 cm土层内呈现较为明显波动;在2—300 cm土层辽东栎林土壤水分在时间和空间上的稳定性均高于刺槐林。(3)两森林群落土壤水分的月际动态趋势基本一致,与降雨量月际动态大致同步,但辽东栎林土壤含水量始终高于刺槐林。(4)在年际尺度上,两森林群落生长季末土壤含水量均与当年降雨量呈显著正相关,随降雨量的增大,辽东栎林在抵消蒸散耗水的同时对土壤水分的补充作用大于刺槐林。两森林群落土壤储水量增量与次降雨量均呈现极显著的指数增长关系,次降雨量较小时(小于22 mm)刺槐林土壤水分的补充作用大于辽东栎林,而次降雨量较大时(大于22 mm)则辽东栎林更有利于土壤水分的补充。[结论]两种森林群落土壤水分的时空变化特征存在显著差异,尤其是在深层土壤。与刺槐林相比,辽东栎林土壤水分对年际降雨的响应更为明显,而两森林群落土壤储水量对单次降雨事件响应的差异取决于次降雨量。

北洛河上游流域植被覆盖度时空变化及其地形分异特征

[目的]揭示退耕还林还草工程实施前后黄土丘陵沟壑区流域植被恢复过程,阐明流域植被恢复的地形分异效应,进而为黄土丘陵沟壑区制定适宜的流域生态建设和保护对策提供科技支撑。[方法]基于北洛河上游流域1990—2019年4期Landsat影像及数字高程模型数据,利用像元二分模型结合GIS技术,开展了退耕还林还草工程实施前后该流域植被覆盖度变化地形分异特征研究。[结果](1)流域植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东南高、西北低的分异特征。1990—2019年流域年均植被覆盖度呈持续上升趋势,在退耕还林还草工程实施以后高等级植被覆盖度面积占比大幅提升,1990年、2000年、2010年、2019年高等级植被覆盖度面积占比分别为0.97%,6.96%,42.17%,64.18%。(2)在工程实施的各个时期,流域植被覆盖总体持续改善,但西北局部地区植被退化。研究期间,流域植被覆盖度结构改善明显,中高及高植被覆盖度面积以转入为主,中低及低植被覆盖度面积以转出为主。(3)流域植被覆盖度在地形上存在明显分异特征,植被覆盖度随高程的增加呈减小趋势,植被覆盖度与坡度呈正相关,坡度越陡,植被覆盖度越大,植被覆盖度随坡向遵循阴坡>半阴坡>平地>半阳坡>阳坡的分布规律。[结论]实施退耕还林还草工程对增加北洛河上游流域植被覆盖度起到了关键作用,但部分区域植被退化严重,未来该流域应重点关注城市空间扩展以及气候变化对植被建设的影响,以应对环境演变下植被生态系统可持续发展面临的挑战。

宁夏黄土区典型坡面表层土壤有机碳含量的空间变化特征及尺度效应

【目的】定量认识土壤有机碳(SOC)含量在坡面上的空间异质性及尺度效应,探索“由点及面”估算坡面平均SOC含量的精确便捷途径,为细致刻画坡面土壤资源状况、全面理解生态系统碳循环、制定土壤高质量管理方案提供科学基础。【方法】在宁夏半干旱黄土丘陵区,选择3个相邻的由退耕还林工程形成的典型坡面,从坡顶向坡脚设置连续样点,调查各样点的土地利用、植被特征、立地条件及表层(0^20 cm)SOC含量,分析其坡向差异、坡位变化;以“离坡顶的水平距离或相对距离”为自变量,以表层SOC含量的顺坡滑动平均值为因变量,定量描述坡面尺度效应;再以坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值为因变量,实现由“点”到“面”的尺度上推。【结果】研究区表层SOC含量存在明显的坡向差异、坡位变化、尺度效应。表层SOC含量的坡面平均值在南坡(7.60 g·kg^(-1))最高,东坡(6.42 g·kg^(-1))次之,西坡(5.65 g·kg^(-1))最低,其坡位间变幅在东坡(15.95 g·kg^(-1))最大,其次为西坡(11.34 g·kg^(-1)),最小为南坡(9.72 g·kg^(-1)),说明东坡的坡面效应最强,其次为西坡,南坡最弱。东坡、西坡、南坡表层SOC含量的坡位变化大致相同,均由坡顶向下逐渐减小,至离坡顶水平距离200、150、280 m(相对距离0.73、0.45、0.76)后趋于稳定,主要与坡面“上部为自然状态的坡地+林草植被+恢复年限长、下部为人工梯田+林农植被+扰动频繁”的空间格局有关。在东坡、西坡、南坡上,距坡顶水平距离每增加100 m,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-3.40、-2.50、-1.51 g·kg^(-1);距坡顶相对距离每增加0.1,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-0.96、-0.75、-0.55 g·kg^(-1)。构建3个坡向不同坡位样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值随离坡顶水平距离或相对距离增加而变化的数量关系(R^(2)>0.7,P<0.001),籍此可由坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量精确便捷地估算坡面平均值。将所有位点数据融合得出,离坡顶相对距离0.4的位点表层SOC含量最接近坡面平均值。【结论】半干旱黄土丘陵区坡面表层SOC含量沿坡从上至下基本呈先减小后稳定的变化,与土地利用类型、植被类型、恢复年限的坡面分布格局有关。以顺坡(相对)水平坡长增加为尺度变量可较好地定量刻画表层SOC含量的坡面变化特征及尺度效应,藉此可实现坡面表层SOC含量平均值的精确便捷推算。

“88542”水平沟整地措施下土壤微生物群落空间分异特征

为探明宁夏黄土丘陵区“88542”水平沟整地措施下土壤微生物群落结构的空间分异特征,选取整地措施下形成的水平沟(FL)和上、下相邻水平沟间的隔坡地(GL)表层土壤为对象,通过高通量测序技术,研究整地措施下土壤微生物组成及多样性的变化及其影响环境因素。结果表明,在2种样地共检测到细菌30门、82纲和真菌13门、29纲的微生物。土壤中的主要细菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门,主要真菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门。2种样地下主要微生物类群的相对丰度存在明显差异,水平沟土壤中变形菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度分别高于隔坡地43.8%和79.6%,隔坡地土壤中放线菌门和子囊菌门的相对丰度分别高于水平沟28.1%和42.1%。α多样性显示,在2种样地间土壤细菌多样性指数无显著差异,但隔坡地上的土壤真菌Shannon、Simpson指数显著高于水平沟。此外,冗余分析显示,脲酶、微生物量碳、有机质以及全N是驱动土壤细菌和真菌群落变化的主要因子。研究结果可为黄土丘陵区整地措施后的生物地球化学过程和微生物变化机制提供理论依据和数据支撑。

黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田的碳汇作用及其变化特征

[目的]定量分析和探讨梯田碳汇作用与其特征,为明确梯田的碳汇作用、巩固和提升生态系统碳汇能力、研编梯田碳汇方法学等提供科学参考。[方法]选取黄土丘陵沟壑区的陕西省吴起县1~7 a(T_(5)),8~12 a(T_(10)),13~17 a(T_(15)),18~22 a(T_(20)),23~27 a(T_(25))这5个年份区间的梯田作为研究对象,以未实施水土保持措施的坡耕地为对照,研究不同年份梯田保碳、减排、增汇等能力与其变化规律。[结果]①坡耕地修建为梯田后可发挥保碳、减排、增汇等碳汇作用,梯田年均保碳量、减排量、增汇量(0-100 cm)分别为0.26,0.05,1.36 t/(hm^(2)·a)。②梯田各土层均发挥了一定的增汇效益,表层土壤(0-40 cm)和深层土壤(40-100 cm)增汇效益分别占0-100 cm整个土层的61.50%和38.50%。③随着运行年份的增加,梯田表层土壤增汇效益显著增加,深层土壤的增汇效益稍有提升但总体上保持平稳。表层土壤增汇率从T_(5)的16.30%提升至T_(25)的51.34%,深层土壤从T_(5)的14.00%提升至T_(25)的23.66%。[结论]黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田发挥着良好的保土保碳、减蚀减排和土壤增汇等碳汇作用。在修建27 a内,梯田增汇作用的比例最大,且表层土壤增汇更为显著;随着运行年份增加,梯田保碳作用的比例将逐渐增大。

黑龙滩水库消落带植被恢复模式对土壤水稳性团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响

[目的]为阐明水库消落带不同植被恢复模式对土壤水稳性团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响。[方法]以川中丘陵区黑龙滩水库消落带人工恢复与自然恢复植被下的土壤为研究对象,利用湿筛法测定分析土壤水稳性团聚体组成特征及其稳定性指标。[结果]消落带土壤>0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体含量与未淹水对照相比降低4.21%,其中,自然恢复植被下土壤水稳性大团聚体含量较对照下降12.27%,人工恢复植被下大团聚体含量较对照增加3.84%;不同植被恢复模式下土壤水稳性团聚体组成差异显著(p<0.05),人工恢复植被下土壤大团聚体含量(69.48%)显著高于自然恢复模式(43.20%);消落带土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性随水位高程增加而升高,团聚体稳定性指标>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)人工恢复模式下均大于自然恢复模式,团聚体分形维数(D)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)与团聚体破坏率(PAD)人工恢复模式小于自然恢复模式,表明人工恢复模式下土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性、土壤抗蚀性高于自然恢复模式。[结论]黑龙滩水库消落带在淹水后土壤团聚体稳定性下降,但人工恢复模式能有效改善土壤团粒结构,研究结果可为黑龙滩水库消落带土壤结构稳定性评价及植被恢复提供科学依据。