Tilt Angle Optimality Criteria for Stand Alone PV Systems

The conventional approach to optimizing tilt angles for fixed solar panels aims to maximize energy generation over the entire year. However, in the context of a supply controlled electric grid, where solar energy availability varies, this criterion may not be optimal. This study explores two alternative optimization criteria focused on maximizing baseload supply potential and minimizing required storage capacity to address seasonality in energy generation. The optimal tilt angles determined for these criteria differed significantly from the standard approach. This research highlights additional factors crucial for designing solar power systems beyond gross energy generation, essential for the global transition towards a fully renewable energy-based electric grid in the future.

Effect of Incidence Angle of Magnetic Field on the Performance of a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell under Multispectral Illumination

The aim of this work is to investigate, with a three-dimensional steady-state approach, the effect of the incidence angle of a magnetic field on the performance of a polycrystalline silicon solar cell under multispectral illumination. The magneto-transport and continuity equations of excess minority carriers are solved to find the expression of the density of excess minority carriers and the related electrical parameters, such as the photocurrent density, the photovoltage and the electric power, of a grain of the polycrystalline silicon solar cell. The influence of the incidence angle of the magnetic field on the diffusion coefficient, the short-circuit photocurrent density, the open-circuit photovoltage and the electric power-photovoltage is studied. Then, the curves of the electric power-photovoltage is used to find the maximum electric power allowing to calculate, according to the incidence angle of the magnetic field, the fill factor and the conversion efficiency. The study has shown that the increase of the incidence angle of the magnetic field from 0 rad to π/2 rad, can reduce the degradation of the performance of solar cells.

Time-optimal rendezvous transfer trajectory for restricted cone-angle range solar sails

The advantage of solar sails in deep space exploration is that no fuel consumption is required. The heliocentric distance is one factor influencing the solar radiation pressure force exerted on solar sails. In addition, the solar radiation pressure force is also related to the solar sail orientation with respect to the sunlight direction. For an ideal flat solar sail, the cone angle between the sail normal and the sunlight direction determines the magnitude and direction of solar radiation pressure force. In general, the cone angle can change from 0° to 90°. However, in practical applications, a large cone angle may reduce the efficiency of solar radiation pressure force and there is a strict requirement on the attitude control. Usually, the cone angle range is restricted less more than an acute angle （for example, not more than 40°） in engineering practice. In this paper, the time-optimal transfer trajectory is designed over a restricted range of the cone angle, and an indirect method is used to solve the two point boundary value problem associated to the optimal control problem. Relevant numerical examples are provided to compare with the case of an unrestricted case, and the effects of different maximum restricted cone angles are discussed. The results indicate that （1） for the condition of a restricted cone-angle range the transfer time is longer than that for the unrestricted case and （2） the optimal transfer time increases as the maximum restricted cone angle decreases.

Optimum Design of Tilt Angle and Horizontal Direction of Solar Collectors under Obstacle’s Shadow for Building Applications

Solar collectors can provide clean, renewable, and domestic energy. The tilt angle and horizontal direction of solar collectors significantly affect its efficiency. There are many good methods to search the optimum tilt angle and horizontal direction to realize the maximum total radiation on the solar collector within a particular day or a specific period. However, it is hard to realize it when solar collectors are placed under obstacle’s shadows;especially when some obstacles, such as trees, have irregular shapes. This paper presents algorithms to achieve the best tilt angle and horizontal direction for solar collector’s performance under the free-form surfaces 3D obstacle’s shadow. The solution process is composed of 4 steps. First, it creates a 3D scene, in which a unique color is given to the solar collector. Second, it employs orthographic projection from the point of view to get an image of the scene. Third, the number of pixels is used to represent the efficiency of the solar collector by counting the pixels of the unique color. Fourth, the efficiency of solar collector in each direction in a period of time is calculated with many images to further select the best direction.

The Disagreement between Anisotropic-Isotropic Diffuse Solar Radiation Models as a Function of Solar Declination: Computing the Optimum Tilt Angle of Solar Panels in the Area of Southern-Italy

In this paper a simulation to maximize the global solar radiation on a sloped collecting surface was applied to typical latitudes in the area of southern Italy, to calculate the optimum tilt angle of solar panels on building structures or large photovoltaic power plants located in that geographical area. Indeed, the area of southern Italy and in particular Sicily and Calabria are the top of European locations for acquiring solar energy. Some models of diffuse solar irradiance were taken into account to determine panels inclinations that maximized the impinging solar radiation by means of global horizontal solar radiation data provided from the Italian Institute of ENEA (Italy). An algorithm was used for the simulation providing a set of tilt angles for each latitude. The optimum tilt angle values obtained from the simulation resulted to be strictly related to the model of diffuse solar radiation that was used. Indeed, the disagreement between the values obtained using anisotropic models of diffuse solar radiation and those obtained from the isotropic model resulted to decrease significantly with increasing solar declination, showing that the isotropic model can be reliable only in summer months.

Three-Dimensional Study of the Effect of the Angle of Incidence of a Magnetic Field on the Electrical Power and Conversion Efficiency of a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell under Multispectral Illumination

A three-dimensional approach to the effect of magnetic field incidence angle on electrical power and conversion efficiency is performed on a front-illuminated polycrystalline silicon bifacial solar cell. A solution of the continuity equation allowed us to present the equations of photocurrent density, photovoltage and electric power. The influence of the angle of incidence of the magnetic field on the photocurrent density, the photovoltage and the electric power has been studied. The curves of electrical power versus dynamic junction velocity were used to extract the values of maximum electrical power and dynamic junction velocity and to calculate those of conversion efficiency. From this study, it is found that the conversion efficiency values increase with the angle of incidence of the magnetic field.

Optimum Tilt Angles for Photovoltaic Panels during Winter Months in the Vaal Triangle, South Africa

Optimizing the output power of a photovoltaic panel improves the efficiency of a solar driven energy system. The maximum output power of a photovoltaic panel depends on atmospheric conditions, such as (direct solar radiation, air pollution and cloud movements), load profile and the tilt and orientation angles. This paper describes an experimental analysis of maximizing output power of a photovoltaic panel, based on the use of existing equations of tilt angles derived from mathematical models and simulation packages. Power regulation is achieved by the use of a DC-DC converter, a fixed load resistance and a single photovoltaic panel. A data logger is used to make repeated measurements which ensure reliability of the results. The results of the paper were taken over a four month period from April through July. The photovoltaic panel was set to an orientation angle of 0? with tilt angles of 16?, 26? and 36?. Preliminary results indicate that tilt angles between 26? and 36? provide optimum photovoltaic output power for winter months in South Africa.

Estimation of Solar Radiation on Horizontal and Tilted Surface over Bangladesh

To estimate the monthly averaged solar radiations (global, diffuse and direct solar radiation) on horizontal surface and tilted surface over 10 stations (districts) in Bangladesh, thirty years monthly averaged data of various meteorological parameters namely the monthly averaged value of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity and sunshine hours were used in this study. Assessment of the solar resources for the solar based renewable energy technologies of Bangladesh may be based upon this kind of measured data analyzed study. This study tried to estimate the monthly averaged solar radiation by presenting data in table and graph and finally analyze through equations and descriptions. Correlation between the measurements of monthly averaged solar radiation and the meteorological parameters was given for the selected 10 stations in Bangladesh. In conclusion, we tried to make a comparison among solar radiation on horizontal surface, fixed 20.83 ° (degree) optimal tilt angle and variable optimal tilt surface at Dhaka station.

Simulation of Vertical Solar Power Plants with Different Turbine Blades

The performances of turbine blades have a significant impact on the energy conversion efficiency of vertical solar power plants.In the present study,such a relationship is assessed by considering two kinds of airfoil blades,designed by using the Wilson theory.In particular,numerical simulations are conducted using the SST K−ω model and assuming a wind speed of 3–6 m/s and seven or eight blades.The two airfoils are the NACA63121(with a larger chord length)and the AMES63212;It is shown that the torsion angle of the former is smaller,and its wind drag ratio is larger;furthermore,the resistance is increased by about 66.3%on average.Within the scope of the study,the results show that the NACA63212 airfoil is better than the AMES63212 airfoil in terms of power,with an average improvement of about 2.8%.The simulation results have a certain guiding significance for selecting turbine blade airfoils and improving turbine efficiency.

Na-doping-induced modification of the Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4)/CdS heterojunction towards efficient solar cells

It is very important to understand why a small amount of alkali metal doping in Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4)(CZTSSe)solar cells can improve the conversion efficiency.In this work,Na-doped CZTSSe is prepared by a simple solution method,and then the effects on the surface properties of the absorber layer,the buffer layer growth,and the modifications of the solar cell performance induced by the Na doping are studied.The surface of the absorber layer is more Cu-depletion and less roughness due to the Na doping.In addition,the contact angle of the surface increases because of Na doping.As a consequence,the thickness of the CdS buffer layer is significantly reduced and the optical losses in the CdS buffer layer are decreased.The difference of quasi-Fermi levels(EFn-EFp) increases with a small amount of Na doping in the CZTSSe solar cell,so that open circuit voltage(VOC) increased significantly.This work offers new insights into the effects of Na doping on CZTSSe via a solution-based approach and provides a deeper understanding of the origin of the efficiency improvement of Na-doped CZTSSe thin film solar cells.

Control of large angle maneuvers for the flexible solar sail

Solar sail is a new type of spacecraft for deep space exploration,which flies by the pressure of sunlight.The attitude of the sail determines its orbit,so altitude control plays an important role in the mission.However,the large flexible structure leads to some difficulty in attitude control.This paper establishes the reduced dynamic model of a flexible solar sail with foreshortening deformation,and coupling with its attitude and vibration.As usual,large angle maneuvering will lead to the vibration of flexible structure,so the time optimal control of solar sail maneuvering is considered.Bang-Bang control of the solar sail generates large amplitude and sustained vibration,while the combined control based on input shaping can eliminate the vibration efficiently.With the comparison of two reduced models,it is demonstrated that the choice of two models depends on the attention to the stretching deformation.

Effect of dihedral angle of bridge unit on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cell

In this work, we investigated the impact of bridge unit on their photo-physical and photovoltaic performance. Increased planarity of the dyes effectively extended the absorption, but reduces the efficiency. Interestingly we found that dyes with a thiophene conjugate unit showed inferior performance when compared with benzene. Theoretical computation indicates a large dihedral angle in the latter system. EIS analysis evidenced the severe recombination in the thiophene-based dye,showing that good planarity may lead to dye aggregation and decrease the efficiency.

Modeling of a Photovoltaic Module Considering the Solar Energy Available from Horizontal Surfaces over Kuwait Area

The paper identifies and analyzes the geographical and temporal variability of solar energy in Kuwait. The fundamental solar trigonometric model has been modified to estimate daily and hourly solar radiation on horizontal surfaces on the basis of the more readily available meteorological data. The results demonstrate that Kuwait has an abundance of solar energy capability. An overview of the production and consumption of electrical energy, installed capacity, and peak loads in Kuwait is also presented. Finally, it is shown how the power produced from the photovoitaic （PV） cells depends on the solar radiation. The proposed PV module is made up of a combination of series and parallel cells to increase power, while the IoV characteristic and output power of the module each month may be obtained from the model.

Theoretical Comparative Energy Efficiency Analysis of Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systems

This paper developed a theoretical model substantially based on the principle that only the normal component of solar radiation is actually converted into electrical energy. This theoretical model helped to predict minimum and maximum daily energy gain (compared to static PV system tilted with certain angle) when using dual axis PV solar tracking systems, at any given location on earth without prior experimental data. Based on equations derived from model, minimum and maximum energy gain is computed and summarized in tables of minimum and maximum. Furthermore, the model equations could be used to set up future experimental studies related to the matter.

Solar Energy Optimization through Seasons: Case Study in Jordan

Solar energy in Jordan is recognized high amongst in the world. The solar energy cultivation needs to be magnified by optimizing the angle of inclination of solar cells. The angle of inclination in this work is not fixed but variable throughout the year, and consequently the angle is optimized for seasons. In this research, the optimized angles for seasons in Jordan are obtained as: 60? for Winter (November to February), 30? for Spring (March and April), 10? for Summer (May to August), and 30? for Fall (September and October). The optimized cultivated energy throughout all seasons in the year equals about 2490 kWh/m2. The residential customer consumption of electricity is 2475 kWh/customer per year. Therefore, according to Jordan, if the sun energy is converted efficiently to electricity, it will be worthy to apply for residential building for which each customer should have some area of solar cells to overcome the needs of energy. In addition, with some wise management of electricity in the daylight period, fossil fuel consumption will be minimized. Hence, combining solar energy concept in the design of building is an important step in sustainable development of green energy.

Solar Energy Sustainability in Jordan

Jordan is a country with highly fossil fuel deficiency and thus other energy sources are needed to be explored. Solar energy in Jordan is highly recognized as a good source of energy and an excellent substitute to the fossil fuel. The solar energy in this article is obtained via data bases and modeling techniques for the specified place coordinate and angle of inclination. The angles of sun irradiations are different throughout the year;therefore solar energy needs to be magnified by optimizing the angle of inclination of solar cells. In this research, the optimized angles throughout the year are obtained to be in the range: 10°-60°. Solar energy can serve the residential building, the findings of this research show that every 1 m2 of the solar cell may contribute to about 60%-70% of customer needs of electricity throughout the year. The application of solar energy concept in the design of building will play an important role in energy sustainability.

陆地生态系统碳监测卫星自主任务规划研究

低轨遥感卫星往往以全球或全国范围内的特定地物为探测目标。为提高卫星在轨运行的自主性,文章提出了一种面向地物目标属性的遥感卫星自主任务规划方法。首先外推出预报点90 min后的星下点经纬度,并根据星载地图和太阳高度角,得到预报点的阳照/阴影、陆地/海洋、境内/境外属性。对地物目标属性信息进行平滑处理后,根据各载荷的地物目标属性,识别出各载荷的工作任务时间段,可实时实现提前约1个轨道圈的载荷自主任务规划。

可见光载荷对云海背景下某型隐身飞机探测能力研究

为研究可见光探测器对某型隐身飞机探测能力,首先建立可见光波段云-海-大气耦合的多向吸收-散射模型;再通过对飞机蒙皮和尾焰几何截面在不同太阳入射角和卫星观测角度下的反射特性建模分析,计算到达探测器焦平面的目标以及背景的光谱能量分布,从而得到在给定光照条件下探测器极限信噪比和极限探测距离.最后模拟的仿真成像结果验证了分析模型的正确性和结论的可信度.分析结果表明,以云-海为地物观测背景时,云层的上行反射特性对飞机可探测性的影响最为显著;当太阳入射角小于60°时,飞机蒙皮的表面双向反射率(BRDF)明显高于海平面;太阳入射角大于60°时,云层和海平面对阳光的反射占据主导地位.

入射偏角对非跟踪复合抛物面聚光器性能影响

为了降低复合抛物面聚光器对跟踪精度的要求,提高其在集热过程中的光热转化能力,探究入射偏角对新型复合抛物面聚光器非跟踪工况时光热性能的影响机制。理论分析该聚光器在集热过程中的能量转化关系,并利用光学仿真软件TracePro研究入射偏角对聚光器光学性能的影响规律;在此基础上搭建非跟踪复合抛物面聚光器性能测试试验台,在实际天气条件下测试分析聚光器光热性能随径向入射偏角的变化规律。结果表明:当光线正入射时,聚光器的光线接收率与聚光效率分别为100%和83.42%;当径向入射偏角α为16°时,该聚光器的光线接收率与聚光效率分别为53.00%和44.82%;当轴向入射偏角β为30°时,光线接收率与聚光效率分别为88.74%和74.42%;在空气流速为3.7 m/s时,聚光器的最高出口温度与瞬时集热量分别为31.3℃和782.8 W,分别比聚光器接收上偏10°和下偏10°入射辐射时提高了3.7、6.1℃和131.0、217.9 W;该聚光器接收正入射辐射时的平均光热转化效率为77.45%,比接收上偏10°和下偏10°入射辐射的平均光热转化效率高42.14%和52.97%。

近红外空间碎片激光测距探测成功概率影响因素的研究

基于激光雷达方程和天空背景噪声估算公式推导出近红外空间碎片激光测距探测成功概率的计算公式,仿真研究了该公式中大气透过率和天空背景噪声的影响因素,经数据拟合,得到空间碎片激光测距探测成功概率的归一化表达式。在此基础上,仿真分析了太阳高度角、目标天顶角、目标轨道距离和目标横截面积对目标探测成功概率的影响。结果表明:目标探测成功概率随太阳高度角升高而减小,随目标轨道距离的增加而减小,随目标天顶角的增大而减小,当目标天顶角增加到70°时,目标探测成功概率开始急剧下降;目标轨道距离固定的情况下,目标探测成功概率随目标横截面积的增大而增大。该研究对提高空间碎片的观测效率具有一定的应用价值。