Theoretical and Experimental Quantification of Solar Radiation through a Tracking System

This work deals with the estimation of solar radiation through a solar tracker aimed at evaluating the effect of solar tracking on the solar deposit in Burkina Faso. Using a two-axis solar tracking system, we experimentally measured solar radiation at our Joseph KI-ZERBO University site and compared it with that obtained by a numerical simulation run using Fortran programming software based on a mathematical model by Brichambaut. The results obtained from the mathematical and experimental studies show that, with a solar tracker, on a clear-sky day, solar irradiation is between 800 W·m−2 and 1000 W·m−2 between about 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., i.e. a duration of 8 hours of insolation. Analysis of the numerical and experimental results shows very good quantitative and qualitative agreement, with an average relative error of 18%.

Grain Yield Differences of Soybean Cultivars Due to Solar Radiation Interception

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth rate and grain yield are modified by the interception and solar radiation use efficiency. Thus, it is desirable that the most of plant photosynthetic structures intercepting solar radiation in order to have increment in carbon fixation and reflection on growth and yield. The goal of this study was to assess if soybean cultivars differ in grain yield in relation to solar radiation interception. Four soybean cultivars were evaluated at stages V6, V9, R2, R4, R6 and R8. To determine the photosynthetically active radiation interception by the canopy, the plants were divided into two parts (upper and lower strata). For grain yield components, the plants were divided into three parts (upper, middle and lower thirds). Of the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the vegetative canopy at the reproductive stages, the maximum observed intercept was 5.2% in the lower stratum of the plants. The number of infertile nodes increased in the lower third of plants due to low interception of solar radiation in this plant region. Thus, the soybean cultivars more efficient in intercepting photosynthetically active radiation inside the vegetative canopy showed higher grain yields.

Solar Radiation Interception, Dry Matter Production and Yield among Different Plant Densities of <i>Arachis spp</i>. in Ibadan, Nigeria

The production of grain legumes is becoming a popular practice in the humid south western Nigeria. Apart from the decreasing trends observed in rainfall amount and duration as a result of climate change, solar radiation interception also constitutes a limitation to crop production because of persistent cloud cover. A trial was conducted at the University of Ibadan experimental site to determine the effect of different plant densities of Arachis spp. on solar radiation interception, dry matter production and yield in Ibadan, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining the best practice for groundnut production in the zone. The treatments were three plant spacings (60 cm×20 cm,75 cm×20 cmand75 cm×40 cm), and three Arachis varieties (Samnut 10, Samnut 21 and Pintoi) arranged in a split plot, randomized complete block design with Arachis varieties as the main plot while plant densities formed the subplot and replicated three times. Growth parameters (number of leaves, dry leaf weight and dry stem weight) were measured at two weeks interval while yield parameters (number of pods, dry pod weight, dry seed weight and total dry matter) were determined at harvest. Intercepted radiation by plants (PAR) was also taken along with the growth parameters. The highest light interception from 42 - 105 days after planting (DAP) among the Arachis spp. was recorded by Samnut 10, while at 42 - 87 DAP, plant density of75 cm×20 cmhad the highest light interception. Dry matter production increased with light interception and was highest at 105 DAP when light interception was between 55% and 60% for all Arachis varieties and all plant densities. In terms of pod weight and grain yield, Samnut 10 performed better than Samnut 21 and also recorded the highest Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) for pod, seed and total dry matter. However, Arachis pintoi, a sterile and forage plant with slower growth rate served as a cover crop capable of replenishing soil nutrients and physical properties.

Country-level meteorological parameters for building energy efficiency in China

Accurate basic data are necessary to support performance-based design for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutral targets in the building sector.Meteorological parameters are the prerequisites of building thermal engineering design,heating ventilation and air conditioning design,and energy consumption simulations.Focusing on the key issues such as low spatial coverage and the lack of daily or higher time resolution data,daily and hourly models of the surface meteorological data and solar radiation were established and evaluated.Surface meteorological data and solar radiation data were generated for 1019 cities and towns in China from 1988 to 2017.The data were carefully compared,and the accuracy was proved to be high.All the meteorological parameters can be assessed in the building sector via a sharing platform.Then,country-level meteorological parameters were developed for energy-efficient building assessment in China,based on actual meteorological data in the present study.This set of meteorological parameters may facilitate engineering applications as well as allowing the updating and expansion of relevant building energy efficiency standards.The study was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period,named Fundamental parameters on building energy efficiency in China,comprising of 15 top-ranking universities and institutions in China.

Passive Study of Energy Efficiency of a Building with PCM on the Roof during Summer in Casablanca

Energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at national and international levels. Because the residential and commercial energy consumption has steadily increased reaching figures between 20% and 40%. The use of thermal insulation of the building envelope is one of the most currently requested solutions to reduce this energy consumption. Phase Change Materials (PCM) have received increased attention due to their ability to store large amounts of thermal energy within narrow temperature ranges. This property makes them ideal for storage of passive heat in the building envelopes. An experimental study was conducted to analyze the influence of PCM in the construction of exterior walls. Two test cells are constructed in the Faculty of Science Ain Chock, Casablanca. One is equipped with a 0.56 cm layer of PCM on its roof while the second is a reference cell without PCM. The results presented for the period from 8th to 10th July 2014 show that the integration of PCM layer reduces the amplitude of instantaneous heat flux through the horizontal wall. The indoor and the internal vertical wall temperatures, in the case of the cell with PCM, are relatively decreased compared to those of the reference one. For example, the maximum deviation between the indoor temperatures of the cubicles is not more than 1.5℃ while the one on the west faces reaches 3℃ by mid day. Also the inclusion of a layer of PCM shifts the time of peak load and discharge.

Efficiency Improvement of PV Generation System by Using Improved P ＆ O Method of MPPT

The conventional P ＆ O （perturb-and-observe） method, which is the most widely used as MPPT （maximum power point tracking） control, has the problem of low efficiency and unstable operation when solar radiation changes drastically. Aiming at this problem, this paper improves the conventional P ＆ O method to reduce the bad effect of solar radiation by shortening the sampling interval of PV module＇s output power while keeping the operating period unchanged. Experiments are conducted to study efficiency gains of improved method when solar radiation changes drastically. The result shows that, by this method, the efficiency of MPPT control can be increased 17% in average when PV module simulator is used and 20% at maximum when actual PV module is used, compared with the conventional P ＆ O method.

Experimental Study on Improving Performance and Productivity of Pyramid Solar StillUsing Rotation Technique

Globally,potable water scarcity is pervasive problem.The solar distillation device is a straightforward apparatus that has been purposefully engineered to convert non-potable water into potable water.The experimental study is distinctive due to the implementation of a rotational mechanism within the pyramidal solar still(PSS),which serves to enhance the evaporation and condensation processes.The objective of this research study is to examine the impact of integrating rotational motion into pyramidal solar stills on various processes:water distillation,evaporation,condensation,heat transfer,and energy waste reduction,shadow effects,and low water temperature in saline environments.Ultimately,the study aims to enhance the production of distilled water.An economic evaluation was undertaken in order to ascertain the extent of cost reduction.Experiments measuring freshwater productivity and thermal performance were conducted over a three-month period at the University of Science and Technology in Tehran.The entire pyramid structure was rotated using a direct current motor driven by a photovoltaic cell.The research methodology entailed the operation of a PSS with varying rotational speeds(0.125,0.25,1,and 1.5 rpm)and without rotation,from 9 am to 4 pm.The findings suggested that the productivity of the distillation apparatus in terms of distilled water increased as the rotation speed rose,with the most pronounced increase occurring at 1 rpm in comparison to the other conditions.The presence of turbulence in the water enhanced the heat transfer occurring between the absorber plate and thewater.At 2:00 p.m.on an experimental day,this effect was observed when the absorber plate temperature reached 79.1°C at 1.5 rpm.In contrast,its temperature decreased to 78°C when not in a state of rotation,as the intensity of solar radiation was higher in the non-rotation state.At 1 rpm,the solar pyramid distiller achieved a 30.2%increase in output compared to its non-rotating state.At 1 rpm,the distiller achieved a 20.6%increase in output compared to 0.25 revolutions per minute.In addition to the control condition,the thermal efficiency of the solar still varied as follows:at 1,1.5,0.25,and 0.125 rpm,it was 46.2%;at 44.2%,37.8%;at 35.3%;and at 36.6%,respectively.Furthermore,distilled water generated by a pyramid solar still with rotation(PSSR)is priced at$0.03 per liter,whereas it costs$0.0317 per liter when produced by a pyramid solar still without rotation(PSS without R).

Review of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSCs) Development

Energy consumption is increasing yearly all over the world due to the increase in population and demand of energy. The world largely depends on a hydroelectric energy supply, thermal electric energy supply which is all non-renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, non-renewable energy resources are rapidly decreasing per year due to increasing rate of energy consumption. The quest for the discovery of another abundant resource of energy has attracted many scientists into development of renewable energy technologies like photovoltaic energy which are the technology that convert solar radiation into electricity. For the past several years, different photovoltaic devices like inorganic, organic, and hybrid solar cells have been invented using different methods for different application purposes. Moreover, high conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells, the high cost of module and complicated production processes involved in the production restricted commercialization of photovoltaic solar cells as a means of electricity supply. Among all organic solar cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the most efficient, low cost and easily implemented technology. This review paper focuses on clarifying the technological meaning of the structure of DSSCs, Various types of DSSCs materials, working electrode and working mechanism of DSSC, transparent and conductive substrate, nanocrystalline semiconductor film electrode, photosensisitizer (dye), electrolyte, carbon layer electrode, zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) layer, benefits of DSSCs and application, the efficiency and challenges for research and development of DSSCs to upgrade the current efficiency.

太阳能驻车通风与遮阳系统降温与节能性研究

为了解决驻车高温问题,文中设计太阳能驻车通风与遮阳系统,建立乘员舱传热数学模型,通过实验验证模型准确性,并应用该模型对太阳能驻车通风与遮阳系统的降温与节能性进行分析。研究结果表明:在南昌市夏季典型气象条件下,相较于未采用任何乘员舱降温措施的停放车辆,采用太阳能驻车通风与遮阳系统的车辆乘员舱内热环境有明显改善,车舱内空气平均温度最高可降低9.4℃;车辆启动时的制冷负荷最多可降低27.3%。搭载该太阳能驻车通风与遮阳系统能极大地提高驾乘人员的舒适性,同时降低空调能耗。

高寒地区平板热管式太阳能集热系统热性能研究

基于呼和浩特地区高寒气候条件,搭建两组完全一致的平板热管式太阳能集热系统,通过实验对比分析太阳辐射强度、传热工质流量、集热板表面积尘等因素对集热器瞬时集热效率以及系统热性能的影响。结果表明,在同等外界条件下,集热器的集热效率随着工质流量的增加而增大,集热效率与太阳辐射强度变化趋势相近,随积尘密度的增加,集热板表面积尘导致系统的得热量减少,集热性能下降。

夏热冬暖地区基于性能模拟的新型电动格栅构件遮阳效果研究

夏热冬暖地区对于建筑遮阳有显著需求。以广州某建筑为例,运用Ecotect软件进行太阳入射辐射和采光系数计算,运用Energyplus进行区域理想负荷室外空气总制冷计算,分析新型电动格栅构件的遮阳节能效果。并将其与三种基本遮阳方式(外遮阳、内遮阳和中间遮阳)、新型电动格栅构件与水平板结合的综合式遮阳方式进行对比,分析各自遮阳和降低能耗的效果差异。模拟发现,将新型电动格栅构件与水平板结合起来的综合式遮阳效果最佳,且具有更强的灵活性,可为夏热冬暖地区遮阳设计提供一定参考。

槽式太阳能聚光集热器传热特性分析

为了研究槽式太阳能集热器的传热特性及为槽式太阳能集热器的设计提供理论依据,该文分析了槽式太阳能集热器的传热特点,建立了槽式太阳能集热器传热过程一维数学模型:利用该数学模型,计算分析了槽式太阳能集热器的传热特性。选取了2014年9月21日、10月25日的太阳直接辐照数据进行计算分析,10月25日太阳直接辐照数据均值比9月21日高37.5894 W/m^2,9月21日集热器吸收的太阳辐射热能计算均值比10月25日高196.644.W/m:接受管内外壁导热量随内外壁面温差升高而增加,接受管外径与内径的比值大于1.05时导热热阻增加到0.0004679 K/(W·m);接受管和玻璃管之问传热主要是辐射换热,辐射换热量随玻璃管内壁面温度升高而增加:对流换热量数值上可以忽略不计,且与接受管和玻璃管之间的环形空间残存气体类型有关,环形空间为氢气的对流换热量大于空气,空气大于氩气:玻璃管对外界的传热主要是辐射换热和对流换热,环境温度每下降lO℃,玻璃管对环境的辐射放热量增加约105 W/m:玻璃外管壁温度为50℃时,风速为6 m/s比0.5 m/s时的对流换热量增加约116W/m,玻璃外管壁温为80℃时,该值增加约为340 W/m;集热器的瞬时热效率随传热工质温度的升高而下降,随太阳直接辐照增加而升高;利用该文建立的数学模型计算的瞬时效率与美国可再生能源实验室的试验数据最大偏差约为3%。

改进CASA模型在内蒙古草地生产力估算中的应用

CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型是针对北美地区植被而建立的净第一性生产力(NPP)模型,本文通过修改CASA模型参数(PAR、FPAR),使之成为适合草地NPP估算的模型。采用改进后的CASA模型计算了2003年内蒙古草地生长季的生产力,并利用2003年7和8月的地面实测样方数据对改进后的模型进行验证。结果表明,2003年内蒙古草地生长季总的第一性生产量为28.59×1012gC,利用改进后的CASA模型模拟的NPP值与地面实测值基本一致。除了温性荒漠类草地退化程度大于Ⅱ度时误差较大外,其它草地类型模拟的精度>80%,未退化草甸草原和典型草原的模拟精度达到90%。

基于3S的自然植被光能利用率的时空分布特征的模拟

光能利用率 (LUE)直接影响植被各层中的能量分布和光合速率 ,在确定环境对光合和地上部生长分配的综合限制上十分有价值 ,是衡量系统功能的一个重要指标。本研究以遥感图像 (TM)作为数据源 ,获取了影响植被LUE的重要变量———叶面积指数 (LAI) ;用程序语言编写了描述系统碳循环和水循环的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型 (EPPML) ,对长白山自然保护区的太阳总辐射、净初级生产力 (NPP)和LUE等的季节动态和空间分布进行了模拟 ;并用地理信息系统 (GIS)手段对空间数据进行处理、分析和显示 ,从而实现了将植物生理生态研究的结果从小尺度向中尺度进行拓展和转换。EPPML可以比较准确地模拟长白山自然保护区景观尺度上主要植被类型的NPP和太阳总辐射 ,对LUE的模拟结果也大多在我国森林的LUE范围之内 ,但对不同植被类型LUE的验证因实测数据不足 ,仅做了初步比较。模拟结果表明 ,长白山植被的LUE与NPP的季节进程十分近似 ,7月可达 2 .9%。春、夏、秋、冬四个季节植被LUE的模拟平均值分别为 0 .551 %、2 .680 %、0 .551 %和 0 .0 4 7%。植被年LUE的模拟值平均为 1 .0 75 % ,在 - 3 .2 72 %～ 3 .556 %之间变化 ,阔叶红松 (Pinuskoraiensis)林最大 (1 .653 % ) ,高山流砾滩草类最小 (0 .1 4 6 % )。

甘肃天祝主要高山草地的生物量及光能转化率

本文报道了天祝高山草地的杜鹃＋柳－苔藓草地、珠芽寥草地、线叶嵩草草地及其改良的禾草－杂类草半人工草地、多年生禾草人工草地和一年生燕麦人工草地的生物量特征，净第一性生产力和光能转化率。位于阴坡的天然杜鹃＋柳－苔藓草地和珠芽寥草地的地上和地下生物量都较大。灌溉、施肥、翻耕和播种措施，可提高培育的草地的地上生物量和现有量，并降低地下生物量和现存量（活根量）。天然草地中珠芽寥草地的地上、地下和地上＋地下的净第一性生产力均最高，杜鹃＋柳－苔藓草地最小。三类培育的草地的地上部分净第一性生产力显著较其原生草地—线叶嵩草草地为高，并依培育强度而递增；但地下部分显著较低，并依培育强度而递减。杜鹃＋柳－苔藓草地、珠芽寥草地和线叶嵩草草地的地上部分光能转化率分别为０．０７４、０．１５５和０．１１０％。三类培育的草地地上部分的光能转化率大于天然草地，地下部分小于天然草地，全群落的光能转化率只有燕麦草地大于天然草地。

施氮量与氮管理模式对超级稻产量和辐射利用率影响

通过探讨施氮量和氮管理模式对超级稻产量和辐射利用率的影响,为超级稻超高产栽培和育种提供技术措施和理论依据。以超级稻两优293为材料,于2007年在湖南浏阳进行大田试验,研究了农民管理模式、实地氮肥管理和实时氮肥管理3种氮管理模式、涉及7种氮水平(N0～N6)下水稻的产量及群体辐射利用率。结果表明:随氮肥施用量的增加,群体叶面积指数﹑干物质积累总量﹑产量﹑群体光合有效辐射截获量和辐射利用率都相应增加。处理N6水平(施氮量为210kg/hm2)下,产量最高,为9927.0kg/hm2,分别比其他处理高4.8%～33.5%,当施氮水平超过210kg/hm2时,不同施氮方法,处理产量和群体光合有效截获量反而降低;处理N6干物质积累总量和辐射利用率也最大,分别为1853.7g/m2和1.59g/MJ,显著高于其他处理。从而表明,施氮量和氮管理模式对超级稻产量和辐射利用率有重要影响,相同施氮水平下,采用实地氮肥管理更有利于产量和超级稻群体辐射利用率的提高。

光伏系统设计中太阳辐射强度影响的分析

太阳辐射强度影响光伏系统的发电量,根据工程上常用的晶体硅太阳电池的数学模型,利用典型气象年逐时数据,考虑太阳辐射强度的影响,利用Visual Basic语言编程分别计算了一天和一年中的光伏电池组件的发电量,并与不考虑辐射强度影响的峰值日照时数方法计算结果进行比较。结果表明:昆明地区考虑辐射强度的逐时计算结果与不考虑辐射强度的计算结果相差7.05%,光伏系统设计中必须考虑当地的太阳辐射强度分布情况。

带遮热板的热管式真空管集热器中温性能的理论与实验研究

对带遮热板的真空管型集热器进行理论分析和实验研究,通过与不带遮热板的真空管型集热器传热过程进行对比分析,计算表明带遮热板的真空管型集热器的辐射热损降低约22.7%。对两种集热器的中温性能进行对比实验,结果表明:带遮热板的真空管型集热器的中温热性能更加优越,在129℃高温工况时,其热效率为55%。

作物高光效之管见

光合作用提供了作物产量形成的物质基础。目前作物的叶面积指数和经济系数已难以继续增加,若想进一步提高作物产量就必须提高生物量,提高作物光能利用率成为关键。作物高光效是一个内涵和外延非常广的概念,涉及作物生命活动的全过程,与众多学科相联系,不同学科有着不同的理解。作者根据现有的研究进展,结合从事作物生理、育种和栽培的实践,从光合作用的主要过程及关键调控位点、作物光能利用率、高光效作物的生理基础与形态特征和高光效作物的筛选与鉴定对"作物高光效"进行了概述,以期为今后的作物"高光效"研究提供一点有益的思考与借鉴。

小型槽式太阳能集热器优化设计与试验研究

按照高性能低成本的原则设计并制作了集热面积为12 m^2的商用小型槽式集热器。其主要创新优化之处包括：1通过免背板设计减少了槽式反射镜面结构的重量和用材,提高了镜面曲率精度;2通过推杆联动机构减少了驱动装置;3反射镜面板分离式结构起到了自清洁功能,减轻了清扫的工作强度;4将闭环反馈技术应用到太阳能跟踪控制系统,可实现四季全天候跟踪。现场试验结果表明：在太阳辐射强度为540～660 W/m^2时,该集热器可将循环水加热至170℃以上,系统整体集热效率最高可达0.52,但随水温的升高逐渐降低。