The power grid is undergoing a transformation from synchronous generators(SGs) toward inverter-based resources(IBRs). The stochasticity, asynchronicity, and limited-inertia characteristics of IBRs bring about challeng...The power grid is undergoing a transformation from synchronous generators(SGs) toward inverter-based resources(IBRs). The stochasticity, asynchronicity, and limited-inertia characteristics of IBRs bring about challenges to grid resilience. Virtual power plants(VPPs) are emerging technologies to improve the grid resilience and advance the transformation. By judiciously aggregating geographically distributed energy resources(DERs) as individual electrical entities, VPPs can provide capacity and ancillary services to grid operations and participate in electricity wholesale markets. This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the concept and development of VPPs and the latest progresses in VPP operation, with the focus on VPP scheduling and control. Based on this overview, we identify a few potential challenges in VPP operation and discuss the opportunities of integrating the multi-agent system(MAS)-based strategy into the VPP operation to enhance its scalability, performance and resilience.展开更多
The scale of distributed energy resources is increasing,but imperfect business models and value transmission mechanisms lead to low utilization ratio and poor responsiveness.To address this issue,the concept of cleann...The scale of distributed energy resources is increasing,but imperfect business models and value transmission mechanisms lead to low utilization ratio and poor responsiveness.To address this issue,the concept of cleanness value of distributed energy storage(DES)is proposed,and the spatiotemporal distribution mechanism is discussed from the perspectives of electrical energy and cleanness.Based on this,an evaluation system for the environmental benefits of DES is constructed to balance the interests between the aggregator and the power system operator.Then,an optimal low-carbon dispatching for a virtual power plant(VPP)with aggregated DES is constructed,where-in energy value and cleanness value are both considered.To achieve the goal,a green attribute labeling method is used to establish a correlation constraint between the nodal carbon potential of the distribution network(DN)and DES behavior,but as a cost,it brings multiple nonlinear relationships.Subsequently,a solution method based on the convex envelope(CE)linear re-construction method is proposed for the multivariate nonlinear programming problem,thereby improving solution efficiency and feasibility.Finally,the simulation verification based on the IEEE 33-bus DN is conducted.The simulation results show that the multidimensional value recognition of DES motivates the willingness of resource users to respond.Meanwhile,resolving the impact of DES on the nodal carbon potential can effectively alleviate overcompensation of the cleanness value.展开更多
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)灵活参与电力市场,但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响,VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。为解决多元竞争电力市...虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)灵活参与电力市场,但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响,VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。为解决多元竞争电力市场中电价电量不确定性影响下VPP的优化申报问题,提出一种VPP灵活分段投标策略。首先,基于分布式能源运行特性构建了虚拟电厂聚合可调节能力评估方法,在考虑电力平衡需求的基础上,提出按可调节能力划分区间的VPP灵活分段投标策略。然后,构建了虚拟电厂参与日前电力现货市场投标的主从博弈模型,以实现VPP收益及社会效益的最大化。最后,采用强对偶理论和大M法将该均衡约束规划问题(equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints,EPEC)转化为混合整数线性规划问题(mixed integer linear program,MILP)求解。算例结果表明,VPP采用灵活分段投标策略参与日前电力市场,可以充分利用其可调节能力,保障其投标需求有效中标,有效提升了VPP收益及社会效益。展开更多
在未来新型电力系统中,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)内部多主体的可信交易和信息安全将更加复杂和具有挑战性。而区块链技术的信息安全、分布决策、智能合约及防篡改等特征,为VPP多元主体可信交易提供新思路。文中聚焦VPP内部多...在未来新型电力系统中,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)内部多主体的可信交易和信息安全将更加复杂和具有挑战性。而区块链技术的信息安全、分布决策、智能合约及防篡改等特征,为VPP多元主体可信交易提供新思路。文中聚焦VPP内部多聚合商形成的利益最大化及可信交易匹配效率问题,首先,依据交易主体需求差异,建立区块链技术与多智能体系统融合的一主多从分层互动控制架构;其次,设计一种面向多聚合商对等交易需求下的可信交易匹配机制,引入非合作博弈模型,保证了多聚合商主体的利益;然后,基于区块链的分布式粒子群优化算法提出了改进的委托权威证明机制(delegated proof-of-authority,DPoA)共识算法,提高交易的安全性;最后,通过算例分析验证文中所提策略的合理性和可行性,该策略能有效增强多主体交易的匹配效率和安全性。展开更多
热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组与虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)结合,可以有效提高能源利用效率,增强电力系统运行的可靠性及稳定性。为保证CHP-VPP灵活、低碳、经济运行,文中提出一种聚合风电、光伏、CHP机组、锅炉...热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组与虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)结合,可以有效提高能源利用效率,增强电力系统运行的可靠性及稳定性。为保证CHP-VPP灵活、低碳、经济运行,文中提出一种聚合风电、光伏、CHP机组、锅炉、碳捕集设备、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储能及电、热负荷的综合能源VPP,并在参与电-热-旋转备用-碳等多市场下,研究其低碳经济协同调度问题。首先,以各时刻VPP在多市场下整体净收益最大为目标,建立其CHP-VPP两阶段鲁棒优化调度模型;然后,考虑新能源出力、市场价格及负荷的不确定性,利用蒙特卡洛法进行场景削减,从而降低系统风险,增强其鲁棒性;最后,采用列与约束生成算法对模型进行求解,得到最恶劣场景下系统运行的经济性最优调度方案。仿真结果表明:所提综合能源VPP结构合理,可通过动态调整碳捕集设备及储能电池,达到平抑新能源出力波动的效果,从而实现碳排放的大幅降低;所提调度策略可有效保证源-荷-储多侧电、热资源的协同优化运行,提高VPP的灵活性、经济性和低碳性。展开更多
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)作为多能流互联的综合能源网络,已成为中国加速实现双碳目标的重要角色。但VPP内部资源协同低碳调度面临多能流的耦合程度紧密、传统碳交易模型参数主观性强、含高维动态参数的优化目标在线求解困难...虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)作为多能流互联的综合能源网络,已成为中国加速实现双碳目标的重要角色。但VPP内部资源协同低碳调度面临多能流的耦合程度紧密、传统碳交易模型参数主观性强、含高维动态参数的优化目标在线求解困难等问题。针对这些问题,文中提出一种融合注意力机制(attention mechanism,AM)与柔性动作评价(soft actor-critic,SAC)算法的VPP多能流低碳调度方法。首先,根据VPP的随机碳流特性,面向动态参数建立基于贝叶斯优化的改进阶梯型碳交易机制。接着,以经济效益和碳排放量为目标函数构建含氢VPP多能流解耦模型。然后,考虑到该模型具有高维非线性与权重参数实时更新的特征,利用融合AM的改进SAC深度强化学习算法在连续动作空间对模型进行求解。最后,对多能流调度结果进行仿真分析和对比实验,验证了文中方法的可行性及其相较于原SAC算法较高的决策准确性。展开更多
在“双碳”目标的背景下,电力行业已成为碳减排中的重要组成部分。虚拟电厂(virtual power plant, VPP)通过整合和聚集分布式资源等参与碳市场,可进一步提升整体效益;然而,分布式新能源出力的不确定性给其运营管理带来了许多挑战。为此...在“双碳”目标的背景下,电力行业已成为碳减排中的重要组成部分。虚拟电厂(virtual power plant, VPP)通过整合和聚集分布式资源等参与碳市场,可进一步提升整体效益;然而,分布式新能源出力的不确定性给其运营管理带来了许多挑战。为此,在利用基于拉丁超立方抽样的场景生成与场景削减法处理风电、光伏出力不确定性问题的基础上,将多单元聚合并考虑到用户侧需求响应的VPP作为一个整体去参与电能量市场以及碳市场,构建VPP总成本最小的优化调度模型,然后利用改进灰狼优化算法对其进行求解。通过对不同场景算例进行对比分析,可以得出:碳市场及需求响应的存在,加强了风光等清洁能源的消纳,减少了温室气体的排放,也减少了VPP的运行成本,经济性和环保性得到了兼顾。展开更多
Virtual power plants(VPPs)including distributed generation,energy storage,and elastic load are emerging in distribution networks.Multiple VPPs can participate in electricity market as an aggregated entity and effectiv...Virtual power plants(VPPs)including distributed generation,energy storage,and elastic load are emerging in distribution networks.Multiple VPPs can participate in electricity market as an aggregated entity and effective cost allocation mechanism among VPPs is a crucial issue.This paper focuses on allocating ex-post cost of VPPs incurred by deviation between actual power and ex-ante schedule in a two-settlement electricity market.We obtain approximate quadratic formulation of ex-post deviation cost considering network loss and develop an analytical cost allocation algorithm based on cooperative game theory.The allocated cost is consistent with cost causation principle and provides VPPs with incentive for aggregation.The proposed allocation method and relevant theoretical result are evaluated and verified by numerical tests.展开更多
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是一种新型运行模式,通过有效聚合电网中大量需求侧资源并制定有效的动态聚合调控策略,实现电网不同时空的功率互补,提高电网调控的灵活性和系统的经济性。从电网调度角度分析了典型电网需求响应行为...虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是一种新型运行模式,通过有效聚合电网中大量需求侧资源并制定有效的动态聚合调控策略,实现电网不同时空的功率互补,提高电网调控的灵活性和系统的经济性。从电网调度角度分析了典型电网需求响应行为特性,提出了需求响应能力指标和虚拟电厂分类聚合方法,构建了多源虚拟电厂调控模型,以其结果支撑虚拟电厂响应资源的分层分区互补调控。最后,以某园区为案例,分析了虚拟电厂调控策略的合理性和多源虚拟电厂调控的科学性。结果表明,整体动态调控策略可以引导虚拟电厂科学合理地发挥需求响应价值,促进电网负荷平稳和系统安全稳定运行。展开更多
The growing number of renewable energy replacing conventional generators results in a loss of the reserve for frequency control in power systems,while many industrial power grids often have excess energy supply due to...The growing number of renewable energy replacing conventional generators results in a loss of the reserve for frequency control in power systems,while many industrial power grids often have excess energy supply due to abundant wind and solar energy resources.This paper proposes a secondary frequency control(SFC)strategy that allows industrial power grids to provide emergency high-voltage direct current(HVDC)power support(EDCPS)for emergency to a system requiring power support through a voltage source converter(VSC)HVDC link.An architecture including multiple model predictive control(MPC)controllers with periodic communication is designed to simultaneously obtain optimized EDCPS capacity and minimize adverse effects on the providing power support(PPS)system.Moreover,a model of a virtual power plant(VPP)containing aluminum smelter loads(ASLs)and a high penetration of wind power is established for the PPS system.The flexibility and controllability of the VPP are improved by the demand response of the ASLs.The uncertainty associated with wind power is considered by chance constraints.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation results using the data of an actual industrial power grid in Inner Mongolia,China.The DC voltage of the VSCs and the DC in the potlines of the ASLs are also investigated in the simulation.展开更多
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以将各类资源聚合成一个整体参与电力市场和碳交易市场。随着VPP的规模不断扩大,其也将由原来的价格接受者转变为价格制定者。为此,文中将VPP作为价格的制定者,提出了一种考虑碳交易影响的VPP日前...虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以将各类资源聚合成一个整体参与电力市场和碳交易市场。随着VPP的规模不断扩大,其也将由原来的价格接受者转变为价格制定者。为此,文中将VPP作为价格的制定者,提出了一种考虑碳交易影响的VPP日前电力市场双层竞价策略。首先,对考虑碳交易的日前电力市场机制进行介绍和分析。其次,基于Stackelberg博弈原理建立以VPP为竞价主体的日前电力市场双层竞价模型,上层模型以VPP预期收益最大化为目标,下层模型以系统出清成本最小化为目标。针对VPP中风电场出力预测的不确定性,基于信息间隙决策理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT)给VPP运营商提供风险规避和机会寻求2种投标策略。然后,利用强对偶理论、Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)最优性条件以及大M法,将双层模型简化为一个混合整数线性规划问题进行求解。最后,通过算例给出VPP的最优竞价策略以及运行计划,并分析VPP中风电场出力预测的不确定性对VPP预期收益的影响。算例表明,VPP可以通过策略性的投标决策影响市场价格,考虑碳交易后,VPP的预期收益较无碳交易时增加了5.1%。展开更多
基金Department of Navy Awards N00014-22-1-2001 and N00014-23-1-2124 issued by the Office of Naval Research。
文摘The power grid is undergoing a transformation from synchronous generators(SGs) toward inverter-based resources(IBRs). The stochasticity, asynchronicity, and limited-inertia characteristics of IBRs bring about challenges to grid resilience. Virtual power plants(VPPs) are emerging technologies to improve the grid resilience and advance the transformation. By judiciously aggregating geographically distributed energy resources(DERs) as individual electrical entities, VPPs can provide capacity and ancillary services to grid operations and participate in electricity wholesale markets. This paper aims to provide a concise overview of the concept and development of VPPs and the latest progresses in VPP operation, with the focus on VPP scheduling and control. Based on this overview, we identify a few potential challenges in VPP operation and discuss the opportunities of integrating the multi-agent system(MAS)-based strategy into the VPP operation to enhance its scalability, performance and resilience.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB2401200).
文摘The scale of distributed energy resources is increasing,but imperfect business models and value transmission mechanisms lead to low utilization ratio and poor responsiveness.To address this issue,the concept of cleanness value of distributed energy storage(DES)is proposed,and the spatiotemporal distribution mechanism is discussed from the perspectives of electrical energy and cleanness.Based on this,an evaluation system for the environmental benefits of DES is constructed to balance the interests between the aggregator and the power system operator.Then,an optimal low-carbon dispatching for a virtual power plant(VPP)with aggregated DES is constructed,where-in energy value and cleanness value are both considered.To achieve the goal,a green attribute labeling method is used to establish a correlation constraint between the nodal carbon potential of the distribution network(DN)and DES behavior,but as a cost,it brings multiple nonlinear relationships.Subsequently,a solution method based on the convex envelope(CE)linear re-construction method is proposed for the multivariate nonlinear programming problem,thereby improving solution efficiency and feasibility.Finally,the simulation verification based on the IEEE 33-bus DN is conducted.The simulation results show that the multidimensional value recognition of DES motivates the willingness of resource users to respond.Meanwhile,resolving the impact of DES on the nodal carbon potential can effectively alleviate overcompensation of the cleanness value.
文摘虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)灵活参与电力市场,但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响,VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。为解决多元竞争电力市场中电价电量不确定性影响下VPP的优化申报问题,提出一种VPP灵活分段投标策略。首先,基于分布式能源运行特性构建了虚拟电厂聚合可调节能力评估方法,在考虑电力平衡需求的基础上,提出按可调节能力划分区间的VPP灵活分段投标策略。然后,构建了虚拟电厂参与日前电力现货市场投标的主从博弈模型,以实现VPP收益及社会效益的最大化。最后,采用强对偶理论和大M法将该均衡约束规划问题(equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints,EPEC)转化为混合整数线性规划问题(mixed integer linear program,MILP)求解。算例结果表明,VPP采用灵活分段投标策略参与日前电力市场,可以充分利用其可调节能力,保障其投标需求有效中标,有效提升了VPP收益及社会效益。
文摘在未来新型电力系统中,虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)内部多主体的可信交易和信息安全将更加复杂和具有挑战性。而区块链技术的信息安全、分布决策、智能合约及防篡改等特征,为VPP多元主体可信交易提供新思路。文中聚焦VPP内部多聚合商形成的利益最大化及可信交易匹配效率问题,首先,依据交易主体需求差异,建立区块链技术与多智能体系统融合的一主多从分层互动控制架构;其次,设计一种面向多聚合商对等交易需求下的可信交易匹配机制,引入非合作博弈模型,保证了多聚合商主体的利益;然后,基于区块链的分布式粒子群优化算法提出了改进的委托权威证明机制(delegated proof-of-authority,DPoA)共识算法,提高交易的安全性;最后,通过算例分析验证文中所提策略的合理性和可行性,该策略能有效增强多主体交易的匹配效率和安全性。
文摘热电联产(combined heat and power,CHP)机组与虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)结合,可以有效提高能源利用效率,增强电力系统运行的可靠性及稳定性。为保证CHP-VPP灵活、低碳、经济运行,文中提出一种聚合风电、光伏、CHP机组、锅炉、碳捕集设备、燃气轮机、燃料电池、储能及电、热负荷的综合能源VPP,并在参与电-热-旋转备用-碳等多市场下,研究其低碳经济协同调度问题。首先,以各时刻VPP在多市场下整体净收益最大为目标,建立其CHP-VPP两阶段鲁棒优化调度模型;然后,考虑新能源出力、市场价格及负荷的不确定性,利用蒙特卡洛法进行场景削减,从而降低系统风险,增强其鲁棒性;最后,采用列与约束生成算法对模型进行求解,得到最恶劣场景下系统运行的经济性最优调度方案。仿真结果表明:所提综合能源VPP结构合理,可通过动态调整碳捕集设备及储能电池,达到平抑新能源出力波动的效果,从而实现碳排放的大幅降低;所提调度策略可有效保证源-荷-储多侧电、热资源的协同优化运行,提高VPP的灵活性、经济性和低碳性。
文摘虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)作为多能流互联的综合能源网络,已成为中国加速实现双碳目标的重要角色。但VPP内部资源协同低碳调度面临多能流的耦合程度紧密、传统碳交易模型参数主观性强、含高维动态参数的优化目标在线求解困难等问题。针对这些问题,文中提出一种融合注意力机制(attention mechanism,AM)与柔性动作评价(soft actor-critic,SAC)算法的VPP多能流低碳调度方法。首先,根据VPP的随机碳流特性,面向动态参数建立基于贝叶斯优化的改进阶梯型碳交易机制。接着,以经济效益和碳排放量为目标函数构建含氢VPP多能流解耦模型。然后,考虑到该模型具有高维非线性与权重参数实时更新的特征,利用融合AM的改进SAC深度强化学习算法在连续动作空间对模型进行求解。最后,对多能流调度结果进行仿真分析和对比实验,验证了文中方法的可行性及其相较于原SAC算法较高的决策准确性。
文摘在“双碳”目标的背景下,电力行业已成为碳减排中的重要组成部分。虚拟电厂(virtual power plant, VPP)通过整合和聚集分布式资源等参与碳市场,可进一步提升整体效益;然而,分布式新能源出力的不确定性给其运营管理带来了许多挑战。为此,在利用基于拉丁超立方抽样的场景生成与场景削减法处理风电、光伏出力不确定性问题的基础上,将多单元聚合并考虑到用户侧需求响应的VPP作为一个整体去参与电能量市场以及碳市场,构建VPP总成本最小的优化调度模型,然后利用改进灰狼优化算法对其进行求解。通过对不同场景算例进行对比分析,可以得出:碳市场及需求响应的存在,加强了风光等清洁能源的消纳,减少了温室气体的排放,也减少了VPP的运行成本,经济性和环保性得到了兼顾。
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China(No.51725703).
文摘Virtual power plants(VPPs)including distributed generation,energy storage,and elastic load are emerging in distribution networks.Multiple VPPs can participate in electricity market as an aggregated entity and effective cost allocation mechanism among VPPs is a crucial issue.This paper focuses on allocating ex-post cost of VPPs incurred by deviation between actual power and ex-ante schedule in a two-settlement electricity market.We obtain approximate quadratic formulation of ex-post deviation cost considering network loss and develop an analytical cost allocation algorithm based on cooperative game theory.The allocated cost is consistent with cost causation principle and provides VPPs with incentive for aggregation.The proposed allocation method and relevant theoretical result are evaluated and verified by numerical tests.
文摘虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是一种新型运行模式,通过有效聚合电网中大量需求侧资源并制定有效的动态聚合调控策略,实现电网不同时空的功率互补,提高电网调控的灵活性和系统的经济性。从电网调度角度分析了典型电网需求响应行为特性,提出了需求响应能力指标和虚拟电厂分类聚合方法,构建了多源虚拟电厂调控模型,以其结果支撑虚拟电厂响应资源的分层分区互补调控。最后,以某园区为案例,分析了虚拟电厂调控策略的合理性和多源虚拟电厂调控的科学性。结果表明,整体动态调控策略可以引导虚拟电厂科学合理地发挥需求响应价值,促进电网负荷平稳和系统安全稳定运行。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077125)the Science and Technology Program of the State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company(No.2020A-126)。
文摘The growing number of renewable energy replacing conventional generators results in a loss of the reserve for frequency control in power systems,while many industrial power grids often have excess energy supply due to abundant wind and solar energy resources.This paper proposes a secondary frequency control(SFC)strategy that allows industrial power grids to provide emergency high-voltage direct current(HVDC)power support(EDCPS)for emergency to a system requiring power support through a voltage source converter(VSC)HVDC link.An architecture including multiple model predictive control(MPC)controllers with periodic communication is designed to simultaneously obtain optimized EDCPS capacity and minimize adverse effects on the providing power support(PPS)system.Moreover,a model of a virtual power plant(VPP)containing aluminum smelter loads(ASLs)and a high penetration of wind power is established for the PPS system.The flexibility and controllability of the VPP are improved by the demand response of the ASLs.The uncertainty associated with wind power is considered by chance constraints.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation results using the data of an actual industrial power grid in Inner Mongolia,China.The DC voltage of the VSCs and the DC in the potlines of the ASLs are also investigated in the simulation.
文摘虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以将各类资源聚合成一个整体参与电力市场和碳交易市场。随着VPP的规模不断扩大,其也将由原来的价格接受者转变为价格制定者。为此,文中将VPP作为价格的制定者,提出了一种考虑碳交易影响的VPP日前电力市场双层竞价策略。首先,对考虑碳交易的日前电力市场机制进行介绍和分析。其次,基于Stackelberg博弈原理建立以VPP为竞价主体的日前电力市场双层竞价模型,上层模型以VPP预期收益最大化为目标,下层模型以系统出清成本最小化为目标。针对VPP中风电场出力预测的不确定性,基于信息间隙决策理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT)给VPP运营商提供风险规避和机会寻求2种投标策略。然后,利用强对偶理论、Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)最优性条件以及大M法,将双层模型简化为一个混合整数线性规划问题进行求解。最后,通过算例给出VPP的最优竞价策略以及运行计划,并分析VPP中风电场出力预测的不确定性对VPP预期收益的影响。算例表明,VPP可以通过策略性的投标决策影响市场价格,考虑碳交易后,VPP的预期收益较无碳交易时增加了5.1%。