Impacts of solid physical properties on the performances of a slurry external airlift loop reactor integrating mixing and separation

Solid physical properties are vital for the design, optimization, and scale-up of gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactors. The complex and interactional effects of the solid physical properties, including particle diameter, density, wettability, and sphericity, on the hydrodynamic behaviors in a new external airlift loop reactor(EALR) integrating mixing and separation are decoupled in this work. Two semi-empirical equations are proposed and validated to predict the overall gas holdup and liquid circulating velocity satisfactorily, and then the individual influence of such solid physical properties is further investigated. The results demonstrate that both the overall gas holdup in the riser and the liquid circulating velocity in the downcomer increase with the contact angle, but decrease with particle size, density, and sphericity.Additionally, the impact of the particle size on the liquid circulating velocity is also profoundly revealed on a micro-level considering the particle size distribution. Moreover, the axial solid concentration distribution is discussed, and the uniformity of the slurry is described by the mixing index of the solid particles. The results show that a more homogeneous mixture can be achieved by adding finer particles other than attaining violent turbulence. Therefore, this work lays a foundation for the design, scale-up, and industrialization of the EALRs.

A NEW MODEL FOR PHYSICAL ADSORPTION ON SOLID SURFACES

The principal assumptions about equivalence and energy distribution of the asdorption sites on solidsurfaces used by Langmuir for deriving the equation of monomolecular adsorption are generalized and anew physical adsorption model is proposed and tested with experimental data published in literature.Themodels of Langmuir,Freundlich,Temkin etc.are only the special cases.Assuming uniform density distributionof adsorption energy,the isotherm equation is given asn=K.1n[1+（bop）1/Mor n=K.1n[1+（boC）1/M]where n is the amount of adsorption per unit weight or area of solid p or C is tbe pressure of gas or the concen-tration of solution respectively.K,bo,M are constants with physical meanings as described in this paper.This equation can be used over wide range to quantitatively represent the five types of physical adsorptionclassified by Brunauer.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry—Electrical conduction in pure water

Engineering characterization of water has produced huge varieties of materials with special properties to meet human needs. Equilibrium properties of water-based liquids are well understood via localized atomic and molecular orbital theories. However, the mechanism of electrical conductivity of pure water has proven elusive. We show here it is trapping limited drift of positive and negative quasi-protons （or protons and proton-vacancies） on the extended water lattice, which is accounted for by the long-range correlation inherent in the Fermion （electrons and protons） and Boson （phonons） energy band theory of quasi-particles in solids, with vigorous adherence to equilibrium and nonequilibrium states.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry Ⅱ. Electrical Capacitance of Pure and Impure Water

More than 80 years of theories and experiments on water suggested to us, described in our first water-physics report, that pure water＇s ＂abnormally＂ high electrical conductivity is due to transport of positive and negative quasi-protons, p＋ and p-, between the neutral proton traps V （H20） in the extended water, [（H20）N]＋, converting it respectively to positively and negatively charged proton traps, V＋ = （H30）1＋ and V- = （HO）1-. In this second report, we present the theoretical charge control capacitances of pure and impure water as a function of the DC electric potential applied to water.

Spinless Bosons in a 1D Harmonic Trap with Repulsive Delta Function Interparticle Interaction I： General Theory

In these two papers, we solve the N body 1D harmonically trapped spinless Boson problem with repulsive δ function interaction in the limit N→∞. The general theory is given in paper I and the numerical solutions will be given in paper II.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry Ⅲ. Electrical Conductance of Pure and Impure Water

The ＇abnormally＇ high electrical conductivity ofpure water was recently studied by us using our protonic bond, trap and energy band model, with five host particles： the positive and negative protons, and the amphoteric protonic trap in three charge states, positive, neutral and negative. Our second report described the electrical charge storage capacitance of pure and impure water. This third report presents the theory of particle density and electrical conductance of pure and impure water, including the impuritons, which consist of an impurity ion bonded to a proton, proton-hole or proton trap and which significantly affect impure waters＇ properties.

On the Nature of the P-Wave Velocity Gradient in the Inner Core beneath Central America

We conduct an experiment to investigate whether linearity in the observed velocity gradient in the volume of the inner core sampled by the PKP ray paths beneath Central America is a robust approximation. Instead of solving an optimization problem, we approach it within the Bayesian inference. This is an ensemble approach, where model specification is relaxed so that in- stead of only one solution, groups of reasonable models are acceptable. Furthermore, in transdimen- sional Bayesian inference used here, the number of basis functions needed to model observations is by itself an unknown. Our modeling reveals that in the ensemble of models, the most likely are those containing only 2 nodes （linear trend）. Thus our result justifies the assumption used for the deter- mination of inner core rotation with respect to the rest of the mantle that the observed gradient is constant in its nature （linear）. Recent observations in seismology suggest that it is likely that the spa- tial variability in elastic parameters is a widespread phenomenon in the inner core. Future array observations will further constrain spatial extent and magnitude of velocity changes and show whether there is a significant difference between these observations in the two quasi-hemispheres of the inner core.

Studies of Water Ⅵ. One-Band,Two-Band and Three-Band,Trappy,Protonic,Semiconductor Lattice Models for Pure Liquid Water

This report adds three protonic semiconductor models to explain the "abnormally" high electrical conductivity of pure liquid water characterized by the three industrial consensus parameters, the ion product(or pH)and the two ion mobilities. Existence of long-range order in fluid water under numerous daily conditions led us to extend the 1933 Bernal-Fowler hexagonally close packed crystalline Ice Lattice to model liquid water as Melted Ice. Protonic kinetic energy band and bound(trap) pictures provide semiconductor-physics based new models of these three parameters. They are extrapolatable engineered-models for developing novel biological, chemical, electrical, mechanical and medical applications of liquid water.

Studies of Water V. Five Phonons in Protonic Semiconductor Lattice Model of Pure Liquid Water

We report physics based confirmation（~1% RMS deviation）, by existing experimental data, of protonprohol（proton-hole） ion product（p H） and mobilities in pure liquid water（0-100℃, 1-atm pressure） anticipated from our melted-ice Hexagonal-Close-Packed（H_2O）_4Lattice Model. Five phonons are identified.（1） A propagating protonic phonon（520.9 meV from lone-pair-blue-shifted stretching mode of isolated water molecule） absorbed to generate a proton-prohol pair or detrap a tightly-bound proton.（2） Two（173.4 and 196.6 meV） bending-breathing protonic-proholic or protonic phonons absorbed during de-trapping-limited proton or proton-prohol mobilities.（3）Two propagating oxygenic-wateric Debye-Dispersive phonons（30.3 and 27.5 meV） absorbed during scatteringlimited proton or proton-prohol mobilities.