Ion Product of Pure Water Characterized by Physics-Based Water Model

Pure water has been characterized for nearly a century, by its dissociation into hydronium （H3O）1＋ and hydroxide （HO）1- ions. As a chemical equilibrium reaction, the equilibrium constant, known as the ion product or the product of the equilibrium concentration of the two ion species, has been extensively measured by chemists over the liquid water temperature and pressure range. The experimental data have been nonlinear least-squares fitted to chemical thermodynamic-based equilibrium equations, which have been accepted as the industrial standard for 35 years. In this study, a new and statistical-physics-based water ion product equation is presented, in which, the ions are the positively charged protons and the negatively charged proton-holes or prohols. Nonlinear least squares fits of our equation to the experimental data in the 0-100℃ pure liquid water range, give a factor of two better precision than the 35-year industrial standard.

Impacts of solid physical properties on the performances of a slurry external airlift loop reactor integrating mixing and separation

Solid physical properties are vital for the design, optimization, and scale-up of gas–liquid–solid multiphase reactors. The complex and interactional effects of the solid physical properties, including particle diameter, density, wettability, and sphericity, on the hydrodynamic behaviors in a new external airlift loop reactor(EALR) integrating mixing and separation are decoupled in this work. Two semi-empirical equations are proposed and validated to predict the overall gas holdup and liquid circulating velocity satisfactorily, and then the individual influence of such solid physical properties is further investigated. The results demonstrate that both the overall gas holdup in the riser and the liquid circulating velocity in the downcomer increase with the contact angle, but decrease with particle size, density, and sphericity.Additionally, the impact of the particle size on the liquid circulating velocity is also profoundly revealed on a micro-level considering the particle size distribution. Moreover, the axial solid concentration distribution is discussed, and the uniformity of the slurry is described by the mixing index of the solid particles. The results show that a more homogeneous mixture can be achieved by adding finer particles other than attaining violent turbulence. Therefore, this work lays a foundation for the design, scale-up, and industrialization of the EALRs.

Overlying strata movement of recovering standing pillars with solid backfilling by physical simulation

To analyze the overlying strata movement law of recovering room mining standing pillars with solid backfilling.Physical simulation experiments with sponge and wood as the backfilling simulation material were tested.The results show that:(i) The covering-rock mechanics of the overly strata comes from "two-arch structures + hinged girder + bend beam" to "backfilling material + hinged girder + bent beam" by increasing the fill ratio from 0%to 85%,the beginning of overlying strata movement appears later and the total duration of subsidence velocity increased from zero to the highest value increases.The trend of "single polarization" of the subsidence velocity curves becomes noticeable and the velocity variation trend becomes stable,(ii) The equiponderate aeolian sand was added to improve the anti-pressure ability of the loess,and the corresponding ground processing & transportation system was designed.

A NEW MODEL FOR PHYSICAL ADSORPTION ON SOLID SURFACES

The principal assumptions about equivalence and energy distribution of the asdorption sites on solidsurfaces used by Langmuir for deriving the equation of monomolecular adsorption are generalized and anew physical adsorption model is proposed and tested with experimental data published in literature.Themodels of Langmuir,Freundlich,Temkin etc.are only the special cases.Assuming uniform density distributionof adsorption energy,the isotherm equation is given asn=K.1n[1+（bop）1/Mor n=K.1n[1+（boC）1/M]where n is the amount of adsorption per unit weight or area of solid p or C is tbe pressure of gas or the concen-tration of solution respectively.K,bo,M are constants with physical meanings as described in this paper.This equation can be used over wide range to quantitatively represent the five types of physical adsorptionclassified by Brunauer.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry—Electrical conduction in pure water

Engineering characterization of water has produced huge varieties of materials with special properties to meet human needs. Equilibrium properties of water-based liquids are well understood via localized atomic and molecular orbital theories. However, the mechanism of electrical conductivity of pure water has proven elusive. We show here it is trapping limited drift of positive and negative quasi-protons （or protons and proton-vacancies） on the extended water lattice, which is accounted for by the long-range correlation inherent in the Fermion （electrons and protons） and Boson （phonons） energy band theory of quasi-particles in solids, with vigorous adherence to equilibrium and nonequilibrium states.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry Ⅱ. Electrical Capacitance of Pure and Impure Water

More than 80 years of theories and experiments on water suggested to us, described in our first water-physics report, that pure water＇s ＂abnormally＂ high electrical conductivity is due to transport of positive and negative quasi-protons, p＋ and p-, between the neutral proton traps V （H20） in the extended water, [（H20）N]＋, converting it respectively to positively and negatively charged proton traps, V＋ = （H30）1＋ and V- = （HO）1-. In this second report, we present the theoretical charge control capacitances of pure and impure water as a function of the DC electric potential applied to water.

Spinless Bosons in a 1D Harmonic Trap with Repulsive Delta Function Interparticle Interaction I： General Theory

In these two papers, we solve the N body 1D harmonically trapped spinless Boson problem with repulsive δ function interaction in the limit N→∞. The general theory is given in paper I and the numerical solutions will be given in paper II.

Ground State Density Distribution of Bose-Fermi Mixture in a One-Dimensional Harmonic Trap

By the density-functional calculation we investigate the ground-state properties of Bose-Fermi mixture confined in one-dimensional harmonic traps. The homogeneous mixture of bosons and polarized fermions with contact interaction can be exactly solved by the Bethe-ansatz method. After giving the exact formula of ground state en- ergy density, we employ the local-density approximation to determine the density distribution of each component. It is shown that with the increase in interaction, the total density distribution evolves to Fermi-like distribution and the system exhibits phase separation between finite. While in the infinite interaction limit both distributions and phase separation disappears. two components when the interaction is strong enough but bosons and fermions display the completely same Fermi-like

Ground State Energy for Fermions in a 1D Harmonic Trap with Delta Function Interaction

Conjectures are made for the ground state energy of a large spin 1/2 Fermion system trapped in a 1D harmonic trap with delta function interaction. States with different spin J are separately studied. The Thomas-Fermi method is used as an effective test for the conjecture.

Statistical Mechanical Entropy of a （4 ＋ n）-Dimensional Static Spherically Symmetric Black Hole

Considering corrections to all orders in the Planck length on the quantum state density from the generalized uncertainty principle and using the quantum state density to all degrees of freedom including extra dimensions, we calculate the statistical entropy of the scalar field in the higher-dimensional static spherically symmetric black hole spacetime without any artificial cutoff. Calculation shows that the entropy is proportional to the horizon area. The coefficient of proportionality is 1/4 when the minimal length parameter is selected appropriately.

Statistical Interaction Term of One-Dimensional Anyon Models

A form of statistical interaction term of one-dimensional anyons is introduced, based on which one-dimensional anyon models are theoretically realized, and the statistical transmutation between bosons （or fermions） and anyons is established in quantum mechanics formalism. Two kinds of anyon models which are being studied are recovered and reexplained naturally in our formalism.

The Past and the Future of the TRIGA Reactor in Vienna

During the past five decades, the TRIGA reactor Vienna has reached a top place in utilization among low power research reactors. This paper discussed the highlights of the major neutron physics experiments in the field of neutron interferometry and ultra-small angle neutron scattering as well as in the field of radiochemistry, education and training and research in the field of nuclear safeguards and nuclear security. Potential further directions of research are outlined where the Atominstitut of Vienna might concentrate in future.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry Ⅲ. Electrical Conductance of Pure and Impure Water

The ＇abnormally＇ high electrical conductivity ofpure water was recently studied by us using our protonic bond, trap and energy band model, with five host particles： the positive and negative protons, and the amphoteric protonic trap in three charge states, positive, neutral and negative. Our second report described the electrical charge storage capacitance of pure and impure water. This third report presents the theory of particle density and electrical conductance of pure and impure water, including the impuritons, which consist of an impurity ion bonded to a proton, proton-hole or proton trap and which significantly affect impure waters＇ properties.

On the Nature of the P-Wave Velocity Gradient in the Inner Core beneath Central America

We conduct an experiment to investigate whether linearity in the observed velocity gradient in the volume of the inner core sampled by the PKP ray paths beneath Central America is a robust approximation. Instead of solving an optimization problem, we approach it within the Bayesian inference. This is an ensemble approach, where model specification is relaxed so that in- stead of only one solution, groups of reasonable models are acceptable. Furthermore, in transdimen- sional Bayesian inference used here, the number of basis functions needed to model observations is by itself an unknown. Our modeling reveals that in the ensemble of models, the most likely are those containing only 2 nodes （linear trend）. Thus our result justifies the assumption used for the deter- mination of inner core rotation with respect to the rest of the mantle that the observed gradient is constant in its nature （linear）. Recent observations in seismology suggest that it is likely that the spa- tial variability in elastic parameters is a widespread phenomenon in the inner core. Future array observations will further constrain spatial extent and magnitude of velocity changes and show whether there is a significant difference between these observations in the two quasi-hemispheres of the inner core.

Studies of Water Ⅵ. One-Band,Two-Band and Three-Band,Trappy,Protonic,Semiconductor Lattice Models for Pure Liquid Water

This report adds three protonic semiconductor models to explain the "abnormally" high electrical conductivity of pure liquid water characterized by the three industrial consensus parameters, the ion product(or pH)and the two ion mobilities. Existence of long-range order in fluid water under numerous daily conditions led us to extend the 1933 Bernal-Fowler hexagonally close packed crystalline Ice Lattice to model liquid water as Melted Ice. Protonic kinetic energy band and bound(trap) pictures provide semiconductor-physics based new models of these three parameters. They are extrapolatable engineered-models for developing novel biological, chemical, electrical, mechanical and medical applications of liquid water.

Studies of Water V. Five Phonons in Protonic Semiconductor Lattice Model of Pure Liquid Water

We report physics based confirmation（~1% RMS deviation）, by existing experimental data, of protonprohol（proton-hole） ion product（p H） and mobilities in pure liquid water（0-100℃, 1-atm pressure） anticipated from our melted-ice Hexagonal-Close-Packed（H_2O）_4Lattice Model. Five phonons are identified.（1） A propagating protonic phonon（520.9 meV from lone-pair-blue-shifted stretching mode of isolated water molecule） absorbed to generate a proton-prohol pair or detrap a tightly-bound proton.（2） Two（173.4 and 196.6 meV） bending-breathing protonic-proholic or protonic phonons absorbed during de-trapping-limited proton or proton-prohol mobilities.（3）Two propagating oxygenic-wateric Debye-Dispersive phonons（30.3 and 27.5 meV） absorbed during scatteringlimited proton or proton-prohol mobilities.