Manganese peroxidase production from cassava residue by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in solid state fermentation and its decolorization of indigo carmine

Bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes to higher value products through fungal fermentation has economic and ecological benefits. In this study, to develop an effective strategy for production of manganese peroxidase(Mn P)from cassava residue by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in solid state fermentation, the stimulators of Mn P production were screened and their concentrations were optimized by one-at-a-time experiment and Box–Behnken design. The maximum Mn P activity of 186.38 nkat·g-1dry mass of the sample was achieved after 6 days of fermentation with the supplement of 79.5 mmol·L-1·kg-1acetic acid, 3.21 ml·kg-1soybean oil, and 28.5 g·kg-1alkaline lignin, indicating that cassava residue is a promising substrate for Mn P production in solid state fermentation. Meanwhile, in vitro decolorization of indigo carmine by the crude Mn P was also carried out, attaining the ratio of 90.18% after 6 h of incubation. An oxidative mechanism of indigo carmine decolorization by Mn P was proposed based on the analysis of intermediate metabolites with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Using the crude Mn P produced from cassava residue for indigo carmine decolorization gives an effective approach to treat dyeing effluents.

Degradation Dynamics and Residue Analysis of Flubendiamide in Cabbage and Soil by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction

To formulate a scientific basis for a reasonable spray dose and safe interval period of 20% flubendiamide water dispersible granule (WDG) on controlling vegetable pests, degradation dynamics of flubendiamide in cabbage and soil was analyzed in this study. Dissipation and residue of flubendiamide in 20% flubendiamide WDG in cabbage and soil under field conditions were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with dispersive solid phase extraction. Results showed that the degradation dynamic equations of flubendiamide in cabbage and soil were based on the first-order reaction dynamic equations. The half-lives of the degradation of flubendiamide were 3.51 d to 3.96 d and 3.43 d to 3.87 d in the cabbage of Yangzhou and Jingzhou, respectively, and 4.42 d to 5.13 d and 4.37 d to 4.99 d in the soil of Yangzhou and Jingzhou, respectively. The terminal residues of flubendiamide in the cabbage of Yangzhou and Jingzhou were 0.0247 mg·kg-1 to 0.0393 mg·kg-1 and 0.0225 mg·kg-1 to 0.0273 mg·kg-1, respectively, when 20% flubendiamide WDG was applied at a dose of0.050g·m-2. Flubendiamide is safe to be applied in cabbage fields at the recommended dose.

Influence of dispersants on coal-water slurry prepared from the solid residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal

This work presents the influence of dispersants on coal-water slurry(CWS),which was prepared from the solid residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal.The effects of dispersant type,solid concentration,dispersant content,and temperature on the rheological properties of CWS are examined.A suitable empirical model regarding the relation between viscosity and temperature is proposed.Through the sedimentation experiment of CWS,dispersants are found to significantly promote the stability of CWS.

Optimization of Solid State Fermentation Conditions Using a Mixture of Bean Curd Residue and Marc with Bacillus natto

[Objective] The aim was to optimize the appropriate solid state fermentation(SSF)conditions.[Method] The optimization of solid state fermentation using a mixture substrate of bean curd residue and the marc with Bacillus natto was developed.[Result] The best fermentation condition optimized by the test of single factor and the orthogonal design respectively was mixing ratio of bean curd residue to marc 2∶1,substrate pH value 6,fermentation temperature 39 ℃,inoculum volume 10% and fermentation time 48 h.Under this optimized fermentation condition,the content of crude fiber in the substrate decreased from 107.8 mg/g before SSF to 56.2 mg/g after SSF,and the degeneration rate of crude fiber was 47.87%.[Conclusion] The bean curd residue in its palatability was enormously improved by SSF with Bacillus natto strain,which could be expected to be widely used as raw material of health foodstuff.

Quantification of Solid Residues by Raman Spectroscopy

We suggest a mathematical route which has the capability to obtain quantitative information of solid residues on a substrate of aluminum, in which the evaporation of the deposited micro-drops has the form of coffee rings. In this job, the glycine aminoacid was used as probe molecule. We suppose that the number of moles present on the study sample is proportional to the Raman signal and to the experimental parameters of the used Raman system. Then, the mass and the number of molecules can be determined with these data. We showed that the mathematical expression is simple and elegant for its implementation. On the other hand, we have applied and demonstrated that the technique of principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to obtain quantitative information of the sample. Our results show quantitative analysis of glycine residues between 10-11 to 10-15 g.

Multiresidue Method for Determination of 67 Pesticides in Water Samples Using Solid-Phase Extraction with Centrifugation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A new multi-residue method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) with centrifugation was developed for determination and quantitation of 67 pesticides in water samples. Two SPE cartridges were tested: Chromabond C18 and Oasis HLB. Parameters that influence the extraction efficiency such as the eluent volume, the sample loading volume, the addition of organic solvent to water sample, sorbent drying and elute concentration were optimized. The innovation of this work was the examination of the use of a centrifugation technique in both the drying and elution steps. When combined with centrifugation, the volume of the elution solvent was reduced to 2 mL and the time for sorbent drying decreased also to 10 min under vacuum. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed good recoveries higher than 65% - 68% for the 67 analyzed pesticides using the C18 and HLB cartridges with relative standard deviations lower than 9.7% - 12.3%. Limits of quantification were between 2 and 20 ng.L–1. The simplicity of the described method, use of less of organic solvent, short procedure time, and good recoveries demonstrate the advantages of this environmentally friendly approach for routine analysis of numerous samples.

Tensile Shock Physics in Compressible Thermoviscoelastic Solid Medium

This paper addresses tensile shock physics in thermoviscoelastic (TVE) solids without memory. The mathematical model is derived using conservation and balance laws (CBL) of classical continuum mechanics (CCM), incorporating the contravariant second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, the covariant Green’s strain tensor, and its rates up to order n. This mathematical model permits the study of finite deformation and finite strain compressible deformation physics with an ordered rate dissipation mechanism. Constitutive theories are derived using conjugate pairs in entropy inequality and the representation theorem. The resulting mathematical model is both thermodynamically and mathematically consistent and has closure. The solution of the initial value problems (IVPs) describing evolutions is obtained using a variationally consistent space-time coupled finite element method, derived using space-time residual functional in which the local approximations are in hpk higher-order scalar product spaces. This permits accurate description problem physics over the discretization and also permits precise a posteriori computation of the space-time residual functional, an accurate measure of the accuracy of the computed solution. Model problem studies are presented to demonstrate tensile shock formation, propagation, reflection, and interaction. A unique feature of this research is that tensile shocks can only exist in solid matter, as their existence requires a medium to be elastic (presence of strain), which is only possible in a solid medium. In tensile shock physics, a decrease in the density of the medium caused by tensile waves leads to shock formation ahead of the wave. In contrast, in compressive shocks, an increase in density and the corresponding compressive waves result in the formation of compression shocks behind of the wave. Although these are two similar phenomena, they are inherently different in nature. To our knowledge, this work has not been reported in the published literature.

Direct Solid-State Fermentation of Soybean Processing Residues for the Production of Fungal Chitosan by Mucor rouxii

The feasibility of utilizing soybean-processing residues such as soybean meal and hulls as substrates for chitosan production by the fungus Mucor rouxii ATCC 24905 via solid-state fermentation (SSF) was investigated. The effects of the type of soybean-based substrate, length of cultivation period, substrate moisture content, substrate pH, incubation temperature and extraction conditions on chitosan yield were determined. The results showed that a maximum fungal chitosan yield of up to 3.44% by dry substrate weight (34.4 g/kg) could be achieved using a pure soybean meal substrate with an initial moisture content of 50% (w/w) and pH of 5 - 6 incubated for six days at 25&degC. A more severe heat treatment (autoclaving vs. refluxing) resulted in higher chitosan extraction yields regardless of the strength of extraction reagents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the fungal chitosan revealed its degree of deacetylation (DDA) to be between 55% and 60%.

Fermentation characteristics of vinegar residue and some natural materials

Solid state fermentation is an attractive process to produce cellulase economically due to its lower financial investment and lower operating costs. Generally available natural materials in our study included vinegar residue, wheat bran, rice bran and wheat straw. Cellulase production was carried out by solid state fermentation using these materials as the substrate of Trichoderma koningii. The ingredients of natural materials, associated with the effects of water content, time and nitrogen sources on cellulase synthesis were studied. A comparatively high cellulase activity （〉4 IU·g^-1 SDM） was obtained in the fermentation batch. The optimum culture time of vinegar residue, wheat bran and wheat straw were 72 hours, but that office bran was 60 hours. Total water contents of wheat bran, rice bran and wheat straw should not exceed 50% and that of vinegar residue should not be more than 60%. It was also shown that nitrogen salts contributed much to fermentation. （NH4）3PO4 and urea achieved good results in promoting enzyme activity.

Preparation of colloidal Sb_2O_5 from arsenic-alkali residue

The stable colloidal antimony pentoxide was prepared by oxidation of the mixture of Sb2O3 and Sb2O5 obtained from arsenic-alkali residue by hydrometallurgical process, with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and phosphoric acid as stabilizer. Effects of main factors were investigated. The theories on thermodynamics, kinetics and electrical double layer（EDL） were used to analyze the experimental phenomena and results. The results show that no aging time is the most beneficial to forming colloid, when molar ratio of phosphoric acid to antimony is in the range from （0.8） to 1.0 and 1.0 to 1.3, the particle sizes of sol with the concentration of 10% and 15% antimony pentoxide by mass are both smaller. With increasing concentration of the mixture of antimony oxide from 10% to 20%, the reaction time decreases from 90 to about 30min, but the optimized range of molar ratio of H3PO4 to antimony increases. The reaction temperature is not the main factor on particle size with the existence of H3PO4 in the temperature range from 60 to 90℃.

Utilization of Corn Residues for Water Filtration at Fish Tanks

Filtration has been widely used in re-circulating aquaculture system to remove waste. However, the study of some agricultural residues （corn） usage as the filter medium has not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to construct a filter made from inexpensive and readily available corn residues and to analyze its effectiveness in controlling suspended solids that directly impact health of fish through abrasion of gill tissues or indirectly through water quality deterioration. The performance evaluation procedure was carried out in an aquaculture system with production in glass tanks located indoor in laboratory at Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Egypt. The evaluation included three concentrations of total suspended solids （450, 900 and 1,350 mg/L）; four residues particle size distribution （3.35, 9.53, 12.7 mm and ascending order to mentioned sizes from bottom to top）; and four thicknesses of filter layer （9, 21, 33 and 45 cm）. The effectiveness of this filter was measured by determining filter efficiency （ηf）, % and filtration rate （FR）, mL/min. It was observed that the maximum value of （ηf）, % was achieved at 450 mg/L concentration of total suspended solids, ascending order to sizes from bottom to top and 45 cm thickness of filtration layer. The maximum value of filtration rate was achieved at 450 mg/l concentration of total suspended solids, 12.7 mm particle size distribution and 9 cm thickness of filter layer. Results indicated that this filter is efficient enough to remove suspended solids. Therefore, this milled corn residues filter can be used in aquaculture systems for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus culture system.

Direct Determination of Polychlorinated-Biphenyls in Automotive Shredder Residues by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

An easy and rapid method is proposed for the determination of PCBs in automotive shredder residues, using gas chromatography combined with low resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is based on direct n-hexane solid-liquid extraction, subtracting background of the lineal aliphatic hydrocarbon interferences and integration of chromatographic peaks containing selected ion PCBs masses (256, 292 and 326 m/z), which are common in all PCBs formulations. Recoveries were in the 80% - 120% range;PCBs were detected and quantified in shredder samples from an automotive shredder industry, thus indicating the validity of the method.

火电厂燃煤产物中关键微量元素富集特征研究

煤系共伴生战略性关键元素可在燃煤产物中富集,研究燃煤产物中关键元素的富集特点可为元素的预富集和提取利用提供依据。以我国东西部不同火电厂燃煤产物为例,采用波长色散荧光光谱仪(AxiosmAX)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(iCAP-Qc)测试了燃煤产物中常量元素和关键微量元素的含量,分析了燃煤产物中关键微量元素分布富集的一般性规律。结果表明:①粉煤灰中主要常量元素为Si、Al、Fe,三者氧化物占比达87.79%;微量元素中稀土元素、锂、镓、铀、锗的含量分别为456.95μg/g、163.58μg/g、49.07μg/g、8.67μg/g、4.59μg/g,除铀、锗外均高于世界煤灰平均值。②常量元素中P趋向富集于细灰中,Fe、Ca更易富集于粗灰中;稀土元素分布模式保持一致,且在细灰中的含量高于粗灰,锂、镓、铀、锗均在细粒燃煤产物中更为富集,分异系数分别为1.17、2.45、1.53、2.14。③数理统计分析表明,煤中稀土元素与无机矿物相关,且富集于燃煤产物的非磁性组分中;锂主要与黏土矿物有关,燃烧后主要以LiAlO2的形式存在;镓、铀赋存形式不单一,与黏土矿物有一定的关系;锗与无机相相关性弱,表明其主要与有机质结合。

枯草芽孢杆菌固体发酵板蓝根药渣制备多糖饲料添加剂的工艺优化

为了高值化利用板蓝根药渣,试验优化了固体发酵板蓝根药渣制备多糖饲料添加剂的工艺,并对其抗氧化能力进行了研究。结果显示,从28株枯草芽孢杆菌中筛选得到高产纤维素酶菌株Bacillus subtilis YBS-18。通过单因素试验和响应面优化Bacillus subtilis YBS-18固体发酵板蓝根药渣生产多糖的工艺,确定最佳工艺为:液料比1.2 mL/g、装料量0.3 g/mL、葡萄糖浓度8%、硫酸铵浓度4.5%、接种量4.5%、发酵温度38℃。在最佳发酵工艺条件下,多糖含量达到28.17 mg/g。产物多糖对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基表现出较好的清除能力,清除率随着多糖浓度的提高而上升。研究表明,此工艺提升了板蓝根药渣的营养价值,为板蓝根药渣饲料添加剂的开发和应用提供理论基础。

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海参中62种兽药残留

目的建立固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定海参中62种药物的检测方法。方法样品加水分散后经1.0%甲酸乙腈溶液提取,PEP固相萃取柱净化后,采用WatersX-Bridge-C18色谱柱分离、0.2%甲酸水溶液-甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,使用选择离子监测模式检测。结果62种兽药在0.50~100.00ng/m L范围内呈现出良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r^(2)在0.9953~1.0000范围内。方法检出限为0.25~2.50μg/kg;在3个不同浓度添加水平下,62种兽药的平均回收率在70.3%~119.0%,批内和批间的相对标准偏差(n=5)为0.13%~14.90%,均小于15.00%。将该方法应用于30批次海参样品的检测,其中4批次样品的喹诺酮检测结果阳性,检出量为5.30~28.00μg/kg,与国家标准方法的检测结果相比,该方法对于本次喹诺酮药物筛查的准确率为100%。结论该方法灵敏度高,准确度和精密度良好,满足我国兽药残留检测要求,可适用于海参中62种兽药多残留的定性定量分析检测。

某独居石优溶渣二段逆流浸出试验研究

针对某独居石优溶渣,研究了采用一段常规浸出—二段逆流浸出工艺浸出铀、钍、稀土。考察了各因素对浸出效果的影响。结果表明:采用一段常规浸出法时,适宜条件下的铀、钍、稀土浸出率分别为98.66%、95.37%、64.23%;采用二段逆流浸出法时,铀、钍、稀土浸出率均可提高0.5%~1.0%,浸出液余酸降低50%以上,矿浆固液分离性能得到了一定改善。

固态发酵三七渣产灵芝三萜的工艺条件优化

该研究通过单因素试验考察发酵温度、接种量、发酵时间对固态发酵三七渣生产灵芝三萜的影响,并采用响应面法对其发酵工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,发酵温度、接种量、发酵时间对灵芝三萜含量影响均极显著(P<0.01),这3个因素对于发酵培养物中灵芝三萜含量影响程度排序为:接种量>发酵时间>发酵温度。发酵温度和接种量之间的交互作用对灵芝三萜含量的影响极显著(P<0.01);而接种量和发酵时间、发酵时间和发酵温度之间的交互作用对灵芝三萜含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在实验室小试条件下最佳发酵工艺条件为:发酵温度30℃,发酵时间16 d,接种量为11%。在此优化条件下,灵芝三萜含量为(4.110±0.186)mg/g,比优化前提高了12.0%。

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱质谱法检测水中大环内酯类抗生素

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆线性离子阱质谱技术(SPE-UPLC-QTRAP MS)建立了环境水样中阿奇霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、红霉素及替米考星5种大环内酯类抗生素的检测方法。调节水样pH为10后经HLB固相萃取柱净化、富集,然后用Kinetex F5色谱柱进行分离,用0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液进行洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子源(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM)-信息依赖采集(IDA)-增强子离子(EPI)扫描模式对样品进行检测,用多反应监测(MRM)进行定量,增强子离子(EPI)谱图库辅助定性。结果表明:5种大环内酯类抗生素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9992;检出限为0.01~0.30μg·L^(-1),定量限为0.10~0.50μg·L^(-1);3种不同浓度的水样加标回收率为71.60%~111.05%,相对标准偏差均在10%以内,EPI谱库比对纯度值均大于90%。该方法将传统的MRM扫描模式结合EPI谱图库检索,实现了同时定性和定量分析,对未知物准确定性定量检测提供了重要参考。

分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中双甲脒、杀虫脒及其代谢物

该研究建立了分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(dispersive solid phase extraction-ultra-performance liquid chromatography,UPLC-MS-MS)检测蜂蜜中双甲脒、杀虫脒及其代谢物残留的分析方法。蜂蜜样品2 g加入10 mL水溶液充分混匀,经1%(体积分数)氨化乙腈超声辅助提取后离心,利用N-丙基乙二胺、C18、氨基键合硅胶混合材料进行分散固相萃取净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,以甲醇和0.1%(体积分数)甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式正离子扫描分析。6种农药及其代谢物平均回收率为84.1%~113.8%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~6.0%,检出限为0.2~0.8μg/kg,定量限为0.7~2.5μg/kg。实验结果表明该方法快速简便、灵敏度高,适用于蜂蜜中双甲脒、杀虫脒及其代谢物残留同时分析。

不同C_(18)固相萃取柱对鹌鹑蛋中6类兽药残留测定的影响研究

使用不同C_(18)固相萃取柱对鹌鹑蛋进行处理,通过对比基质效应、回收率、精密度的结果,评价不同C_(18)固相萃取柱对6类兽药残留测定情况的影响。结果表明,使用不同C_(18)固相萃取柱后,6类目标物质保留时间出峰一致,且目标物质峰形良好,净化效果基本一致。对同一种化合物的基质效应标准偏差均小于10%。3种不同浓度下,6类兽药的平均回收率为71.4%~116.1%,精密度为2.6%~15.5%,均满足使用效果。