A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

Research on Parameter Collaborative Configuration of DC Circuit Breaker and DC Fault Current Limiter

Fault current suppression is the key technology to ensure the safe operation of the DC power distribution system. In order to realize the parameter collabora-tive configuration of the DC circuit breaker and the DC current limiter and improve the fault current suppression capability, the fault current suppression mechanism of the DC power distribution system is revealed based on the circuit model. Then, based on the mathematical model of the DC breaker, the characteristic parameters of DC breaking are extracted, and then the influence of different characteristic parameters on the breaking characteristics of fault current is studied. Finally, the mathematical model of the collaborative process between DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter is established. The charac-teristic parameters of fault current collaborative suppression are extracted. The coupling effects of different characteristic parameters on the fault current col-laborative suppression are studied. The principle of collaborative configuration of DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter is proposed, and the collaborative suppression ability of DC circuit breaker and DC current limiter to fault current is fully exploited to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the DC power distribution system.

The Study on New Solid-State Breaker and Its Over-voltage Suppression Technique

A design scheme of the intelligent SSB (Solid State Breaker) based on the IGCT (Integrated Gate Commutated Thyris- tor) is presented. The topology of switch module and the structure of the SSB are proposed. Firstly, to the IGCT’s over-voltage sensitivity problem, a new technique of reducing the over-voltage is introduced, which releases the elect romantics energy of faulty line by a capacitive current branch to reduce the amplitude of over-voltage. Secondly, the principle of over-voltage suppression with current release branch is analyzed, and the overall control scheme of solid- state breaker is put forward. Finally, the simulation results also demonstrate its obvious effectiveness in over-voltage suppression after adding a current release branch into the SSB.

Topology of Current-limiting and Energy-transferring DC Circuit Breaker for DC Distribution Networks

With the development of power electronic technologies and distributed power generation,DC distribution networks attract increasing attention due to their various advantages compared with traditional AC distribution networks.However,DC fault protection is one of the major issues in DC distribution networks.To improve their reliability and protect the semiconductor devices under DC faults,a current-limiting and energy-transferring DC circuit breaker topology is proposed in this paper.By applying passive components and thyristors,the proposed topology is capable of quickly limiting the fault current and transferring the faulty energy.The working principle,mathematical model and parameter designing method of the proposed topology are presented in this paper.The simulation results verify that the proposed DC circuit breaker could effectively limit the fault current and quickly interrupt the fault current.Cost and conduction power loss evaluation proves the practicality of the proposed topology in medium-voltage DC distribution networks.

Modular Reciprocating HVDC Circuit Breaker with Current-limiting and Bi-directional Series-parallel Branch Switching Capability

The high-voltage direct current(HVDC)circuit breaker is becoming popular with the rapid development of the flexible HVDC grid for efficient DC fault ride-through purposes.This paper proposes a novel module for reciprocating HVDC circuit breaker topology,whose branch connections are able to switch between series and parallel modes to limit the rising rate and interrupt the DC fault currents.Diode-bridge submodules(DBSMs)are used to compose the main branch for current interruption.Besides fault clearance,the proposed topology has the advantageous function of DC fault current limiting by employing DBSMs with bi-directional conduction capability.The topology can easily switch among branch connection modes through the assembled trans-valves,and their resistance and reactance are very small in the normal state when branches are in parallel and the values become promptly large in the transient state when the branches are series connected.With the modular design,it is easy to change the number of branches or sub-modules and the types of sub-modules to adapt to more specific needs.A 6-terminal modular multi-level converter(MMC)based HVDC grid is established in PSCAD/EMTDC,and various simulation scenarios are carried out to validate the proposed topology.

Placement optimization of Multi-Type fault current limiters based on genetic algorithm

The fault current limiter(FCL)is an effective measure for improving system stability and suppressing short-circuit fault current.Because of space and economic costs,the optimum placement of FCLs is vital in industrial applications.In this study,two objectives with the same dimensional measurement unit,namely,the total capital investment cost of FCLs and circuit breaker loss related to short-circuit currents,are considered.The circuit breaker loss model is developed based on the attenuation rule of the circuit breaker service life.The circuit breaker loss is used to quantify the current-limiting effect to avoid the problem of weight selection in a multi-objective problem.The IEEE 10-generator 39-bus system in New England is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed genetic algorithm(GA)method.Comparative and sensitivity analyses are performed.The results of the optimized plan are validated through simulations,indicating the significant potential of the GA for such optimization.

Review on Z-Source Solid State Circuit Breakers for DC Distribution Networks

DC technologies will be essential building blocks for future DC distribution networks.As in any DC system,these networks will face crucial threats imposed by short-circuit DC faults.Protection is thus of great interest,and it will likely rely on DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Among available configurations,Z-source solid-state circuit breakers(Z-SSCBs)are promising candidates for protecting low and medium-voltage distribution networks,as well as DC equipment due to their structural and control simplicity and low cost.In this paper,start-ofthe-art of Z-SSCBs topologies is reviewed.To set the context,the use of DC technologies for grid integration of renewables,DC power transmission,and the main types of DCCBs to protect DC transmission and distribution corridors are discussed.The Z-SSCB topologies are then classified into unidirectional and bidirectional.Advantages and disadvantages of different configurations are compared and analyzed based on existing research.Finally,a perspective on the future development of Z-SSCBs is discussed and potential challenges are elucidated.

基于固态断路器主动注入式直流故障测距方法

随着直流配电网的快速发展与深化应用,准确可靠的故障测距技术对直流故障检修和恢复至关重要。该文提出一种基于固态断路器(SSCB)主动注入式直流故障测距方法。首先,利用SSCB开断主动注入不同脉冲宽度的信号,并检测注入脉冲首末端和反射波首末端的时间差作为注入波形传播时间间隔,能够减小采样频率带来的误差。然后,提取电缆线路电压线模量作为检测量,削弱正负极线路之间的耦合作用,获得稳定波速。最后,基于小波变换原理提出改进自适应模极大值方法来检测脉冲首末端时刻,减小噪声和过渡电阻对测距精度的影响。仿真结果表明,基于SSCB主动注入式测距方法在直流配电网单极接地和极间短路故障情况下均能够实现准确且快速的定位。

基于钳位型断路器的柔直系统控保协同技术

柔性直流系统以其在输电领域的巨大优势而获得广泛应用.但在直流系统中,短路故障的强冲击性与电力电子器件的脆弱性之间的矛盾异常尖锐,现有保护策略难以同时满足高速动性与高可靠性的要求.本文从控保协同思想出发,基于一种电压钳位原理的直流断路器,提出一种新的故障处理模式,初步探究在柔直系统中控制与保护深度融合的可能性.当发生短路故障时,投入断路器和换流器相配合的限流功能,一方面限制电力电子器件的过流,解决其脆弱性问题;另一方面为保护提供边界,辅助实现故障的快速定位.在甄别出故障线路后,利用断路器的故障切除功能将故障隔离.此方案同时实现了故障限流、保护边界和故障切除3项功能,可有效缓减由于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)器件脆弱性所带来的一系列保护问题.在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建四端双极柔性直流电网模型,仿真结果表明,本控保协同方案能在5 ms内准确识别并隔离故障线路,而且具有较强的耐受过渡电阻能力.

一种双电容换流型混合式直流断路器

混合式直流断路器可以快速、准确隔离线路故障,在直流电网故障清除难题中发挥重要作用。为解决直流断路器开断能力要求高、限流能力弱、制造成本大、故障隔离速度慢等问题,提出一种双电容换流型混合式直流断路器(Double capacitor commutated hybrid DC circuit breaker,D-C-DCCB)拓扑。构建断路器时,巧妙利用自充电通路实现电容预充电及反向充电后电容能量的耗散。通过电容反向充电与阻感限流支路降低故障电流上升速率及峰值,利用限流电阻与二极管组实现限流电感,完成限流工作后被短路及储存能量耗散,加快故障隔离速度的同时,有效减少了避雷器吸收能量。对所提断路器的拓扑结构及工作原理进行分析及推导,在PSCAD/EMTDC中对所提断路器拓扑进行了四端直流电网仿真验证,与现有的直流电网故障清除拓扑在性能及经济性方面进行了对比,证明了所提断路器具有性能好、经济性高的优点。

基于UIS测试的Si/SiC级联器件雪崩特性分析

与机械式断路器相比,使用半导体功率器件构成的直流固态断路器在响应时间方面有较大的优势。由低压硅金属—氧化物—半导体场效应晶体管(Si MOSFET)和高压碳化硅结型场效应晶体管(SiC JFET)构成的Si/SiC级联型器件具有优异的开断特性。半导体功率器件可靠性一直是直流固态断路器所关注的焦点问题,非箝位感性负载开关(unclamped inductive switching,UIS)测试是评估半导体功率器件可靠性的重要方法。文中通过实验和仿真的方式分析了Si/SiC级联器件在非箝位感性负载开关过程的雪崩特性。首先,通过增加器件导通时间得到了不同负载电流下的雪崩特性,结果表明,随着导通时间的增加,Si/SiC级联器件在雪崩期间出现了雪崩电压下降的异常特性。随后,通过分立式Si/SiC级联器件进行UIS测试,发现异常特性是由于SiC JFET在雪崩期间出现导通而形成的。最后,通过Si/SiC级联器件的三维电—热耦合仿真,结果表明雪崩期间SiC JFET芯片栅极铝金属层和键合线温度升高,导致SiC JFET栅极等效电阻增加,最终使得SiC JFET在雪崩期间出现导通。

固态断路器多IGBT串联混合均压电路设计

固态断路器需多IGBT串联切断短路故障电流,针对多IGBT存在电压分配不均、局部电压过高、损耗大等问题,提出一种混合式均压控制电路拓扑结构。分析固态断路器多IGBT均压影响因素,研究均压拓扑性能。优化缓冲电路结构,改进充放电型缓冲电路,减小损耗;引入双阈值钳位控制电路,改善IGBT过电压;提出被动均压与辅助反馈主动均压结合的混合均压控制策略,加快响应速度,实现均压动态自适应调节。制作样机,进行固态断路器设计拓扑和控制的仿真及实验验证,结果表明:混合式均压控制电路可减小IGBT电路超调量,具备更强的抑制过电压能力,提升响应速度。

一种具有限流功能的电容型高压直流断路器

直流断路器作为直流电网实现故障清除的重要设备之一,其性能的优劣将直接影响系统的安全稳定运行。针对目前大部分断路器不具备故障限流能力且成本较高这一问题,提出了一种具有限流功能的电容型高压直流断路器设计方案。利用电容的充放电特性实现限流电抗和避雷器的投切,能够显著降低故障电流峰值;将传统直流断路器中大规模全控器件IGBT(绝缘栅双极晶体管)用电容来替代,在实现断流功能的同时有效降低了成本。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件搭建单端等效模型并进行仿真验证,结果表明:相较于传统高压直流断路器,所提方案降低了故障电流峰值,缩短了故障隔离时间,具有较好的性能。

应用于直流微电网的分级固态限流器研究

针对固态断路器面临故障等级超出断路器遮断容量,威胁断路器故障隔离的问题,研究了基于晶闸管的直流分级固态限流器以减少固态断路器对遮断容量的需求,其具备分级限流、故障隔离后电抗器自旁路的功能。基于600 V直流微电网的场景,通过公式推导、计算参数配置,对限流器的工作过程进行仿真验证并对不同参数下的故障隔离速度及限流幅值进行对比分析,仿真结果表明,该限流器投入后,故障电流下降了35.62%以上,有效减少对固态断路器遮断容量的需求。

适用于电动汽车的单开关动作双向固态断路器

设计了一种适用于电动汽车的单开关动作直流固态断路器,该断路器在切除短路故障时只需要通过控制一个开关的通断实现短路故障的隔离与短路能量的耗散。这里对该固态断路器的不同工作状态进行分析,建立相应的数学模型,并以此作为参数设计的理论依据,设计完成后在电动汽车动力电池输出400 V/20 A工作模式下进行短路切除实验,实验结果表明:电动汽车没有发生短路故障时,单开关动作直流固态断路器不影响电路的正常运行;当电动汽车发生短路故障后,该断路器能在5 ms内自动关断,且可以平滑的吸收故障电流使固态开关所承受的峰值电压小于550 V,对电动汽车具有可靠的保护作用。

计及柔性限流装置与直流断路器协同动作的电弧抑制暂态特性研究

直流系统的故障隔离是保证直流系统稳定运行的重要技术。针对传统故障隔离策略对直流断路器(direct current circuit breaker, DCCB)的性能要求较高的问题,提出了一种利用柔性限流装置(flexible current limiting device,FCLD)与DCCB协同动作的故障隔离策略。首先,研究了直流系统永久性故障和瞬时性故障情况下FCLD与DCCB的协同作用机理。其次,分析考虑FCLD电流抑制作用下DCCB开断过程的电弧暂态特性。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台中进行仿真,验证所提协同策略的可行性。结果表明:FCLD可有效抑制DCCB的开断电弧;基于所提故障隔离策略,直流系统可在瞬时故障情况下实现平稳穿越,永久故障情况下实现DCCB的无弧开断。该策略降低了直流系统故障隔离过程中对DCCB的开断要求,提升了直流系统的故障穿越能力。

基于级联常通型SiC JFET的快速中压直流固态断路器设计及实验验证

固态断路器(solid state circuit breaker, SSCB)是直流配电网中实现快速、无弧隔离直流故障的关键保护装置。首先提出了一种基于级联常通型碳化硅(silicon carbide, SiC)结型场效应晶体管(junction field effect transistor, JFET)的新型中压直流SSCB拓扑,直流故障发生时利用金属氧化物压敏电阻(metal oxide varistor, MOV)向SSCB主开关级联常通型SiC JFET器件的栅源极提供驱动电压,可快速实现直流故障保护。其次详细分析了SSCB关断和开通过程的运行特性,并提出了SSCB驱动电路关键参数设计方法。最后研制了基于3个级联常通型Si C JFET器件的1.5 kV/63 A中压SSCB样机,通过短路故障、故障恢复实验验证了设计方法的有效性。结果表明该SSCB关断250 A短路电流的响应时间约为20μs,故障恢复导通响应时间约为12μs,为中压直流SSCB的拓扑优化设计和级联常通型Si C JFET器件的动静态电压均衡性能提升提供了支撑。

低压直流固态断路器分断特性优化方法研究

为提高在直流系统发生短路故障时固态断路器(SSCB)的分断能力,提出一种考虑分断特性的低压直流固态断路器参数多目标优化方法。首先对短路故障时SSCB的分断流程进行详细分析,通过理论与仿真确定了限流电感LB和金属氧化物压敏电阻的限电压能力系数γ对分断特性的影响。以分断特性为基础,建立了SSCB的分断冲击性能指标、分断时间指标、能量吸收指标三个优化目标函数,通过多目标粒子群算法对目标函数进行优化,采用结合决策者偏好的逼近于理想解的排序方法对优化方案进行决策。优化结果表明,在各种决策者偏好下的优化方案,其优化设计后的元件参数LB和γ均能显著提高SSCB的分断性能。

具备限流能力的混合式高压直流断路器拓扑

直流断路器(DCCB)是解决直流系统短路故障的重要手段,针对现有DCCB存在的限流效果差、避雷器使用寿命短和故障隔离速度慢等一系列缺陷,文中提出一种具备限流能力的混合式高压直流断路器拓扑(CLC-HDCCB)方案。CLC-HDCCB载流支路和转移支路采用双桥式结构,具备双向通断能力;限流部分采用限流电阻和限流电感并联限流方式,显著降低了故障电流峰值及上升率;设计泄能电阻在断路过程中将限流电感旁路,减少了避雷器单次开断吸收的能量;对所提CLC-HDCCB方案分断故障电流、正常合闸和分断小电流等直流系统出现的各种工况进行了详细分析,并给出参数选定的方法。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC平台进行仿真验证,结果表明所提CLC-HDCCB方案与现有DCCB方案相比在故障限流、避雷器吸能和故障清除时间等方面具有一定的优势。

低压直流固态断路器关键技术研究

相较于机械式断路器,固态断路器因其更快的分断速度和更高的寿命等优点被广泛关注。介绍了一种基于SiC器件的低压直流固态断路器拓扑和工作原理,分析其技术难点,包括低感封装及器件设计、隔离开关技术和快速故障识别技术。研制了一种±375 V直流固态断路器样机,同时进行了故障电流关断测试和温升测试。结果表明所设计直流固态断路器能够在百微秒内实现1 kA短路电流分断,并具备快速故障识别、保护曲线可编程、外部通信与远程控制等功能。