New Progress on All Solid State Laser Technology in China

1 Significance of All Solid State Laser (DPL) Technology in Field of LaserBecause of the advantages of high conversion efficiency, good beam quality, small size and light weight, DPL becomes the hotspot and priority of development of laser technology. It may be the main body of laser in the future and replace gas laser and liquid laser. It is a great revolution of laser technology.The developed countries vie in developing DPL. China has achieved great success in this field, but there is a wide gap between the developed countries and us. We should attach great importance to it.

Infrared Laser Pumped Green and Blue Laser Emissions from a Single Solid State Material Doped by Rare Earth Ions

The possible ways and progress of infrared or red laser pumped green and blue laser emissions from a single solid state material doped by rare earth ions are outlined. The green and blue lasers realized from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped nonlinear laser crystals by means of self frequency conversion and from infrared laser pumped rare earth doped bulk, fiber and microsphere materials by means of frequency upconversion are introduced in detail. Other kinds of devices and methods are also compared. The typical nonlinear laser crystals such as YAl 3(BO 3) 4, GdAl 3(BO 3) 4, YCa 4O(BO 3) 3 , GdCa 4O(BO 3) 3, and the typical upconversion fluoride fibers are compared and analyzed. The major problems remaining to be solved and the developing trends in the area are also discussed.

An all-solid-state high power quasi-continuous-wave tunable dual-wavelength Ti：sapphire laser system using birefringence filter

This paper describes a tunable dual-wavelength Ti：sapphire laser system with quasi-continuous-wave and high-power outputs. In the design of the laser, it adopts a frequency-doubled Nd：YAG laser as the pumping source, and the birefringence filter as the tuning element. Tunable dual-wavelength outputs with one wavelength range from 700 nm to 756.5 nm, another from 830 nm to 900mn have been demonstrated. With a pump power of 23 W at 532 nm, a repetition rate of 7 kHz and a pulse width of 47.6 ns, an output power of 5.1 W at 744.8 nm and 860.9 nm with a pulse width of 13.2 ns and a line width of 3 nm has been obtained, it indicates an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 22.2%.

Superplastic solid state welding of steel and copper alloy based on laser quenching of steel surface

Based on the feasibility of isothermal superplastic solid state welding of steel and copper alloy, the welded surface of steel surface was ultra-fined through laser quenching, and then the welding process tests between different base metals of 40Cr and QCr0.5 were made under the condition of non vacuum and non shield gas. The experimental results show that, with the sample surface of steel after laser quenching and that of copper alloy carefully cleaned, and under the pre-pressed stress of 56.684.9 MPa, at the welding temperature of 750800 ℃ and at initial strain rate of （2.57.5）×10-4 s-1, the solid state welding can be finished in 120180 s so that the strength of the joint is up to that of QCr0.5 base metal and the expansion rate of the joint does not exceed 6%. The plastic deformation of the joint was further analysed. The superplastic deformation of the copper alloy occurs in welding process and the deformation of steel are little.

Energy transfer in solid-state dye lasers based on methyl methacrylate co-doped with sulforhodamine B and crystal violet

Laser action in methyl methacrylate （MMA） co-doped with sulforhodamine B and crystal violet dyes was investi- gated. The dye mixture was incorporated into a solid polymeric matrix and was pumped by a 532-nm Nd：YAG laser. Distributed feedback dye laser （DFDL） action was induced in the dye mixture using a prism arrangement both in the donor and acceptor regions by an energy transfer mechanism. Theoretically, the characteristics of acceptor and donor DFDLs, and the dependence of their pulse widths and output powers on acceptor-donor concentrations and pump power, were studied. Experimentally, the output energy of DFDL was measured at the emission peaks of donor and acceptor dyes for different pump powers and different acceptor-donor concentrations. Tuning of the output wavelength was achieved by varying the period of the gain modulation of the laser medium. The laser wavelength showed continuous tunability from 563 nm to 648 nm.

Analytical modelling of end thermal coupling in a solid-state laser longitudinally bonded by a vertical-cavity top-emitting laser diode

The intrinsic features involving a circularly symmetric beam profile with low divergence, planar geometry as well as the increasingly enhanced power of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers （VCSELs） have made the VCSEL a promising pump source in direct end bonding to a solid-state laser medium to form the minimized, on-wafer integrated laser system. This scheme will generate a surface contact pump configuration and thus additional end thermal coupling to the laser medium through the joint interface of both materials, apart from pump beam heating. This paper analytically models temperature distributions in both VCSEL and the laser medium from the end thermal coupling regarding surface contact pump configuration using a top-emitting VCSEL as the pump source for the first time. The analytical solutions are derived by introducing relative temperature and mean temperature expressions. The results show that the end contact heating by the VCSEL could lead to considerable temperature variations associated with thermal phase shift and thermal lensing in the laser medium. However, if the central temperature of the interface is increased by less than 20 K, the end contact heating does not have a significant thermal influence on the laser medium. In this case, the thermal effect should be dominated by pump beam heating. This work provides useful analytical results for further analysis of hybrid thermal effects on those lasers pumped by a direct VCSEL bond.

Research on All-solid-state Laser and Its Industrial Development in China

Some typical applications of solid-state laser are described, and its industrial development in China are also introduced in detail.

Development and Research on All-solid-state Intracavity Sum-frequency laser

Generation of intracavity multi-wavelength and the basic principle of sum-frequency lasers are discused, and the current research status and development of laser diode pumped lasers are introduced in detail.

Thermal Analysis of Blue Laser Diode for Solid State Lighting Application

Solid-state light sources based on laser diode are becoming great alternative for LEDs. Improvement of the thermal characteristics of InGaN LD is very important for realizing reliable devices. In this investigation the influence of the temperature of diode on light parameters was studied. White light was obtained by coupling blue light of diode with yellow phosphors: YAG:Ce3+ and GYAG:Ce3+ with nitride. For three values of the temperature of LD’s stem, regulated by Peltier module, CCT, CRI and chromaticity coordinates were measured by spectroradiometer. The importance of emission characteristics of materials was shown. Subsequently, the influence of temperature on laser diode intensity was investigated for 120 hours. This experiment was repeated for different levels of current and temperature. Finally, the steady state of thermal finite element analysis was performed to reveal the distribution of the temperature. The analysis showed the importance of heat sink and also temperature control.

Enhanced laser characteristics of pyrromethene 650 using modified PMMA as solid hosts

Solid-state samples based on modified polymethyl methacrylate （MPMMA） with methanol doped with the dye pyrromethene 650 （PM650） axe prepared. The effects of a volume percentage of methanol on the laser characteristics of the sample, including spectra properties, slope efficiency, photostability and tunable properties, are investigated. The broadband dye laser output wavelength is around 655 nm and a highest slope efficiency of 32.23% is achieved. Pumping the samples at a repetition rate of 5 Hz with a pulse energy of as high as 100 mJ （the fluence is 0.26 J/cm2）, the longest lifetime （168000 shots） is obtained in the sample （MMA：methanol=18：2）, and the corresponding normalized photostability reaches 109.19 GJ/mol. When the sample （MMA：methanol=18：2） is placed in a Shoshan-type oscilla- tor, the naxrow-linewidth operation is a continuous tuning range （up to 64 nm）. The results indicate that the laser characteristics of solid-state dyes can be greatly enhanced by using modified PMMA with methanol serving as the solid host.

热效应作用下高功率薄片涡旋激光器的模场结构

激光介质热效应引起的谐振腔模场结构变化成为高功率涡旋激光器的一个关键问题.本文建立了环形光泵浦薄片激光晶体的温度场及热形变计算模型,将热效应像差作为谐振腔衍射积分方程的微扰,研究热效应对激光器模场结构的影响规律.具体研究了Nd:YAG,Nd:YLF和Nd:YVO_(4)薄片涡旋激光器的模场结构随泵浦功率、晶体吸收系数、晶体厚度的变化规律.研究结果表明,热效应使涡旋激光器模谱产生径向展宽,模式纯净度下降.泵浦功率越大,高阶径向模式占比越大,模场结构越复杂.泵浦功率升高时,Nd:YVO_(4)激光器的模谱展宽最大,Nd:YAG激光器的模谱展宽最小.晶体吸收系数越大,模谱展宽越严重;激光晶体厚度减小时,模谱展宽呈增宽趋势.

利用非线性损耗提升全固态单频激光器输出功率研究进展(特邀)

全固态单频连续波激光器因其噪声低、线宽窄、光束质量好、功率稳定性高等优点已经被广泛应用于产生非经典光场、冷原子物理研究、引力波探测等诸多领域。随着科学技术的不断发展,传统的全固态激光器的输出功率已经不能满足前沿领域的需求,因此亟需在保持全固态激光器整体性能的同时进一步提升激光器的输出功率。为此首先需要更高的泵浦功率,而这将使激光器内部增益提高,在腔内损耗不变的情况下,原非振荡模式也将满足起振条件,从而使激光器在跳模或多模状态下运转。此外,激光晶体的热效应和损伤阈值也限制了输出功率的提高。本文介绍了一种利用非线性损耗大幅度提升全固态单频连续波激光器的输出功率的技术和方法。通过在谐振腔中引入非线性损耗,使主模经受的非线性损耗是次模的一半。在模式竞争的作用下,谐振腔内的模式被更进一步的选择,从而允许全固态单频激光器在更高的增益下保持单纵模运转。通过在谐振腔内插入多块增益晶体可以有效缓解由于激光增益晶体热效应的限制,从而实现更高功率的单频激光输出。目前高功率全固态连续波激光器的输出功率已经达到了一百瓦的量级,且还在进一步提高。通过在谐振腔内引入非线性损耗,全固态单频连续波激光器的整体性能在得以保障和提高的同时,其应用范围也得到了进一步的推广。

固体激光器涡旋光束产生实验系统设计与实现

高质量的涡旋光束在量子信息、激光雷达、激光通信等领域有着广泛的应用前景。为了用固体激光器直接产生涡旋光束,该文基于谐振腔模式与激光介质作用的速率方程,阐述了在二极管端面泵浦固体激光器中通过环形光泵浦产生拉盖尔-高斯涡旋光的原理。设计了环形光泵浦固体激光器产生涡旋光的实验方案并搭建了实验系统。实验产生了角向阶次为1阶、2阶的涡旋光束,相位涡旋手性可通过微调谐振腔输出镜调节。该实验能够使学生利用固体激光器直接产生涡旋光束并观察涡旋光束的相位特性,有助于学生加深对激光谐振腔模式理论及涡旋光束相位特性的理解,为相关专业学生的课程教学提供有力支撑。

1116 nm单频脉冲Nd∶YAG激光器

针对共振荧光测风雷达的探测需求,设计和研制了种子注入的Nd∶YAG电光调Q单频1116 nm脉冲激光器,采用带偏置电压反馈的扫描-触发谐振探测技术,建立了1116 nm单纵模振荡,并对中心频率稳定性进行分析。最终实现输出1116 nm激光单脉冲能量6.48 mJ,重复频率60 Hz,输出线宽为33.2 MHZ,脉冲宽度为75.7 ns。通过波长计测量输出光波长,波长稳定在1116.2979 nm附近。利用外差拍频,测定120 min中心频率稳定性(均方根)为818.3 kHz。该激光器输出光通过三倍频可变换至372 nm,作为铁共振荧光多普勒测风激光雷达的发射光源,频率抖动量对应的风速测量误差小于1 m/s。

2.94μm LiNbO_(3)声光调Q Er:YAG激光输出脉冲特性

2.94μm纳秒铒激光是宽调谐中红外激光和临床医疗研究中重要的固体激光源.本文研制了新型LiNbO_(3)声光调Q Er:YAG激光器,研究了20 Hz重复频率下不同调Q延迟时间和耦合腔镜反射率对激光输出脉冲特性的影响规律.根据测量激光器的热透镜焦距设计了凹凸谐振腔补偿热透镜效应,获得了激光单脉冲能量为34.68 mJ、脉冲宽度为119.9 ns的调Q输出,相应的峰值功率为289.24 kW,与平平腔相比输出能量提高了2.09倍.据我们所知,这是目前声光调Q Er:YAG激光器中获得的最高能量,可为进一步研究宽调谐中红外激光技术提供新的手段.

小型化微片阵列式被动调Q全固态激光器

本文针对无人机空中目标探测系统的空间限制,提出了一种多光束可分路扫描式被动调Q微片阵列全固态激光器的方案,采用六管芯半导体激光器阵列端面紧凑泵浦长条状的Nd:YAG/Cr^(4+):YAG键合晶体,在每一路1.6 W的泵浦功率下,产生了6路波长为1064.4 nm、脉冲宽度为2.4 ns、光束质量为1.39、峰值功率为3.75 kW、重复频率可达22 kHz的输出激光,整个系统的体积仅为2 cm×2 cm×1.5 cm,实现了6路激光同时输出。研究了调Q晶体的初始透过率和输出镜反射率对激光脉冲重复频率和峰值功率的影响机制,重点对泵浦源激光器管芯的出光一致性问题做了深入探讨,通过实验验证了使用一个激光键合晶体产生多路纳秒级窄脉冲激光束的可行性。研究结果以小型化结构实现了被动调Q全固态激光器的多光束出射,对实现激光探测系统光源的小型化和集成化有借鉴意义。

2.79μm高速转镜调Q Er,Cr:YSGG纳秒窄脉冲激光器

转镜调Q无插入损耗,是获得窄脉冲、高峰值功率输出激光的直接方式。纳秒脉冲需要使用高速转镜调Q,并精准控制电机转速与氙灯放电延时,以使激光介质上能级粒子数反转最大,获得最大激光能量输出。本文设计了以Arduino mega 2560单片机为核心的高速转镜调Q控制系统,通过精确单片机解析串口屏指令控制激光电源的充放电和高速电机启停,同时通过对转镜脉冲信号整合降频控制氙灯放电时刻,实现对延迟时间的精准控制,实现了灯泵Er,Cr:YSGG激光纳秒窄脉冲调Q输出。在5 Hz重复频率下,转镜转速为650 r/s时,获得的最高单脉冲激光能量为45.7 mJ、脉冲宽度为86.2 ns,相应的峰值功率为530.2 kW。

LD脉冲泵浦Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+):Lu_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)晶体百kHz激光器

目前1.5μm激光二极管(Laser Diode,LD)泵浦的铒镱共掺玻璃/晶体被动调Q微型激光器广泛应用于激光测距、激光雷达等领域。随着激光器输出重频的增加,玻璃面临突出的热效应问题,晶体的热导率是玻璃的10倍以上,有望能够实现比玻璃基质更高重频的激光输出。报道了一种通过LD脉冲端面泵浦Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+):Lu_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)晶体的百kHz人眼安全激光器。通过实验优化增益介质掺杂浓度和长度、泵浦光斑尺寸和调Q晶体初始透过率等实验参数,同时适当缩短脉宽,优化泵浦占空比,提高了输出重频的稳定性。最终获得了重频为100 kHz、单脉冲能量0.7μJ、脉冲宽度240 ns、光束质量M^(2)=1.61的1537 nm脉冲激光输出。实现了输出脉冲频率与泵浦的一致,保证了输出重频的稳定性,有效解决了输出重频具有随机性、不稳定、不可控等问题。

压缩空气点火的无电烟火泵浦激光技术

为了解决传统固体烟火泵浦激光器点火效率低和电能依赖的问题,根据绝热压缩原理,设计使用了完全无电的压缩空气点燃烟火药泵浦Nd:YAG激光介质,提高了点火同步性和烟火药燃烧效率,实现了激光输出阈值药剂量10 mg,使用30 mg KClO4/Zr药剂,获得了30.2 mJ的激光能量,脉冲宽度10 ms,为小型无电高能激光器提供了一条新的实现路径。

C-cut Tm:YAP晶体连续光特性实验研究

掺铥铝酸钇晶体(Tm:YAlO_(3),Tm:YAP)具有机械性能与热力学性能优良、发射截面大等优点,可用商用半导体激光器(laser diodes,LD)作为泵浦源,是2μm光源的理想增益介质。由于Tm:YAP晶体具有各向异性,不同切向轴向摆放下的激光输出特性有所不同。本文使用793 nm的LD作为泵浦源,研究了c向切割(c-cut)Tm:YAP晶体在激光偏振方向平行于a轴(E//a)和激光偏振方向平行于b轴(E//b)下的连续光运转输出特性以及波长调谐输出特性。研究表明:在28 W的泵浦功率下,当E//a时,Tm:YAP激光器连续光输出功率为8.66 W,斜率效率为32.1%;当E//b时,Tm:YAP激光器连续光输出功率为8.41 W,斜率效率为31.1%;在腔内以布儒斯特角插入双折射滤光片对输出激光波长进行调谐,在15 W的泵浦功率下,当E//a时,输出激光波长调谐范围为1 888.8~2 084.4 nm,调谐宽度为195.6 nm;当E//b时,输出激光波长调谐范围为1 889.6~2 043.1 nm,调谐宽度为153.5 nm。实验结果表明,c-cut Tm:YAP晶体沿a轴和b轴放置时都可以实现高功率高效率的连续光输出及宽范围的波长调谐,且E//a时和E//b时的波长调谐曲线形状近似互补,有潜力实现高功率窄脉宽的激光输出。