Distributions and risk assessment of heavy metals in solid waste in lead-zinc mining areas and across the soil, water body, sediment and agricultural product ecosystem in their surrounding areas

To identify the root causes of heavy metal contamination in soils as well as prevent and control such contamination from its sources,this study explored the accumulation patterns and ecological risks of heavy metals like Cd and Pb in solid waste in mining areas and across the water body,sediment,soil and agricultural product ecosystem surrounding the mining areas.Focusing on the residual solid waste samples in lead-zinc deposits in a certain area of Guizhou Province,along with samples of topsoils,irrigation water,river sediments,and crops from surrounding areas.This study analyzed the distributions of eight heavy metals,i.e.,Cd,As,Cr,Hg,Pb,Zn,Cu,and Ni,in the samples through field surveys and sample tests.Furthermore,this study assessed the contamination levels and ecological risks of heavy metals in soils,sediments,and agricultural products using methods such as the single-factor index,Nemerow composite index,and potential ecological risk assessment.The results indicate that heavy metals in the solid waste samples all exhibited concentrations exceeding their risk screening values,with 60%greater than their risk intervention values.The soils and sediments demonstrate slight and moderate comprehensive ecological risks of heavy metals.The single-factor potential ecological risks of heavy metals in both the soil and sediment samples decreased in the order of Hg,Cd,Pb,As,Cu,Zn,Cr,and Ni,suggesting the same sources of heavy metals in the soils and sediments.Most of the agricultural product samples exhibited over-limit concentrations of heavy metals dominated by Cd,Pb,Ni,and Cr,excluding Hg and As.The agricultural product assessment using the Nemerow composite index reveals that 35%of the agricultural product samples reached the heavy metal contamination level,implying that the agricultural products from farmland around the solid waste dumps have been contaminated with heavy metals.The eight heavy metals in the soil,sediment,and agricultural product samples manifested high coefficients of variation(CVs),indicating pronounced spatial variability.This suggests that their concentrations in soils,sediments,and agricultural products are significantly influenced by human mining activities.Additionally,the agricultural products exhibit strong transport and accumulation capacities for Cd,Cu,and Zn.

Assessment of Risk to Human Health from Landfill Gas at Sharra Landfill, Tirana--Albania

Urban waste management and particularly dumpsites represents one of the most significant problems tot the long term protection of public health and environment in Albania. All waste management options, including landfilling, involve an element of risk to human health. This article addresses the question, if sources of emissions from Sharra landfill lead theoretically to public exposures exceeding health criteria？ This question is approached using an exposure pathway analysis framework, which link a source of one or more harmful pollutants at a site with a human receptor that inhales the pollutant. The risk posed to human health from HCHO （formaldehyde） and dioxin is estimated for on-site and off-site receptors in Sharra landfill. For on-site receptors, the average risk to get harm through the inhalation pathway from HCHO is in the range of 20 times to 300 times greater than allowed risk value, while for off-site receptors the average risk is in the range of 10 times to 180 times greater. While for dioxin the risk is in the range from 50 to 600 for on-site receptors and 10 to 35 for off-site receptors, times greater than often allowed risk.

Health Risks Assessment Due to Exposure to Vinyl Chloride in Groundwater from a Closed Landfill： A Case Study as a Contaminant of Concern and Effect of Subsurface Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to analyze the migration pathways of contaminants from closed landfills and to estimate health risks based on soil characteristics. The health risks were estimated using Framework for Risk Analysis Multimedia Environmental Systems （FRAMES） software. The sensitivity of human health risks and hazard indices due to vinyl chloride contamination in groundwater were performed in relation to soil characteristics such as Darcy velocity, thickness of soil layer, mass of contaminant present in the aquifer. Based on the analysis, Darcy velocity showed no effect on estimated risks. Since soil layer thickness had a significant effect on the estimated health risks, effects of different soil types on estimated risks were analyzed. The results showed that soils from the least appropriate to the most appropriate for risk management due to groundwater contamination were sand, sandy clay, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. FRAMES model was suitable for assessing the health risks due to vinyl chloride contamination in groundwater originating from a municipal solid waste landfill. The model showed the changes in both carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks over time. The estimated health risks were directly correlated with the levels of vinyl chloride detected in groundwater.

Pollution of hazardous substances in industrial construction and demolition wastes and their multi-path risk within an abandoned pesticide manufacturing plant

Exploration of heavy metals and organic pollutants, their leaching capacity along with health and environmental risks in contaminated industrial construction and demolition waste （ICDW） within a pesticide manufacturing plant were investigated. A maximum content of 90.8 mg·kg-1 Cd was found present in the wastes, which might originate from phosphorus rocks and industrial sulfuric acid used in pesticide production processes. An average concentration of 979.8 mg·kg-1 dichlorovos and other 11 organophosphorus pesticide were also detected. Relatively high leaching rates of around 4.14‰ were obtained from laboratory simulated ICDW using both glacial acetic acidsodium hydroxide and deionized water. Pesticide pollutants had the strongest tendency to retaining on dry bricks （leaching rate 1.68 9‰） compared to mortar-coatings, etc. due to their different physical characteristics and octanol-water partioning coefficient. Mobility of pesticide from on-site ICDW by water was spatially correlated to waste types, process sections and human activities, with a flux of leaching rate between 5.9‰ to 27.4%. Risk-based corrective action （RBCA） model was used to simulate the risk of contaminated ICDW debris randomly scattered. Oral and demlal ingestion amount by local workers was 9.8 × 10-3 and 1.9 × 10-2 mg.（kg-d）-1, respectively. Potential leaching risk to aquatic systems exceeded the limit for nearly 75% waste. Environmental and health risk exceedance was found in most ICDW, while the risk value of the most severely contaminated brick waste was 660 times beyond critical level. Implications for waste management involving construction and deconstruction work, waste transferring and regulation supplying were also provided.

Multitemporal landslide inventory analysis of an intertropical mountain in west-central Mexico——Basis for hazard management

Landslides in intertropical mountainous areas of Mexico are a natural hazard that could potentially generate a disaster. Despite this, many areas lack landslide inventories, making it difficult to monitor and efficiently manage the associated risks for local populations. For this reason, the aim of this research was to undertake a multitemporal landslide inventory and analyze its conditioning factors in the Pico de Tancítaro stratovolcano, which, in recent decades, has presented several high-risk geomorphological events with disastrous consequences for nearby localities. The spatial distribution of landslides and its conditioning factors were mapped at a 1:50,000 scale for the 1995-2020 period, through visual interpretation of orthophotos and satellite images(Landsat, SPOT, and SENTINEL). The conditioning factors that link the most to landslides were Quaternary andesite and basaltic andesite rocks;volcanic cones, mountain river valleys, and very steep to steep slopes(30° to >45°), oriented to the South, North, and East;Andosols and Leptosols;and the oyamel fir and mixed forests. 505 landslide events classified into slides and flows that occurred in 1995, 2004, 2010, and 2015 were identified. New scars generated by the reactivation of landslide processes were also observed. The landslides in the study area were triggered by torrential rains caused by hurricanes and tropical storms;such as hurricanes Alex and Patricia. The inventory and analysis of conditioning factors highlighted the distribution and dynamics of slides and flows in the study area. In addition, the most important factors for studies of landslide susceptibility, hazards, and risks in the Pico de Tancítaro stratovolcano were identified, contributing to the management of geomorphological risks in intertropical mountain areas.

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液渗漏场地污染风险评价体系

为应对生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液渗漏导致的场地污染问题以及分析对周边环境和人类健康的影响,本研究综合考虑了自然和社会影响因素,采用“源−途径−受体”全过程分析法,建立了包括潜在危险、场地环境脆弱性和敏感目标在内的风险评价指标体系,并确定了各指标评分标准。通过对生活垃圾填埋场污染防控领域的权威专家进行问卷调查,并运用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重,应用加权求和法计算了风险指数,将污染风险分为“高”“中”“低”三级。此外,选取了国内6座典型生活垃圾填埋场(包括3座简易型和3座正规型)进行风险评价和验证。结果表明:①3座简易型(1~3号)和3座正规型(1~3号)生活垃圾填埋场的风险等级依次为高(7.14)、高(7.79)、中(5.35)、中(5.56)、中(5.86)、中(6.29)。②通过与现有方法和实际情况进行对比验证,证明了本研究所建的风险评价体系合理可行,在指标代表性和评价结果有效性方面优于现有体系。③本研究充分利用了地表水、地下水、渗滤液监测及水文地质调查等场地调查数据,提高了评价的准确性。研究显示,提出的风险评价体系适用于我国生活垃圾填埋场的高厨余特征,能够有效地识别渗滤液渗漏场地污染风险的关键环节,本文可为场地分级管理提供指引,并为渗滤液渗漏场地污染的治理、修复、监测及管理提供有力依据。

化学实验室环保技术和管理的探索与实践

实验室在运行过程中,存在试剂种类复杂、检验项目多、标准化程度低等情况,分析了环保管理问题产生的原因,阐述了实验室的环境影响因素,讨论了“三废”的排放标准、计算方法、现有的治理技术,提出了实验室“三废”减量、按期监测、合规转移等全流程管理建议。

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的危险废物处置场地下水重金属健康风险评估

以重庆市危险废物处置场周边地下水为研究对象,测定了As、Cd、Al、Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni和Fe金属元素浓度,利用内梅罗指数法和地下水污染物容量评价指数法分析地下水重金属污染水平,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟的健康风险评价模型评估地下水中重金属的人体健康风险。结果表明,研究区地下水8月检出因子多于5月,超标情况主要集中在8月。内梅罗指数和地下水污染物容量指数表明,地下水中各重金属8月污染程度总体高于5月,Al为主要污染元素;5#点位污染程度最高,其他点位无污染。健康风险表明,非致癌健康风险儿童高于成人,非致癌健康风险的主要影响途径为饮用水途径;儿童和成人的致癌健康风险均在可接受范围内,但儿童的致癌健康风险高于成人。敏感性分析表明,非致癌风险中Al、Pb和每日平均饮用量(IR)的敏感度排前三,致癌风险中As的敏感度最高,Al和As是影响人体健康风险的主要因素。

西安市某大型废弃物综合处置场设计及建设案例分析

介绍了西安市固体废弃物综合处置场项目的设计、建设和运营过程。首先,概括介绍了该项目的背景概况、目标规划和处理规模等情况。其次,详细论述了项目设计的基本情况,例如填埋场各功能区总图布置的确定、坝体的设计、防渗系统结构的选用以及地下水及渗沥液导排、渗沥液收集等系统设计问题。最后,分析了建设过程中可能遇到的各种风险问题并提出了规避风险的思路方法,以及该项目部分飞灰填埋库区的试运营情况,对飞灰填埋作业进行了详细细致的要求,以期为后续正式投运积累了实操运行及管理经验。

危险废物转移过程风险评估研究

为了研究危险废物转移过程中存在的风险,梳理出了危险废物转移现状及主要风险隐患,结合现有危险废物的种类、形态、包装方式等,研究危险废物转移风险管控的要素清单,确定风险分级标准,形成了危险废物转移过程风险评估方法。探索了风险矩阵法在危险废物转移过程风险评估中的应用,有效为管理部门在危险废物转移联单运行和危险废物跨省转移申请等方面提供参考,对管理部门在危险废物转移源头管理和事中事后监管具有指导意义。

矿山固体废物堆场污染管控分析及应用

分析了矿山固体废物对土壤、水的污染状况,从环境安全性、工艺成熟度、处理成本、存在的问题、其他制约因素等方面比选了管控方案,采用的原位风险管控技术,可有效控制矿区历史遗留固体废物对周边土壤、地表水、地下水的环境污染风险,有利于区域环境质量的提升。

铁路工程施工过程中的环境保护措施

本文探讨了铁路工程施工中的环境保护措施及其效果,旨在为相关研究和实际应用提供参考。铁路施工涉及大量土地和资源消耗,可能对环境造成显著影响。因此,水土环境风险评估、建筑废弃物管理和多源信息融合技术等先进方法被逐渐应用于铁路施工中,以提升环保性和可持续性。本文总结了相关研究,详细阐述了这些方法在铁路施工中的实际效果及其优缺点,并探讨了未来研究的方向。这些措施包括综合评价水土环境风险的方法、建筑废弃物的生命周期评估以及铁路线路设计中的环境保护方案等,均有助于减少施工对生态系统的负面影响,实现可持续发展。

关于化工固废和危废的科学管理研究

化工固废和危废的科学管理非常重要,不仅有助于保护环境、维护人类健康,还有助于资源的有效利用和能源节约,所以政府、企业和个人应高度重视此项工作,加强化工固废和危废科学管理的宣传和实施,共同推动可持续发展目标的实现。本文从化工固废和危废管理的重要性出发,分析了当前管理中存在的问题,并提出相应的管理策略。通过研究和分析,为化工固废和危废管理提供可行的解决方案,进一步促进环境保护的可持续发展。

固废管理体系中的环境风险评估与管理研究

本文探讨了固废管理体系中的环境风险评估与管理,旨在强调环境风险评估的重要性及如何将其有效应用于固废管理中。本文介绍了环境风险的定义和概念以及环境风险评估的方法,包括定性评估、定量评估及相关模型和工具,讨论了固废的定义和分类以及环境法规和固废管理的关键元素,重点关注了风险管理在固废管理中的应用,包括风险的减轻和避免、应急响应及治理和监测,并通过案例研究和成功的环境风险管理实践,强调环境风险管理在固废管理体系中的关键作用。

高效毒理筛选模型构建及其在物风险评估中的应用

本文旨在建立一种高效的毒理筛选模型,以应用于危险废弃物风险评估。该模型结合了多种生物学和化学信息,通过机器学习方法识别潜在的毒性物质及其作用机制,验证了模型的准确性和可靠性,并将其应用于危险废弃物的毒性评估中。结果表明,该模型在识别危险废弃物中的潜在毒性物质方面具有很高的预测能力,从而为风险评估提供了有力支持。

危险固废预处理项目的环境风险防范措施研究

在现代工业发展背景下,危险固废排放量越来越多,若不能对其进行妥善处理,会对土壤、大气、水体等环境造成污染。在对危险固废开展脱水脱油、酸化破乳、气浮分离等预处理工作时,应注意对潜在的环境风险问题进行防范控制,以保证危废处置效果并预防各类环境问题出现。本文通过危险固废预处理的基本概述,对危险固废预处理项目环境风险防范的重要性进行了细致地阐述,并围绕实际案例,从环境风险识别和风险防范措施两方面入手,提出几点有效控制措施,以供参考。

危险废物环境风险防控关键问题与对策

国家高度重视生态文明建设和环境保护工作,固体废物尤其是危险废物的风险防控是加强生态文明建设和改善环境质量的关键.我国当前危险废物环境风险防控面临的形势主要是产生量大且持续增加、污染事故频发和环境风险凸显、利用处置短板明显以及综合利用风险防控明显不足;面临该严峻形势的关键原因,包括管理制度顶层设计不够完善、风险防控基础研究薄弱、环评的作用未充分发挥和管理支撑体系不够完善.针对面临严峻形势的关键问题,建议从4个方面加强危险废物风险防控:(1)加强危险废物减量化、资源化和无害化的协同,强化产生者主体责任;(2)强化危险废物环境影响评价监管的事前、事中和事后监管机制;(3)建立《国家危险废物管理名录》,统一协调危险废物的污染防治和利用处置管理;(4)完善危险废物管理标准规范体系,提高监管能力和建设全过程信息化监管系统.

生活垃圾收运过程中恶臭暴露的健康风险评估

通过现场采样检测,研究了生活垃圾收运链中氨、硫化物、萜烯化合物、芳香烃、醇类化合物、挥发性有机酸、醛酮类化合物等7类恶臭物质的组成特征;分析了收运链不同环节中恶臭污染物的分布特征及操作方式对其影响;依据恶臭污染物的分布特征,评估了生活垃圾转运场所职业暴露人员的致癌和非致癌风险,并对结果进行了不确定分析.结果表明,收运过程中,末端垃圾码头的恶臭污染物比前端的垃圾箱房高1个数量级以上,与生活垃圾在收运过程中降解程度逐渐提高相对应;不同类别恶臭污染物中,醇类化合物随收运链的延伸而稳定上升,挥发性有机酸(VFAs)和芳香烃化合物则呈阶跃增加,分别在集装箱码头和散装码头处达到峰值(分别为131,711μg/m3).收运链前端,垃圾箱房的主要致臭化合物为醛酮类化合物;收运链末端,垃圾码头的主要致臭化合物为硫化物和挥发性有机酸.生活垃圾散装运输操作方式,对作业人员和周边人群可能造成较大健康影响.散装码头处恶臭污染导致的致癌和非致癌风险值最高,致癌风险值LCR总为2.64×10-5,超过生活垃圾收运链中的其它作业点,存在较大的健康风险;非致癌风险值HI总为3.01,集装箱码头处的HI总为1.22,超过了USEPA推荐的可接受范围,其余作业点的非致癌风险值HI总<1,在可接受的范围内.

危险废物焚烧设施的环境风险评价

提出了对危险废物焚烧设施进行环境风险评价的意义,对危险废物焚烧设施的危险源进行了识别,并分别探讨了正常排放和事故发生情况下危险废物焚烧设施的环境风险评价方法。对事故情况下有毒有害物质的释放机制和释放途径进行了评价,给出了爆炸和有毒有害气体直接排放2类事故后果的估算方法。还对危险废物焚烧设施的系统安全性进行了评价,确定了焚烧设施系统的安全评价方法。最后以国内应用最为普遍的回转窑焚烧炉为模拟案例对所建立的环境风险评价程序进行了说明。

危险废物管理区域决策支持系统的研究与开发

在系统分析危险废物管理系统和环境信息系统发展现状与趋势的基础上 ,讨论了中国危险废物管理区域决策支持系统的设计原则并进行了系统分析与设计。研究采用将系统分化为子系统的设计方法 ,可以更方便的增加信息 ,增强功能 ,保证系统的可持续发展性。该区域决策支持系统的设计方法和结构框架对其他环境信息系统开发与设计具有借鉴意义。