Effects of Different Analog Water-soluble Fertilizers on Flue-cured Tobacco

This study aimed to investigate the application effect of analog water-soluble fertilizer as an alternative of flue-cured tobacco-specific topdressing fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted, and the dry matter accumulation, intrinsic chemical composition, smoking quality and economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco were compared between analog water-soluble fertilizer and conventional fertilizer, The results showed compared with conventional fertilizer, analog water-soluble fertilizer increased the dry matter accumulation in flue-cured tobacco by 4.90%-16.70%, increased the yield of flue-cured tobacco by 6%-15%, and increased the output of flue-cured tobacco by 5%-14%. In terms of chemical composition, the flue-cured tobacco applied with analog water-soluble fertilizer was better than that applied with conventional fertilizer, except the nicotine content in the upper leaves, the potassium content in the middle leaves and the reducing sugar content. The smoking quality of both the upper and middle leaves of flue-cured tobacco in the analog water-soluble fertilizer treatment groups was better than that in the conventional fertilizer treatment group. In short, analog water-soluble fertilizer was better than conventional fertilizer, with advantages of lower cost （reduced by 381.60 yuan/hm2）, lower application amount （reduced by 165 kg/hm2） and higher utilization efficiency.

Screening Test of Water-soluble Fertilizers for Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to find water-soluble fertilizers( WSFs) suitable for watermelon cultivation in Hainan area.[Methods] The effects of three WSFs on watermelon yield and quality were studied.[Results]Fahai·Jiabao WSF improved watermelon yield by 7.87% compared with the CK,and showed a net increase of income of 538.4 yuan/667 m^2.And it could significantly improve soluble sugar,Vc and protein contents,and could effectively reduce nitrate content.[Conclusions]Fahai·Jiabao WSF is the optimal WSF for integration of water and fertilizer,and has the market prospect of large-area application and extension.

Evaluation of Application Effect of Silicon-containing Water-soluble Fertilizer on Fast Vegetables

[Objectives]The study aims to verify the application effect of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer on fast vegetables.[Methods]Two vegetable crops,rape and lettuce,were studied,and three treatments were set up,including treatment 1(conventional fertilization+foliar spraying of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer,treatment 2(conventional fertilization+foliar spraying of the same amount of clear water),and treatment 3(conventional fertilization).[Results]The yield of lettuce and rape in treatment 1 increased by 15.1%and 8.6%,respectively;compared with treatment 3,the yield of lettuce and rape rose by 18.6%and 10.9%,respectively.Variance analysis shows that the F values of lettuce and rape were 20.938 and 35.372,respectively,and the differences among various treatments were extremely significant.[Conclusions]The application of silicon-containing water-soluble fertilizer on lettuce and rape significantly increased their yield.

Preparation and characterization of controlled-release fertilizers coated with marine polysaccharide derivatives

Encapsulation of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers by membranes can be used to control the release of nutrients to maximize the fertilization ef fect and reduce environmental pollution.In this research,we formulated a new double-coated controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)by using food-grade microcrystalline wax(MW)and marine polysaccharide derivatives(calcium alginate and chitosan-glutaraldehyde copolymer).The pellets of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer were coated with the marine polysaccharide derivatives and MW.A convenient and eco-friendly method was used to prepare the CRF.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products.The nitrogen-release properties were determined in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The controlled-release properties of the fertilizer were improved dramatically after coating with MW and the marine polysaccharide derivatives.The results show that the double-coated CRFs can release nitrogen in a controlled manner,have excellent controlled-release features,and meet the European Standard for CRFs.

Potential of Wood Ash as a Fertilizer in BRS PiatãGrass Cultivation in the Brazilian Cerrado Soil

Utilizing wood ash as a fertilizer in agriculture is a viable alternative to the soil nutrients absorbed by the crops. The aim of this study was to assess the phytometric and productive features of Brachiaria brizantha (cv. BRS Piatã) fertilized with wood ash in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse, adopting a completely randomized design, and applying five rates of wood ash (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g·dm-3) with five replicates. The shoot plant parts were subjected to three successive cuts 30-day intervals each. The results were submitted to the analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% probability. The wood ash rates between 13 to 17 g·dm-3 clearly produced the best results for plant height (102.24, 84.42 and 63.27 cm), leaf/stem ratio (1.61, 1, 78 and 1.94), and chlorophyll index (46.66, 41.93 and 38.39), respectively, during the first, second and third evaluations. A 94% increase in the shoot dry mass (2nd and 3rd evaluations) and root parts was noted for the wood ash rate of 20 g·dm-3, compared with the treatment involving wood ash fertilization. Wood ash affects the phytometric features, increases the chlorophyll concentration and thus the BRS Piatãgrass production in the Oxisol of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Improved dissolution of Kaempferia parviflora extract for oral administration by preparing solid dispersion via solvent evaporation

Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the family Zingiberaceae, has been used in Thai traditional medicines for treating hypertension and promoting longevity with good health and wellbeing. However, its limited aqueous solubility and low dissolution restrict its bioavailability.The aim of the study was therefore to improve the dissolution rate of K. parviflora extracted with dichloromethane(KPD) by solid dispersions. Different water-soluble polymers were applied to improve dissolution of KPD. The solid dispersions in different ratios were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Only hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol grafted copolymer(PVA-co-PEG) could be used to produce homogeneous, powdered solid dispersions. Physical characterization by scanning electron microscopy, hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, in comparison with corresponding physical mixtures, showed the changes in solid state during the formation of solid dispersions. Dissolution of a selected marker,5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone(TMF), from KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was significantly improved, compared with pure KPD. The dissolution enhancement by solid dispersion was influenced by both type and content of polymers. The stability of KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was also good after 6-month storage in both longterm and accelerated conditions. These results identified that the KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVAco-PEG solid dispersions were an effective new approach for pharmaceutical application of K. parviflora.

Technology of comprehensive disposal and utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW)

The project for treating MSW of 200 tons each day was built in Yibin, Sichuan Province of China. The disposal processes are: separation and selection of usable resources; compost and fermentation of “heavy” organic waste (kitchen, garden composting rubbish); incineration of “light” waste (plastic, paper, wood and bamboo etc.) and landfill of inorganic waste. The thermal energy generated in the process can be used as 1/3 of the whole energy for drying fertilizers. In the process, there is no wastewater drainage, and air emissions can be effectively controlled by a series of measures. The sanitary and environmental indicators of disposal site meet the national standards. This project has worked well for two years. It not only disposes of and reduces the MSW, but also retrieves the resource effectively. The organic fertilizer has been applied in the ten thousand acres of fields, with productivity increase by more than 10%.

Polymer-based nanoparticulate solid dispersions prepared by a modified electrospraying process

A modified electrospraying process is exploited to enhance the dissolution profiles of a poorly water-soluble drug. With polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a hydrophilic polymer matrix and ketoprofen (KET) as a model drug, polymer-drug composites in the form of nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. The surface morphologies, the physical status of the drug, and the drug-polymer interactions were studied using FESEM, DSC, XRD, and ATR-FTIR. FESEM observations demonstrated that the nanoparticles gradually decreased in size from 640 ± 350, to 530 ± 320, 460 ± 200 and 320 ± 160 nm as the KET content increased from 0, to 9.1%, 16.7% and 33.3% w/w, respectively. Results from DSC and XRD suggested that KET was distributed in the PVP matrix in an amorphous manner at the molecular level. This is thought to be due to their compatibility, arising through hydrogen bonding as demonstrated by ATR- FTIR spectra. In vitro dissolution tests showed that the nanoparticles released the incorporated KET within 1 min, evidencing markedly improved dissolution over pure KET and a KET-PVP physical mixture. Electrospraying can hence offer a facile route to develop new polymer composites for biomedical applications, in particular for improving dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Development and characterization of nifedipine-amino methacrylate copolymer solid dispersion powders with various adsorbents

Solid dispersions of nifedipine(NDP), a poorly water-soluble drug, and amino methacrylate copolymer(AMCP) with aid of adsorbent, that is, fumed silica, talcum, calcium carbonate,titanium dioxide, and mesoporous silica from rice husks(SRH), were prepared by solvent method. The physicochemical properties of solid dispersions, compared to their physical mixtures, were determined using powder X-ray diffractometry(PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The surface morphology of the prepared solid dispersions was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The dissolution of NDP from solid dispersions was compared to NDP powders. The effect of adsorbent type on NDP dissolution was also examined. The dissolution of NDP increased with the ratio of NDP:AMCP:adsorbent of 1:4:1 when compared to the other formulations. As indicated from PXRD patterns, DSC thermograms and SEM images, NDP was molecularly dispersed within polymer carrier or in an amorphous form, which confirmed the better dissolution of solid dispersions. Solid dispersions containing SRH provided the highest NDP dissolution, due to a porous nature of SRH, allowing dissolved drug to fill in the pores and consequently dissolve in the medium.The results suggested that solid dispersions containing adsorbents(SRH in particular) demonstrated improved dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug when compared to NDP powder.

生防枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1固体发酵工艺条件优化

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Czk1是一株具广谱拮抗、促生和诱导植株产生抗病性的根际益生菌。为了全面资源化利用农业废弃物中的有机养分和促进对植物土传病害的生物防治,本研究以Czk1为研究对象,以鸡粪为底肥,分别利用玉米秸秆、菌糠、椰糠堆肥为原料,采用液固两相发酵工艺,以稀释平板菌落计数法测定活菌总数和芽孢数,经过单因素和正交试验方法,明确Czk1固体发酵物料的配方、工艺参数和培养条件。得出Czk1固体发酵的最优条件:最佳原料为菌糠鸡粪堆肥,Czk1接种重量为10%,黄豆粉添加量为10%,含水量为40%,发酵温度为37℃,翻抛1次/72h,在此条件下,Czk1菌株中的芽孢活菌数量总量可以达到8.63×10^(8)CFU/g,芽孢数为8.37×10^(8)CFU/g。其次,发酵效果较佳的原料为秸秆鸡粪堆肥,Czk1接种量为10%,添加5%黄豆粉,40%含水量,发酵温度为37℃,翻抛1次/72 h,此条件下,Czk1接种菌株中的活菌数量总量可达到6.53×10^(8)CFU/g,芽孢数为5.97×10^(8)CFU/g;另外,在此配方条件下再添加30%菌糠,Czk1菌株的活菌数量总量及芽孢数分别可达到8.70×10^(8)CFU/g和6.90×10^(8)CFU/g。4种发酵生物肥原料的理化性质测定表明,其有机质含量、碳氮比均有较大差异,其中以鸡粪为原料其pH、全磷和全钾含量均最高,碳氮比最低,氮、磷、钾总含量均高于秸秆、椰糠和菌糠;秸秆为原料其电导率、有机质含量最高;椰糠为原料其全氮含量最高,菌糠为原料碳氮比最高。不同鸡粪与菌糠、秸秆及椰糠组合的生物有机肥的种子发芽指数均大于80%。因此,枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1具有良好的开发利用价值,选择合适的发酵生产条件可将农业废弃物制备出高质量的生物有机肥。

化肥减量配施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

为探讨增施鱼蛋白有机液肥替代化肥的效果,以每667m^(2)施用高钾水溶肥5.0kg为对照,设置每667 m^(2)施用高钾水溶肥3.5 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L、高钾水溶肥0.5kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0L这3个化肥减量处理,比较分析化肥减量增施鱼蛋白有机液肥对番茄生长、产量和果实性状及可溶性固形物含量的影响。结果表明:在每667m^(2)施用5.0L鱼蛋白有机液肥的情况下,减少水溶肥用量会降低番茄的株高、叶长和叶宽,但促进了茎粗、果实纵横径的生长,其中不同处理的果实纵径差异不显著,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量随水溶肥用量的减少先升高再降低,以每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥3.5 kg和2.0 kg的果形指数最大,但与其他处理没有显著差异。不同处理的平均单穗坐果数没有显著差异,单果质量和果实纵横径的变化趋势一致,每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥0.5 kg的小区产量最大。因此,在追求产量的情况下,果实膨大至采收前以每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥+0.5 kg鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L的肥料配比最适合生产;如果追求品质,每667 m^(2)每次追施高钾水溶肥2.0 kg+鱼蛋白有机液肥5.0 L的肥料配比有利于生产,比对照果实可溶性固形物含量可提高5.8%,667 m^(2)产量提高17.2%。

缓释肥料棒对香蕉生长、产量及品质的影响

为了研究缓释肥料棒对香蕉生长、产量和品质的影响,设置常规施肥、缓释肥料棒、缓释肥料棒减施20%(80%缓释肥料棒)和对照(不施肥)等4个处理,比较分析各处理的香蕉株高、茎围、叶片数、养分积累量、产量与品质指标。结果表明,缓释肥料棒处理的香蕉叶片数较常规施肥显著增加6.55%,氮素积累量较常规施肥提高2.36%;80%缓释肥料棒处理磷、钾的积累量较常规施肥显著提高14.13%、24.40%。与常规施肥相比,缓释肥料棒处理能显著增加株产16.90%~17.63%,可食率显著提高6.46%~10.06%,但对香蕉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C含量无显著性影响。综合考虑,缓释肥料棒减施20%为供试条件下最优施肥处理。

侧深施肥装置三通管气固两相流仿真与试验

为探究气吹式侧深施肥装置三通管不同结构特征对气流和肥料颗粒运动的影响,通过理论分析,设计气流入口与出口轴线垂直的a型三通管、气流入口与出口轴线呈45°夹角的b型三通管、气流入口与出口同轴的c型三通管。在三通管内径为28 mm、通入气流速度为16.4 m/s、肥料颗粒流量为20 g/s的条件下,采用CFD-EDM耦合方式对不同管道内气流、压力、颗粒运动状态进行仿真分析。结果表明:气流经a、b、c三种类型三通管产生不同的流动效果,进而影响肥料颗粒运动特性,颗粒最大运动速度分别为1.99 m/s、2.94 m/s、2.07 m/s,期间颗粒产生最大碰撞力分别为0.05 N、0.13 N、0.34 N。通过验证试验对比表明,采用b型管侧深施肥装置排肥稳定性变异系数为0.81,肥料破损率为0.72%,施肥过程中无肥料堵塞。

温室大棚溶解混施智能施肥机设计与实现

为了实现固体水溶性肥料高效溶解与精准施肥,设计了一种温室大棚溶解混施智能施肥机,主要由肥料搅拌单元、供水单元、吸肥单元及控制单元组成,水肥配比采用模糊PID控制调节方式。首先,依据固体水溶性肥料的自身特点搭建带有肥料搅拌装置的施肥设备硬件系统;然后,根据施肥设备混肥特性,建立肥料EC值调控模型,设计PID控制器;最后,采用模糊控制方法自适应调节PID参数,提出模糊PID控制系统设计方法。试验结果表明:使用模糊PID控制策略能够显著提高系统性能,特别是在减少系统滞后时间和保持系统稳定性方面。

水产养殖固体废弃物有机肥对土壤肥效和蔬菜品质的影响

研究旨在探讨水产养殖固体废弃物作为有机肥料对土壤肥力和蔬菜品质的影响。通过田间小区试验,设置4个不同处理组,分别为不施肥+辣椒(CK1)、不施肥+番茄(CK2)、施鱼粪有机肥+辣椒(T_(1))、施鸡粪有机肥+辣椒(T_(2))、施鱼粪有机肥+番茄(T_(3))、施鸡粪有机肥+番茄(T_(4)),研究鱼粪有机肥施用对土壤肥力、辣椒和番茄生长及果实品质的影响。研究结果显示,与空白对照组相比,鱼粪有机肥可以显著增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、孔隙度等指标数值,从而增加土壤肥力,改善土壤物理结构,促进辣椒和番茄植株生长。同时鱼粪处理组蔬菜果实维生素C含量平均提高11.9%~24.0%、可溶性糖含量提高8.1%~16.7%,果实品质显著改善、营养价值提升。然而,与市售商品鸡粪有机肥相比,还需优化相关营养成分比例配置,尤其是提高速效钾含量。

液体硅肥对青脆李品质的影响

采用液体硅肥对青脆李树进行根部灌施和叶面喷施两种处理方式,果实成熟后测定其单果质量、可溶性固形物、硬度、糖组分、酸组分和维生素C含量。结果表明,施硅肥处理后单果质量、可溶性固形物、果糖和维生素C等品质指标较对照处理有明显提高,根部灌施有效硅34 g(0.4 kg硅肥)、叶面喷施有效硅1.92 g(16 mL硅肥)效果较优。

有机肥料种子发芽指数的影响因素分析

以不同品种有机肥料为考察对象,研究了有机肥浸提液的电导率、养分组成以及浸提固液比对种子发芽指数的影响。结果表明:种子发芽指数与浸提液的电导率呈负相关;氮素对种子发芽指数影响最大,钾素次之,磷素对种子发芽指数影响不大;降低浸提固液比,可以大幅提高种子发芽指数。

精准减量施肥灌溉对设施番茄产量和品质提升的效果

水肥是限制设施作物增产的关键因素,为了探究适宜京郊设施番茄优质高产的水肥管理模式,利用番茄各生长时期的需肥需水规律,实施水肥一体化精准灌溉策略,以常规灌溉施肥为对照,设置常规灌溉量(W2)和减量灌溉(W1)共2个灌溉水平,常规施肥量(FP)和减量施肥量(OPT)共2个施肥水平,共计4个处理组合,探究其对番茄产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:从生长指标来看,株高、茎粗、叶片长度和最大叶宽均以减量灌溉施肥处理1(OPT-W1)最高,且株高、叶片长度分别较常规灌溉施肥处理4(FP-W2)显著提高27.1%、12.3%。从果实品质来看,处理1较处理4显著提高了番茄的可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量,总酸含量也有所增加,同时显著降低了硝酸盐含量,表明减少灌溉与施肥量并不会影响番茄品质。在产量方面,以处理1最高,较处理4增产8.3%;在减量灌溉水平下,处理1较常规施肥量处理2(FP-W1)产量提高5.8%。在减量施肥水平下,常规灌溉量(处理3,OPT-W2)造成了番茄减产,而减量灌溉处理2增加了追肥次数和降低了灌溉量,却未造成番茄减产。就效益而言,常规施肥量(处理2和处理4)施肥成本是减量施肥(处理1和处理3)的5.2倍;与常规灌溉施肥处理4相比,其他处理均有增收,处理1纯收入最高,增收率19.8%,处理2与处理3的增收效果相近;虽然处理3出现了减产,但由于追肥成本低,故仍有增收。综上,推荐滴灌模式下的化肥投入量为347.3 kg/hm^(2)(N 121.2 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5) 32.0 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 194.1 kg/hm^(2)),同时配合在9—11月灌溉5~6次/月(每次灌溉量50~60 m^(3)/hm^(2))、12月—次年1月灌溉2~3次/月(每次灌溉量40 m^(3)/hm^(2))、2月灌溉4次/月(每次灌溉量70 m^(3)/hm^(2)),可以实现设施番茄的优质高产。

生物有机肥制备工艺优化及在水稻生产上的应用

开发生物有机肥并应用于农业生产中,不但可以提高土壤的有机质含量,改善土壤环境,而且还能促进作物的生长。为探索娄彻氏链霉菌(Streptomyces rochei)经济实用的固体发酵工艺,用95%食用菌渣和5%水稻秸秆作为原料混合发酵10 d后,接种5%娄彻氏链霉菌菌液,整个发酵周期50 d,发酵结束后,发酵料中的有效菌含量和发芽指数均符合生物有机肥国家标准。把该生物有机肥应用到水稻生产上,并测定水稻的分蘖数、千粒质量和产量。结果发现,与常规化肥(对照)相比,水稻的分蘖数、千粒质量和产量都有明显增加。施用生物有机肥300 kg/667 m^(2)的水稻分蘖数、千粒质量和产量比对照分别增加了32.0%、10.6%、17.6%。经济效益分析表明,施用生物有机肥200 kg/667 m^(2)的收益较好。随着生物有机肥施用量的增加,水稻的产量也随之提高,但经济效益并没有随之增加,因此,在实际生产中建议生物有机肥的用量以200 kg/667 m^(2)为宜。

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定有机肥料中四环素类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定有机肥料中四环素类抗生素的分析方法。样品经过Na_2EDTAMcllvaine-甲醇提取液提取,提取液用SAX串联HLB固相萃取小柱净化。采用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)进行分离,电喷雾正离子模式多反应监测(MRM)模式定量分析。化合物在5~100μg·L^(-1)范围中具有良好的线性,线性相关系数r>0.999,检出限为9~10μg·kg^(-1),加标回收率为59.1%~70.7%。实验结果表明,该方法效率高、灵敏度高,准确度好,能够满足有机肥料中四环素类抗生素的检测需求。