Influence of Ni interlayer on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/AZ91D bimetals fabricated by a solid–liquid compound casting process

The solid–liquid compound casting of Mg-AZ91D and Ti-TC4 alloys was developed by using pure Ni electro-deposited coating.The pouring temperatures of 660℃,690℃,720℃and 750℃were chosen to investigated the effects of casting temperatures on microstructural evolution,properties,and fracture behaviors of Ni-coated TC4/AZ91D bimetals by the solid–liquid compound casting(SLCC).The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and the energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)results showed that the interfacial zone mainly composed of nickel,Mg_(2)Ni and Mg-Al-Ni in the bimetals cast at 660℃.As the pouring temperature was increased to 750℃,the width of the interface zone,which mainly composed ofδ(Mg),Mg_(2)Ni,Mg-Al-Ni,Mg_(3)TiNi_(2) and Al_(3)Ni,gradually increased.The microhardness tests showed that the micro-hardness of the interface zone was smaller than that of TC4 substrate but larger than that of the cast AZ91D matrix.At the pouring temperature of 720℃,the Ni-coated TC4/AZ91D bimetals had the most typical homogeneous interface,which had granular Mg-Al-Ni ternary phase but no ribbon-like Al3Ni binary phase,and achieved the highest shear strength of 97.35MPa.Meanwhile,further fracture behavior analysis showed that most fracture failure of Ni-coated TC4/AZ91D bimetals occurred at the Mg_(2)Ni+δ(Mg)eutectic structure and Al_(3)Ni hard intermetallic.

Solid liquid Mixed Casting of Al-Si Alloy

The paper presents a novel material preparation technology—Solid liquid mixed casting technology. In the technology, large amounts of homogeneous alloy powder or heterogenous powder with perfect wettability are added into the superheated melt. After strong agitation, the mixed melt can be cast or hot processed. Applying solid liquid mixed casting, three kinds of Al Si alloys were investigated. The results show that, when the mass of powder accession to alloy melt is about 1, the mean size of primary Si in hyper eutectic alloy can be controlled at less than 5 μm; and the mean grain size of α phase in hypo eutectic alloy is less than 10 μm. This technology has the advantage of preparing material with very fine microstructure by fairly simple casting process, and may be a new practicable and valuable metal preparation technology.

Mathematical Modelling of Particle Movement Ahead of the Solid-liquid Interface in Continuous Casting

Whether the particle will be trapped by the solid-liquid interface or not is dependent on its moving behavior ahead of the interface, so a mathematical model has been developed to investigate the movement of the particle ahead of the solid-liquid interface. Based on the theory for the boundary layer, the fluid velocity field near the solid-liquid interface was obtained, and the trajectories of particles were calculated by the equations of motion for particles. In this model, the drag force, the added mass force, the buoyance force, the gravitational force, the Saffman force and the Basset history force are considered. The results show that the behavior of the particle ahead of the solid-liquid interface is affected by the physical property of the particle and fluid flow. And in the continuous casting process, if it moves in the stream directed upward or downward near vertical solid-liquid interface or in the horizontal flow under the solid-liquid interface, the particle with the diameter from 5 um to 60um can reach the solid-liquid interface. But if it moves in horizontal flow above the solid-liquid interface, only the particle with the diameter from 5 um to 10 um can reach the solid-liquid interface.

RESEARCH ON METHOD TO CALCULATE VELOCITIES OF SOLID PHASE AND LIQUID PHASE IN DEBRIS FLOW

Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham＇s rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold＇s testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation.

Treatment of discontinuous interface in liquid-solid forming with extended finite element method

Extended finite element method(XFEM) is proposed to simulate the discontinuous interface in the liquid-solid forming process.The discontinuous interface is an important phenomenon happening in the liquid-solid forming processes and it is difficult to be simulated accurately with conventional finite element method(CFEM) because it involves solid phase and liquid phase simultaneously.XFEM is becoming more and more popular with the need of solving the discontinuous problem happening in engineering field.The implementation method of XFEM is proposed on Abaqus code by using UEL(user element) with the flowchart.The key is to modify the element stiffness in the proposed method by using UEL on the platform of Abaqus code.In contrast to XFEM used in the simulation of solidification,the geometrical and physical properties of elements were modified at the same time in our method that is beneficial to getting smooth interface transition and precise analysis results.The analysis is simplified significantly with XFEM.

Multi-scale Simulation on Bonding Mechanism of Solid-Liquid Cast-Rolling of Cu/Al Cladding Strip based on FEM and MD

To explore the complex thermal-mechanical-chemical behavior in the solid-liquid cast-roll bonding(SLCRB) of Cu/Al cladding strip, numerical simulations were conducted from both macro and micro scales. In macro-scale, with birth and death element method, a thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model(FEM) was set up to explore the temperature and contact pressure distribution at the Cu/Al bonding interface in the SLCRB process. Taking these macro-scale simulation results as boundary conditions, we simulated the atom diffusion law of the bonding interface by molecular dynamics(MD) in micro-scale. The results indicate that the temperature in Cu/Al bonding interface deceases from 700 to 320 ℃ from the entrance to the exit of caster, and the peak of contact pressure reaches up to 140 MPa. The interfacial diffusion thickness depends on temperature and rolling reduction, higher temperature results in larger thickness, and the rolling reduction below kiss point leads to significant elongation deformation of cladding strip which yields more newborn interface with fresh metal and make the diffusion layer thinner. The surface roughness of Cu strip was found to be benefit to atoms diffusion in the Cu/Al bonding interface. Meanwhile, combined with the SEM-EDS observation on the microstructure and composition in the bonding interface of the experimental samples acquired from the castrolling bite, it is revealed that the rolling reduction and severe elongation deformation in the solid-solid contact zone below kiss point guarantee the satisfactory metallurgical bonding with thin and smooth diffusion layer. The bonding mechanisms of reactive diffusion, mechanical interlocking and crack bonding are proved to coexist in the SLCRB process.

Coupling of discrete-element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics for liquid-solid flows

Particle based methods can be used for both the simulations of solid and fluid phases in multiphase medium, such as the discrete-element method for solid phase and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics for fluid phase. This paper presents a computational method combining these two methods for solid-liquid medium. The two phases are coupled by using an improved model from a reported Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The technique is verified by simulating liquid-solid flows in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity.

Numerical simulation of liquid core reduction in thin-slab continuous casting

Thin-slab continuous casting and rolling technology is a process integrating casting and plastic deformation. In this study,targeting actions such as slab deformation and liquid core flows during the process of liquid core reduction on thin-slab continuous casting, suggests the fluid-solid coupling method should be used to research the characteristic and patterns of slab deformation during the liquid core reduction process, as well as research liquid core backflows. A material model of the slab shell was obtained through the high-temperature compression test of the cast steel. The analysis of the fluid-solid coupling simulation for liquid core reduction shows that slab deformation concentrates on the narrow side due to the existence of the liquid core. Meanwhile,the stress and strain increases with the increase of the reduction rate and slab thickness. The changing trends of stress and strain are identical under various conditions. The results demonstrate that using greater reduction at the upper part of the slab, which has a higher temperature and thinner slab,is beneficial to the quality of the slab. Moreover,the liquid core is extruded as the reduction is implemented. The quantity of the extrusion increases with the increase of reduction rate and the thickness of thinner shell, which leads to fluctuation of the mould level, making the operation more difficult.

LIQUID-SOLID COUPLED SYSTEM OF MICROPUMP

This paper employs the integral-averaged method of thickness to approximate the periodical flows in a piezoelectric micropump, with a shallow water equation including nonlinearity and viscous damp presented to characterize the flows in micropump. The finite element method is used to obtain a matrix equation of fluid pressure. The fluid pressure equation is combined with the vibration equation of a silicon diaphragm to construct a liquid-solid coupled equation for reflecting the interaction between solid diaphragm and fluid motion in a micropump. Numerical results of a mode analysis of the coupled system indicate that the natural frequencies of the coupled system are much lower than those of the non-coupled system. The influence of additional mass and viscous damp of fluid on the natural frequencies of the coupled system is more significant as the pump thickness is small. It is found that the vibration shape functions of silicon diaphragm of the coupled system are almost the same as those of the non-coupled system. This paper also gives the first-order amplitude-frequency relationship of the silicon diaphragm, which is necessary for the flow-rate-frequency analysis of a micropump.

Lattice Boltzmann study of the interaction between a single solid particle and a thin liquid film

The isothermal single-component multi-phase lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)combined with the particle motion model is used to simulate the detailed process of liquid film rupture induced by a single spherical particle.The entire process of the liquid film rupture can be divided into two stages.In Stage 1,the particle contacts with the liquid film and moves into it due to the interfacial force and finally penetrates the liquid film.Then in Stage 2,the upper and lower liquid surfaces of the thin film are driven by the capillary force and approach to each other along the surface of the particle,resulting in a complete rupture.It is found that a hydrophobic particle with a contact angle of 106.7°shows the shortest rupture duration when the liquid film thickness is less than the particle radius.When the thickness of the liquid film is greater than the immersed depth of the particle at equilibrium,the time of liquid film rupture caused by a hydrophobic particle will be increased.On the other hand,a moderately hydrophilic particle can form a bridge in the middle of the liquid film to enhance the stability of the thin liquid film.

UNITIVE ANALYSIS SCHEMES ON PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE MOVING BOUNDARIES WITH 3-D LIQUID-SOLID MULTIPLE NONLINEAR COUPLING FOR UPLIFT OF ANCHOREDLIQUID STORAGE TANKS

In the paper, 3-D analysis method with unitive schemes is set up, which is used to resolve the uplift with multiple moving boundaries and multiple nonlinear coupling for anchored liquid storage tanks. hi it, an algorithm of quasi-harmonious finite elements for arbitrary quadrilateral of thin plates and shells is built up to analyze the multiple coupling problems of general thin plates and shells structures with three dimensions, the complementary equations for analyzing uplifting moving boundary problems are deduced. The axial symmetry and presumption of beam type mode are not used. In it, an algorithm is put forward for analyzing the Navier-Stokes problems of unsteady, three-dimensional, and viscous liquid with sloshing of moving boundary surfaces in large amplitude under ALE frame by scheme of time-split-steps to which linear potential theory is not applied. The algorithms can be used to analyze the solid-liquid multiple nonlinear coupling problems with 3-D moving boundary with friction in multiple places.

基于ProCAST的支座件熔模铸造浇注系统设计

熔模铸造工艺开发需要开展大量的试制实验,其工艺研发成本高、周期久。论文基于支座件的试制结果提出了3套工艺优化方案,利用数值模拟软件ProCAST对优化方案的温度场与缺陷分布进行模拟分析并最终确定了可行工艺方案。试制结果表明,优化后的工艺方案可以使支座件实现自底向上的顺序凝固,可以得到无缺陷的铸件。

Fabrication and Characterization of Au Nanoparticle-aggregated Nanowires by Using Nanomeniscus-induced Colloidal Stacking Method

We fabricate and characterize Au nanoparticle-aggregated nanowires by using the nano meniscus-induced colloidal stacking method. The Au nanoparticle solution ejects with guidance of nanopipette/quartz tuning fork-based atomic force microscope in ambient conditions, and the stacking particles form Au nanoparticle-aggregated nanowire while the nozzle retracts from the surface. Their mechanical properties with relatively low elastic modulus are in situ investigated by using the same apparatus.

转轮及导叶流域固液两相流研究

为了研究灯泡贯流式机组内流状态和磨损规律基于欧拉-欧拉法中的Particle非均匀相模型,对不同固相直径、浓度、导叶开度下水轮机固液两相流工况进行计算。结果表明,固相高浓度区集中在转轮域和尾水管进口处,且随着固相直径和浓度的增加而增加。随着固相直径和浓度的增加,导叶域表面压力、固相速度、固相浓度分布均增加,导叶背面更易发生磨损。在转轮域,固相高浓度区分布在叶片正面轮毂处和进水边,叶片背面整体固相浓度分布较高,且表面固相速度、浓度分布与固相直径和入口浓度呈正相关。

井下巷道喷浆过程产尘的运移及分布特性

煤矿井下全气动喷浆技术的喷射过程涉及浆体基料、喷雾作用与周围空气等,是典型的气、液、固三相流。基于CFD-DPM方法,采用欧拉双流体模型模拟气相和水相,采用拉格朗日模型追踪喷浆过程产生的粉尘,研究了多种工况喷雾作用下粉尘的扩散过程,分析了粉尘运移及分布特性,获得了喷雾角度与流量对粉尘分布的影响规律。喷射角度的变化对粉尘扩散的影响主要集中在中下部区域,控制喷雾流量可有效降低区域粉尘,为合理降尘、提高喷射效率提供了理论支持。

面向短时/断续工作制的电机系统固–液相变热管理技术及应用发展

固–液相变现象表现出的潜热特性可有效平抑瞬时温升,将其应用于航天航空、奔越式机器人、新能源汽车、数控机床等电机热管理系统,可有效提高短时工作制或断续周期性工作制(S2—S8)下运行的伺服电驱动系统的瞬态性能。为了总结归纳固–液相变材料的电机系统热管理技术及其应用现状,该文针对固–液相变材料特性、系统数值计算与仿真模拟、样机实验测试方法、相变热管理系统结构等4个方面开展调研,并提出亟待解决的关键技术问题。研究发现:目前阶段石蜡和低温熔盐是适合电机系统的最佳相变介质,但仍存在导热系数较低的问题,需通过改性强化解决;通过机壳灌注相变材料,可有效实现温升平抑,但尚缺乏有针对性的热路拓扑设计;采用焓–多孔方法是模拟相变过程的理想手段,但糊状区参数的取值缺乏理论指导;最后,固–液相变过程的测试中侵入式传感器易对电磁、热、流场的自然演变过程产生干扰。

具有表面张力的流体与运动固体耦合仿真方法

为了提高固液耦合的真实性,提出一种基于物质点法的具有表面张力的流体与运动固体的交互方法.首先使用物质点法仿真框架进行流体仿真,在构建水平集隐式表面并重采样流体表面粒子之后使用连续表面力模型进行流体表面张力的计算;然后通过网格标记定位流体的自由表面与固液接触面,使表面张力计算更加准确;最后使用不同的背景网格分别存储流体和固体的速度场,使用冲量进行碰撞计算,以解决物质点法固液耦合时固有的黏附现象.实验结果表明,所提方法能够更真实地表现流体与运动固体耦合时的细节.

铝钢双金属液固复合铸造研究现状

随着资源短缺、环境污染等问题日益凸显,节能减排成为全世界追逐的目标,汽车工业中用轻质铝合金代替传统的钢或铸铁的趋势越来越明显。铝钢双金属兼具铝合金和钢或铸铁的性能优势,是极具潜力的缸体、活塞等发动机零部件材料。双金属复合铸造因具有工艺简单、结构受限小等优点而被广泛关注。铝钢液固双金属复合铸造的主要挑战包括基体表面易氧化、Al对Fe润湿性差和界面处形成硬脆金属间化合物,导致双金属结合性能不理想。近年来,研究人员在提高铝钢液固复合铸造双金属界面结合强度方面开展了大量研究。本文对常用的铝钢液固复合铸造工艺及其质量影响因素进行了概括,并总结了近年来铝钢液固复合铸造双金属界面相组成和演变过程的研究现状,最后对铝钢液固复合铸造在提高界面结合强度方面的研究进展进行了综述。在此基础上,本文对铝钢双金属液固复合铸造未来研究和发展方向进行了总结和展望。

液-固耦合的熔铸装药颗粒运动特性

为了研究熔铸装药凝固过程中颗粒运动特性,以含铝的DNAN基混合炸药为对象,基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立了三维非稳态液-固两相流模型,分析了铝粉颗粒在熔融态炸药中的运动规律,研究了熔融态炸药表观黏度和铝粉颗粒大小对颗粒运动的影响。结果表明,凝固过程初期铝粉颗粒整体保持向下运动趋势,随着熔融态炸药内部形成温度梯度以及环流的产生,在受冷凝固区域会形成中部颗粒上浮、四周颗粒下沉的运动现象,而在未受冷区域会形成中部颗粒下沉、四周颗粒向上的运动现象,最终导致颗粒分布不均,影响成型炸药的组分均匀性;同时发现铝粉颗粒直径越大,熔融态炸药表观黏度对颗粒运动速度影响越大,随着颗粒变小,表观黏度的影响减弱。说明对于含铝DNAN基炸药,根据炸药黏度范围合理匹配铝粉颗粒大小会有效防止发生铝粉颗粒沉降现象。

牛奶中四环素类药物残留检测技术研究进展

四环素类药物(tetracyclines,TCs)是一种广谱抗生素,常用于治疗奶牛疾病,但使用不当易导致药物残留,影响牛奶品质与食用安全。目前,快捷、高效、一次可检测多种药物是兽药残留分析技术的发展方向。笔者综述了牛奶TCs残留分析技术中常见的样品前处理、纯化和药物测定方法,包括液-液萃取(liquid-liquid extraction,LLE)和液-液微萃取(liquid-liquid micro extraction,LLME)等前处理方法,液-液分配(liquid-liquid partition,LLP)、固相萃取(solid-phase extraction,SPE)、QuEChERS等纯化方法,以及薄层色谱(thin-layer chromatography,TLC)法、化学发光(chemiluminescence,CL)法、毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis,CE)法、高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法、液相色谱串联质谱(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)法、免疫分析法、分光光度法和电化学分析法等药物测定方法,分析了各种方法的优缺点,旨在为牛奶中TCs残留检测提供参考。