Lattice Boltzmann simulation of the effects of cavity structures and heater thermal conductivity on nucleate boiling heat transfer

The boiling heat transfer technology with cavity surfaces can provide higher heat flux under lower wall superheat,which is of great significance for the cooling of electronic chips and microelectromechanical devices.In this paper,the boiling characteristics of the cavity surfaces are investigated based on the lattice Boltzmann(LB)method,focusing on the effects of cavity shapes,sizes,and heater thermal conductivity on the heat transfer performance.The results show that the triangular cavity has the best boiling performance since it has less residual vapor and higher bubble departure frequency than those of the trapezoidal and rectangular cavities.As the cavity size increases,the enhancement of heat transfer by the cavity mouth is suppressed by the heat accumulation effect at the heater bottom.The liquid rewetting process during bubble departure is the reason for the fluctuation of the space-averaged heat flux,and the heater thermal conductivity determines the fluctuation amplitude.The evaporation of liquid in the cavity with high thermal conductivity walls is more intense,resulting in shorter waiting time and higher bubble departure frequency.

CONJUGATE MODEL FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF POROUS WALL IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS FLOW

Heat and mass transfer of a porous permeable wall in a high temperature gas dynamical flow is considered. Numerical simulation is conducted on the ground of the conjugate mathematical model which includes filtration and heat transfer equations in a porous body and boundary layer equations on its surface. Such an approach enables one to take into account complex interaction between heat and mass transfer in the gasdynamical flow and in the structure subjected to this flow. The main attention is given to the impact of the intraporous heat transfer intensity on the transpiration cooling efficiency.

Numerical Study of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Cooling the Circuit Board

In this paper, a 3D model of a flat circuit board with a heat generating electronic chip mounted on it has been studied numerically. The conjugate heat transfer including the conduction in the chip and convection with the surrounding fluid has been investigated numerically. Computational fluid dynamics using the finite volume method has been used for modeling the conjugate heat transfer through the chip and the circuit board. Conjugate heat transfer has broad applications in engineering and industrial applications in design of cooling off electronic components. Effects of various inlet velocities have been studied on the heat transfer variation and temperature of the circuit board. Numerical results show that the temperature of the chip reduces as the velocity of the inlet fluid flow increases.

Accurate prediction of the critical heat flux for pool boiling on the heater substrate

While the influence of liquid qualities,surface morphology,and operating circumstances on critical heat flux(CHF)in pool boiling has been extensively studied,the effect of the heater substrate has not.Based on the force balance analysis,a theoretical model has been developed to accurately predict the CHF in pool boiling on a heater substrate.An analytical expression for the CHF of a heater substrate is obtained in terms of the surface thermophysical property.It is indicated that the ratio of thermal conductivity(k)to the product of density(ρ)and specific heat(cp)is an essential substrate property that influences the CHF.By modifying the well-known force-balance-based CHF model(Kandlikar model),the thermal characteristics of the substrate are taken into consideration.The bias of predicted CHF values are within 5%compared with the experimental results.

Conjugate heat transfer investigations of turbine vane based on transition models

The accurate simulation of boundary layer transition process plays a very important role in the prediction of turbine blade temperature field. Based on the Abu-Ghannam and Shaw （AGS） and c-Re h transition models, a 3D conjugate heat transfer solver is developed, where the fluid domain is discretized by multi-block structured grids, and the solid domain is discretized by unstructured grids. At the unmatched fluid/solid interface, the shape function interpolation method is adopted to ensure the conservation of the interfacial heat flux. Then the shear stress transport （SST） model, SST ＆ AGS model and SST ＆ c-Re h model are used to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Mark II turbine vane. The results indicate that compared with the full turbulence model （SST model）, the transition models could improve the prediction accuracy of temperature and heat transfer coefficient at the laminar zone near the blade leading edge. Compared with the AGS transition model, the c-Re h model could predict the transition onset location induced by shock/boundary layer interaction more accurately, and the prediction accuracy of temperature field could be greatly improved.

Evaluation and development of a predictive model for conjugate phase change heat transfer of energy storage system partially filled with porous media

The present study proposes a predictive model to explore the effect of partially filled porous media on the con-jugate heat transfer characteristic of phase change material(PCM)with interfacial coupling conditions between pure fluid region and porous region.The enthalpy-porosity method,local thermal non-equilibrium model and Darcy-Forchheimer law are comprehensively considered to describe the convective heat transfer process in porous media.The modified model is then validated by benchmark data provided by particle image velocimetry(PIV)ex-periments.The phase change behavior,heat transfer efficiency and energy storage performance are numerically investigated for different partial porous filling strategies in terms of filling content,position,height of porous foam and inclination angles of cavity.The results indicate that due to the resistance in porous region,the shear stress exerted by the main vortex(natural convection)in pure fluid region and the momentum transferred,a secondary vortex phenomenon appears in the porous region near the fluid/porous interface.Moreover,such dis-continuity of permeability and fluid-to-porous thermal conductivity results in the cusp of phase change interface at the horizontal fluid/porous boundary.Among four partial porous filling cases,the lower porous filling one has more desirable heat transfer performance,and the 3/4H lower porous filling configuration is the best solution for optimization of the latent heat thermal energy storage(LHTES)systems.For tilted cavity,the increase of inclination angle positively affects the heat transfer efficiency as well as the energy storage rate of the LHTES system,where the performance of 3/4H lower porous filling configuration is further highlighted.

基于膨胀效应的超临界CO_(2)类沸腾临界点模型

传热恶化是超临界流体(supercutical fluid,SCF)传热研究重要问题之一,但由于SCF在跨过拟临界点时,流体存在非平衡过程,类气和类液之间的转变对传热的影响尚没有统一认识.本文假设SCF在宏观上存在类似于亚临界流动沸腾现象,通过类比亚临界沸腾传热,认为超临界CO_(2)传热恶化原因之一是由于流体膨胀导致热量不能被及时从壁面被带走,并提出一个类沸腾临界点模型.结果表明:类沸腾引起的传热恶化发生在大温度梯度下,较大的温度梯度使类过热液层覆盖在壁面,并使类气和类液呈现不同的分布形式,从而表现出不同的传热特性;当内壁温高于拟临界温度时,覆盖在壁面的过热类液焓值超过一定值会发生传热恶化,提出的理论模型能够较好地解释实验结果,此外考虑类沸腾的传热关联式,预测精度大大提高.本文从理论上建立超临界和亚临界传热之间的联系,为SCF传热恶化研究提供了新思路,丰富了超临界压力下的传热理论.

基于参数化建模的涡轮叶片气热耦合分析方法研究

气冷涡轮的出现使得航空发动机涡轮前温度可以进一步提高,促进了高性能航空发动机的飞速发展。然而随着复杂的内部冲击、扰流强化换热、对流气膜、致密气膜喷淋等冷却形式在涡轮部件上得到应用,冷气与燃气之间的相互作用也越发复杂。为对复杂冷却涡轮叶片的流动和传热耦合影响进行快速、精细化评估,本文建立了一种参数化建模方法,针对GE E3高压涡轮一级导向器进行高保真几何建模和气热耦合仿真。分析结果表明,该参数化建模方法可实现复杂气冷涡轮叶片的高保真几何建模,获得较高的气热耦合计算精度。同时通过详细分析获得了大量的涡轮叶片内部流动换热细节,可支撑高温涡轮叶片的精细化设计。

液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器一、二次侧耦合传热数值研究

螺旋管蒸汽发生器是液态金属快堆中能量传递的核心设备,其运行的稳定性、安全性对核电站的运行有至关重要的影响。为此,本文构建了液态金属快堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器一次侧、二次侧耦合传热的三维数值模型,分别基于经济合作与发展组织核能署(The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD/NEA)物性手册和美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)数据库建立液态金属和水-水蒸气变物性计算关联式,采用Lee相变模型计算二次侧水-水蒸气蒸发过程中两相间的质量传递。基于实验数据,分别对本文模型一次侧传热以及二次侧传热的计算可靠性进行了验证。最后以铅铋快堆为例,研究了不同一次侧进口参数下蒸汽发生器一、二次侧之间的耦合传热特性,并与传统水冷堆进行了对比。结果表明:在同等条件下,相比于传统水冷堆,一次侧采用铅铋液态金属时,一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度明显提升,热流密度峰值可达1439.97 kW·m^(-2),比水冷堆相应数值提升5~6倍,这导致二次侧管内气相蒸发过程明显加剧,体积含气率急剧上升;同时,一、二次侧之间的沿程热流密度分布更加不均匀,沿程热流密度分布相对偏差值比水冷堆相应数值增大3~4倍。随着一次侧进口铅铋温度从350℃增大到450℃,一、二次侧之间的壁面热流密度随之增大,对应的热流密度峰值从950.7 kW·m^(-2)增大到1439.97 kW·m^(-2),提升约1.5倍,同时一、二次侧之间的沿程热流密度分布更加不均匀,不均匀度增大20%。

涡轮叶片气热耦合壁温及压力分布计算与分析

针对气冷涡轮叶片建立了耦合分析数值模拟计算平台,采用气热耦合的方法,对径向气冷MARKⅡ型叶片进行三维气热耦合数值模拟。分析了该内冷涡轮叶片的多场耦合特性,并将计算结果与试验值进行对比。对比结果表明:湍流模型的选择影响叶片表面的温度分布,但对叶片表面压力分布影响较小;在选择的6种湍流模型中,SSTk-ω湍流模型对该流场状态模拟的效果较好,叶片表面温度和压力与试验结果最接近,满足工程上的计算要求。考虑涡轮进口总温径向不均匀时,会在叶片尾缘形成局部高温区,增加了叶身的温度梯度,可适当改进冷却方式,以提高叶片强度。

基于Rohsenow关联式的池沸腾HTC预测修正模型

针对去离子水池沸腾传热系数(HTC)预测,当前理论研究主要是基于Rohsenow关联式,采用固定数值的方式对关联式中的经验参数进行优化。本文基于Rohsenow关联式,通过拟合法建立关联式中两个经验参数与过热度的联系,进而搭建了池沸腾HTC预测修正模型。与3组去离子水铜表面池沸腾实验结果对比,修正模型对HTC的预测平均误差为17.79%、5.35%、18.14%,优于Rohsenow关联式模型和Li关联式模型。研究工作可以为HTC的预测提供一定的理论帮助。

高压圆盘气体轴承轴对称模型的共轭传热分析

高压圆盘气体轴承流道间隙内高速气流的对流换热与轴承圆盘内部热传导紧密耦合在一起,是一个典型的共轭传热问题。为提高计算效率,采用二维轴对称模型,使用ANSYS ICEM网格划分软件对流体域和固体域进行结构网格划分;使用ANSYS Fluent数值模拟软件,计算了二维轴对称条件下高压圆盘气体轴承气膜对称线上的马赫数、静温分布,流固耦合面上的热流密度分布,以及轴承圆盘固体域的温度场。将二维计算结果同已有的三维模型计算结果做对比,二者基本吻合,可以很好地相互验证计算结果的可靠性;对进一步分析高压圆盘气体轴承更为复杂的其他热流固耦合问题,提供了简化思路。

Combustion modeling in a model combustor

The flow-field of a propane-air diffusion flame combustor with interior and exterior conjugate heat transfers was numerically studied.Results obtained from four combustion models,combined with the re-normalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model,discrete ordinates radiation model and enhanced wall treatment are presented and discussed.The results are compared with a comprehensive database obtained from a series of experimental measurements.The flow patterns and the recirculation zone length in the combustion chamber are accurately predicted,and the mean axial velocities are in fairly good agreement with the experimental data,particularly at downstream sections for all four combustion models.The mean temperature profiles are captured fairly well by the eddy dissipation(EDS),probability density function(PDF),and laminar flamelet combustion models.However,the EDS-finite-rate combustion model fails to provide an acceptable temperature field.In general,the flamelet model illustrates little superiority over the PDF model,and to some extent the PDF model shows better performance than the EDS model.

一种新的固液共轭沸腾传热LB模型

为了避免沸腾传热格子玻尔兹曼(LB)模型中因固液能量传递速率一致而导致的模拟误差,尝试性地将温度弛豫时间τT引入到固体和液体的物性参数λ、cp中,成功获得了不同的能量传递速率,得到了一种新的固液共轭沸腾传热格子玻尔兹曼伪势模型。在验证了模型的准确性、稳定性和合理性后,采用固液共轭传热模型和原始伪势模型对不同润湿性表面的沸腾传热过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:由于原始伪势模型忽视了固、液区域不同的传热能力,导致计算获得的气泡根部周围存在范围较大的低密度相变区,该区域的存在对气泡产生了额外相间作用力,大大改变了气泡的壁面接触角。而共轭传热模型通过引入温度弛豫时间函数实现了对固体和液体区域不同的热物理性质的表征,获得的低密度相变区范围很小,程度更低,壁面接触角更接近于设置的气泡接触角。在除超亲水表面外的其他润湿性表面,共轭传热模型获得的实际接触角的最大相对误差为8.6%,较原始伪势模型降低了9.8%,更能准确地描述实际的沸腾换热微观过程。

膜态沸腾的汽化成核与界面演化研究

与对流换热相比,沸腾传热通过相变汽化潜热带走更多热量,能显著提升换热能力。以CFD软件为技术手段,通过构建UDF函数以满足假定条件下膜态沸腾的气泡界面演化过程,采用VOF模型在微观层面对汽化成核与单气泡演化进行模拟研究。研究表明:气泡成核主要包含膨胀及拉伸两个阶段;气泡上升诱导形成的涡流增强了与周围的热质交换能力;液体表面张力及液体黏度增加会延长气泡脱离时间,且气泡直径增加。研究结果有助于深入理解膜态沸腾的换热机理,并可指导相关的相变传热工程应用。

基于有限元的流固共轭传热程序开发验证

为实现对共轭传热问题的仿真研究,本文基于有限元算法在MOOSE平台下开发一套用于流固共轭传热问题的计算程序。该程序采用传统连续伽辽金有限元法求解固体区域的结构传热问题,引入SUPG/PSPG稳定算法以解决流体对流-扩散方程中因对流占主导造成的振荡问题以及速度压力失耦问题,采用k-ω湍流模型进行湍流流动求解。对于全场的共轭传热问题,程序采用全耦合隐式格式进行求解。通过与文献中实验及理论结果对比,证明了该程序对于基本流动以及共轭传热问题计算的正确性。研究结果表明,程序计算结果与实验数据、DNS等结果表现出良好的一致性。本研究开发的程序具备不可压流动换热、固体传热、共轭传热等问题的计算能力。

先进微翅凹坑复合强化表面管外流动沸腾换热预测模型

采用实验方法对比制冷剂在3根强化管和1根光滑管外环形侧的流动沸腾换热和压降特性。实验采用的3根强化换热管分别是具有螺旋微翅片的换热管(HB管)、具有凹坑结构的换热管(DIM管)和同时具有螺旋微翅片和凹坑复合结构的换热管(DIM/HB管)。实验的饱和温度为6℃,质量流速范围是75~225 kg·(m^(2)·s)^(-1),进出口干度分别保持在0.2和0.8。从流动沸腾换热实验结果可以看出,具有复合结构的DIM/HB管展示出最高的换热系数,约为光滑管的1.54~2.23倍。但同时DIM/HB管也展示出相对较高的摩擦压降,约为光滑管的1.26倍。基于文献中2种经典的蒸发换热预测关联式分别对预测模型进行修正,通过比较发现,基于Thome关联式的修正预测模型拟合效果更好,误差可达10%以内。

发动机冷却水腔内沸腾传热的模拟研究

从单相流观点出发研究了两种计算过冷流动沸腾传热的思路:分区描述法和叠加计算法。提出了两个基于分区描述法的沸腾模型A和沸腾模型B;修正了基于叠加计算法的Chen沸腾模型和BDL沸腾模型中对流传热项的计算方法。利用这些沸腾模型进行了缸盖鼻梁区冷却水腔沸腾传热的数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:采用分区描述法和叠加计算法进行发动机冷却水腔内过冷流动沸腾传热计算均是可行且有效的方法;采用沸腾模型A和修正的BDL模型的预测精度比另两个沸腾模型要高;提高流速和过冷度均能强化沸腾传热的能力,提高压力后则在更高的壁面温度下才出现沸腾传热。

垂直圆管内液氮流动沸腾的理论模型及数值模拟

分析了液氮流动沸腾过程中气液两相间动量、能量以及质量的传输规律,建立了相应的理论模型,新模型重点修正了界面面积浓度和气泡挣脱直径的计算式;采用新建立的理论模型作为封闭方程对CFX-4.3中内建的双流体模型进行了修正,并采用修正后的双流体模型模拟了液氮在垂直圆管内的流动沸腾过程.数值模拟的结果与文献中的实验数据吻合较好,证明了本文所建模型的合理性.通过数值模拟发现,两相流参数分布的不均匀性对液氮流动沸腾过程中的热质传输特性有重要影响.

微通道内纳米制冷剂流动沸腾传热预测模型

以R141b制冷剂为基液,Al_2O_3为纳米颗粒,采用两步法制备了质量分数分别为0.2%、0.5%和0.8%的Al_2O_3-R141b纳米制冷剂,并进行了纳米制冷剂及R141b纯制冷剂在水力直径为1.33 mm的矩形微通道内流动沸腾传热实验。实验工况范围:饱和压力为176 k Pa,入口过冷度为6~12℃,体积流量为20~50 L/h,热流密度为11.1~26.6 k W/m^2。实验结果与7个纯工质传热模型、2个纳米制冷剂传热模型进行比较评价。结果发现,在本实验研究范围内,纯工质传热模型不适用于纳米制冷剂传热系数的预测;Peng-Ding纳米制冷剂传热模型与KimMudawar纯工质传热模型组合对纳米制冷剂传热系数的预测值最接近实验值,平均绝对误差为17.22%,且能较好地反映纳米颗粒对流动沸腾传热影响的规律;结合实验数据对Peng-Ding模型的纳米影响因子(纳米制冷剂与纯制冷剂的传热系数之比)关联式进行修正,新关联式具有较好的预测效果,平均绝对误差为15.2%,且与Bertsch模型的组合能较好地预测微通道内纳米制冷剂传热系数,平均绝对误差降为16.4%。