Mathematical Modelling of Particle Movement Ahead of the Solid-liquid Interface in Continuous Casting

Whether the particle will be trapped by the solid-liquid interface or not is dependent on its moving behavior ahead of the interface, so a mathematical model has been developed to investigate the movement of the particle ahead of the solid-liquid interface. Based on the theory for the boundary layer, the fluid velocity field near the solid-liquid interface was obtained, and the trajectories of particles were calculated by the equations of motion for particles. In this model, the drag force, the added mass force, the buoyance force, the gravitational force, the Saffman force and the Basset history force are considered. The results show that the behavior of the particle ahead of the solid-liquid interface is affected by the physical property of the particle and fluid flow. And in the continuous casting process, if it moves in the stream directed upward or downward near vertical solid-liquid interface or in the horizontal flow under the solid-liquid interface, the particle with the diameter from 5 um to 60um can reach the solid-liquid interface. But if it moves in horizontal flow above the solid-liquid interface, only the particle with the diameter from 5 um to 10 um can reach the solid-liquid interface.

Microstructure and fractal characteristics of the solid-liquid interface forming during directional solidification of Inconel 718

The solidification microstructure and fractal characteristics of the solid-liquid interfaces of Inconel 718,under different cooling rates during directional solidification,were investigated by using SEM. Results showed that 5 μm/s was the cellular-dendrite transient rate. The prime dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) was measured by Image Tool and it decreased with the cooling rate increased. The fractal dimension of the interfaces was calculated and it changes from 1.204310 to 1.517265 with the withdrawal rate ranging from 10 to 100 μm/s. The physical significance of the fractal dimension was analyzed by using fractal theory. It was found that the fractal dimension of the dendrites can be used to describe the solidification microstructure and parameters at low cooling rate,but both the fractal dimension and the dendrite arm spacing are needed in order to integrally describe the evaluation of the solidification microstructure completely.

Apparent Active Adsorption Force at a Solid-Liquid Interface with Active Adsorption

The paper presents a new relationship between the three surface tensions on the solid-liquid-vapor interface, γ_(sl)-γ_(sv)+γ_(lv)cosθ=βin order to understand the wetting on the liquid-solid interface in the case of active adsorption.The authors suggest a new force“apparent active adsorption force”βto take part in the balance at the three interface lines of contact in the solid-liquid-vapor phases,its dimen- sion isβ=Σα_iRT(Γ_i^(sl)-Γ_i^(sv)+Γ_i^(lv)cosθ),and its direction is dependent on the sign of β,whenβis a positive, the direction is agree with surface tension of the sol- id-vapor interface γ and vice versa.

Nanostructured lubricant additives for titanium alloy:Lubrication by the solid-liquid interface with Coulomb repulsion

In this work,the advantage of Coulomb repulsion in the intermolecular forces experienced by molecules on the solid–liquid nanosized contact interface is taken,and the superior friction-reducing property of Cu_(3)(PO_(4))2·3H_(2)O(CuP)oil-based additives has been confirmed for titanium alloy.Three-dimensional(3D)CuP nanoflowers(CuP-Fs)with a strong capillary absorption effect are prepared to achieve the homogeneous mixing of solid CuP and lubricating oil.Lubrication by CuP-Fs additives for titanium alloy,friction coefficient(COF)can be reduced by 73.68%,and wear rate(WR)reduced by 99.69%.It is demonstrated that the extraordinary friction-reducing property is due to the repulsive solid–liquid interface with low viscous shear force originating from Coulomb repulsion between polar water molecules in CuP and non-polar oil molecules.However,any steric hindrance or connection between this repulsive solid–liquid interface will trigger the adhesion and increase the viscous shear force,for example,dispersant,hydrogen bondings,and shaky adsorbed water molecules.Besides,the lamellar thickness of CuP and the molecular size of lubricant both have a great influence on tribological properties.Here the lubrication mechanism based on interface Coulomb repulsion is proposed that may help broaden the scope of the exploration in low-friction nanomaterial design and new lubricant systems.

Ultrafast laser-chemical modification hybrid fabrication of hydrostatic bearings with a superhydrophobicity solid-liquid interface

Oil film vortex severely reduces the stability of hydrostatic bearings. A solid-liquid interface with drag and slip properties can weaken the oil film vortex of the bearing. Here, a combined picosecond laser ablation and chemical modification method is proposed to prepare surfaces with microbulge array structure on 6061 aluminum alloy substrates. Because of the low surface energy of the perfluorododecyltriethoxysilane modification and the bulge geometry of the microbulge array structure, the surface shows excellent superhydrophobicity. The optimum contact angle in air for water is 164°, and that for oil is 139°. Two surfaces with “lotus-leaf effect” and “rose-petal effect” were obtained by controlling the processing parameters. The drag reduction properties of superhydrophobic surfaces were systematically investigated with slip lengths of 22.26 and 36.25 μm for deionized water and VG5 lubricant, respectively. In addition, the superhydrophobic surface exhibits excellent mechanical durability and thermal stability. The proposed method provides a new idea for vortex suppression in hydrostatic bearings and improves the stability of bearings in high-speed operation.

Interfacial phase formation of Al-Cu bimetal by solid-liquid casting method

The solid-liquid method was used to prepare the continuous casting of copper cladding aluminium by liquid aluminum alloy and solid copper, and the interfacial phase formation of Al-Cu bimetal at different pouring temperatures(700, 750, 800 oC) was investigated by means of metallograph, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) methods. The results showed that the pouring temperature of aluminum melt had an important influence on the element diffusion of Cu from the solid Cu to Al alloy melt and the reactions between Al and Cu, as well as the morphology of the Al-Cu interface. When the pouring temperature was 800 oC, there were abundant Al-Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs) near the interface. However, a lower pouring temperature(700 oC) resulted in the formation of cavities which was detrimental to the bonding and mechanical properties. Under the conditions in this study, the good metallurgical bonding of Al-Cu was achieved at a pouring temperature of 750 oC.

INTERACTION OF PARTICLES WITH A SOLIDIFIED INTERFACE DURING SOLIDIFICATION OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE REINFORCED WITH PARTICLES

The interaction of particles with a solid-liquid interface during solidification of metal matrix composites has been investigated theoretically in this paper.Owing to the presence of particles in the melt,the shape of the solidification front and solute concentration field in front of solidification interface have been disturbed The thermodynamic method was employed,and a mathematical expression of the shape of the solidification interface and solute concentration field were deduced.Meanwhile,a theory is developed for evaluation of critical velocities of particles pushed by the solidification interface.A numerical simulation is done in which the critical velocity is evaluated as a function of particle size,thermal conductivity,diffusion coefficient,temperature gradient at the solidification front,the solid-liquid interfacial energy and the melt viscosity.The critical velocity is shown to be closely linked to the shape of the solidification interface and solute concentration field, and hence all the parameters also affect the shape of the solidification interface and solute concentration field of the front.

Effects of Ca(Y)-Si modifier on interface morphology and solute segregation during directional solidification of an austenite medium Mn steel

The austenite medium Mn steel modified with controlled additions of Ca, Y, Si were directionally solidified using the vertical Bridgman method to study the effects of Ca（Y）-Si modifier on the solid-liquid （S-L） interface morphology and solute segregation. The interface morphology and the C and Mn segregation of the steel directionally solidified at 6.9 μtrn/s were investigated with an image analysis and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel is solidified with a planar S-L interface. The interface of the 1.0wt% Ca-Si modified steel is similar to that of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel, but with larger nodes. The 1.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel displays a cellular growth parttern. The S-L interface morphology of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si＋1.0wt% Y-Si modified Mn steel appears as dendritic interface, and primary austenite dendrites reveal developed lateral branching at the quenched liquid. In the meantime, the independent austenite colonies are formed ahead of the S-L interface. A mechanism involving constitutional supercooling explains the S-L interface evolution. It depends mainly on the difference in the contents of Ca, Y, and Si ahead of the S-L interface. The segregation of C and Mn ahead of the S-L interface enhanced by the modifiers is observed.

飞机积冰局部脱粘现象超声回波探测

热冲击会导致飞机蒙皮表面冰层局部碎裂和脱粘,针对目前无法有效测量冰层脱粘程度的问题,提出采用非接触超声脉冲回波技术对冰层脱粘程度进行评估。首先,采用PZFlex软件建立了包含超声传感器、飞机蒙皮与冰层的二维模型,研究了冰层内部裂缝及冰/蒙皮界面脱粘区域尺寸对冰层超声脉冲回波信号影响规律,初步获得了冰层局部脱粘超声评估方法;其次,基于LabVIEW软件搭建了由加热控制模块、温度采集模块、超声信号发生及采集模块组成的地面冷环境实验平台,通过电加热膜产生热冲击造成冰层局部区域脱粘,验证了提出的冰层局部脱粘超声评估方法的可行性。在电加热功率密度为1.6 W/cm2的作用下,铝板-冰层界面温度由-24℃升至-4℃时,探测区域内脱粘面积达到62.8%以上。结果表明,采用非接触式超声脉冲回波技术可以有效评估探测区域内冰层局部脱粘程度。该方法可用于评估飞机除冰系统工作时冰层脱粘面积,为除冰控制系统提供可靠状态信息。

In situ probing of electron transfer at the dynamic MoS_(2)/graphene–water interface for modulating boundary slip

The boundary slip condition is pivotal for nanoscale fluid motion.Recent research has primarily focused on simulating the interaction mechanism between the electronic structure of two-dimensional materials and slip of water at the nanoscale,raising the possibility for ultralow friction flow of water at the nanoscale.However,experimentally elucidating electronic interactions at the dynamic solid–liquid interface to control boundary slip poses a significant challenge.In this study,the crucial role of electron structures at the dynamic solid–liquid interface in regulating slip length was revealed.Notably,the slip length of water on the molybdenum disulfide/graphene(MoS_(2)/G)heterostructure(100.9±3.6 nm)significantly exceeded that of either graphene(27.7±2.2 nm)or MoS_(2)(5.7±3.1 nm)alone.It was also analyzed how electron transfer significantly affected interface interactions.Excess electrons played a crucial role in determining the type and proportion of excitons at both MoS_(2)–water and MoS_(2)/G–water interfaces.Additionally,by applying voltage,distinct photoluminescence(PL)responses at static and dynamic interfaces were discovered,achieving a 5-fold modulation in PL intensity and a 2-fold modulation in the trion to exciton intensity ratio.More electrons transfer from the top graphene to the bottom MoS_(2)at the MoS_(2)/G–water interface,reducing surface charge density.Thus,the reduction of electrostatic interactions between the solid and water leads to an increased slip length of water on the MoS_(2)/G heterostructure.The process aids in comprehending the origin of frictional resistance at the subatomic scale.This work establishes a foundation for actively controlling and designing of fluid transport at the nanoscale.

Mechanism of thermoviscoelasticity driven solid-liquid interface reducing friction for polymer alloy coating

High-temperature ablation is a common failure phenomenon that limits the service life of the transmission parts on heavy-duty machines used in heavy load,high temperature,high shock conditions due to in-sufficient supply of lubricating oil and grease.Traditional self-lubricating coatings prepared by inorganic,organic or organic-inorganic hybrid methods are prone to be oxidated at high temperatures to lose their friction reducing function,so that it is difficult to meet the engineering requirements of high-temperature lubrication.We design viscoelastic polymer coatings by a high-temperature self-lubricating and wear-resistant strategy.Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE,T_(m)=329℃)and polyphenylene sulfide(PPS,T_(g)=84℃,T_(m)=283℃)are used to prepare a PTFE/PPS polymer alloy coating.As the temperature increases from 25 to 300℃,the PTFE/PPS coating softens from glass state to viscoelastic state and viscous flow state,which is owing to the thermodynamic transformation characteristic of the PPS component.Additionally the friction coefficient(μ)decreased from 0.096 to 0.042 with the increasing of temperature from 25 to 300℃.The mechanism of mechanical deformation and surface morphology evolution for the PTFE/PPS coating under the multi-field coupling action of temperature(T),temperature–centrifugal force(T–F_(ω)),temperature–centrifugal force–shearing force(T–F_(ω)–F_(τ))were investigated.The physical model of“thermoviscoelasticity driven solid–liquid interface reducing friction”is proposed to clarify the self-lubricating mechanism determined by the high-temperature viscoelastic properties of polymers.The high-temperature adjusts the viscosity(η)of the coating,increases interface slipping and intensifies shear deformation(τ),reducing the friction coefficient.The result is expected to provide a new idea for designing anti-ablation coatings served in high temperature friction and wear conditions.

Experimental determination of interfacial energies for Ag_2Al solid solution in the CuAl_2-Ag_2Al system

The equilibrated grain boundary groove shapes of solid solution Ag2Al in equilibrium with an AI-Cu-Ag liquid were observed from a quenched sample with a radial heat flow apparatus. The Gibbs Thomson coefficient, solid liquid interfacial energy and grain boundary energy of the solid solution Ag2Al have been determined from the observed grain boundary groove shapes. The thermal conductivity of the solid phase and the thermal conductivity ratio of the liquid phase to solid phase for Ag2Al-28.3 at the %CuAl2 alloy at the melting temperature have also been measured with a radial heat flow apparatus and Bridgman type growth apparatus, separately.

超声脉冲窄带激励的水泥环第二界面探测方法

如何评价水泥环的第二界面固井质量一直是声波测井领域的世界性难题。该文利用有限元方法研究了基于超声脉冲反射法的水泥环第二界面固井质量探测方法。数值模拟了不同声源脉冲宽度及不同声阻抗地层对第二界面超声反射回波的影响。研究结果表明采用窄带的激励信号源可有效提高水泥环第二界面反射波回波幅度,有望解决水泥环第二界面固井质量评价问题。制作了水泥环第二界面具有胶结缺陷的实验室样品及大型固井质量刻度井,在此基础上开展了基于窄带超声脉冲激励的实验室及刻度井群实验研究。实验结果表明满足水泥环第一界固井质量良好条件,采用窄带的超声脉冲回波技术可有效评价水泥环第二界面固井质量。

Method for the measurement of triboelectric charge transfer at solid–liquid interface

Triboelectrification between a liquid and a solid is a common phenomenon in our daily life and industry.Triboelectric charges generated at liquid/solid interfaces have effects on energy harvesting,triboelectrification-based sensing,interfacial corrosion,wear,lubrication,etc.Knowing the amount of triboelectric charge transfer is very useful for studying the mechanism and controlling these phenomena,in which an accurate method is absolutely necessary to measure the triboelectric charge generated at the solid–liquid interface.Herein,we established a method for measuring the charge transfer between different solids and liquids.An equipment based on the Faraday cup measurement was developed,and the leakage ratio(r_(l))was quantified through simulation based on an electrostatic field model.Typical experiments were conducted to validate the reliability of the method.This work provides an effective method for charge measurement in triboelectrification research.

Thermal Transport through Solid-Liquid Interface:Effect of the Interfacial Coupling and Nanostructured Surfaces

The solid-liquid interfacial thermal transport depends on the physical properties of the interfaces,which have been studied extensively in open literature.However,the fundamental understanding on the mechanism of the solid-liquid interfacial thermal transport is far from clear.In the present paper,heat transfer through solid-liquid interfaces is studied based on the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.It is shown that the interfacial heat transfer can be enhanced by increasing interfacial coupling strength or introducing the nanostructured surfaces.The underlying mechanism of the interfacial thermal transport is analyzed based on the calculation results of the heat flux distribution,potential mean force,and the vibrational density of states at the interfacial region.It is found that the interfacial thermal transport is dominated by the kinetic and virial contributions in the interface region.The enhancement of the interfacial heat transfer can be attributed to the fluid adsorption on the solid surface under a strong interfacial interaction or by the nanostructured solid surfaces,which reduce the mismatch of the vibrational density of states at the solid-liquid interface region.

Self-assembly of nanoparticles at solid-liquid interface for electrochemical capacitors

Self-assembly of nanoparticles at solid-liquid interface could be promising to realize the assembled functions for various applications,such as rechargeable batteries,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysis.This review summarizes the self-assembly of the nanoparticles at solid-liquid interface according to the different driving forces of assembly,including hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions,solvophobic and electrostatic interaction.To be specific,the self-assembly can be divided into the following two types:surfactant-assisted self-assembly and direct self-assembly of Janus particles(inorganic and amphiphilic copolymer-inorganic Janus nanoparticles).Using the emulsion stabilized by nanoparticles as the template,the self-assembly constructed by the interaction of the nanostructure unit(including metal,metal oxide,and semiconductor,etc.)not only possesses the characteristic of nanostructure unit,but also exhibits the excellent assembly performance in electrochemistry aspect.The application of these assemblies in the area of electrochemical capacitors is presented.Finally,the current research progress and perspectives toward the self-assembly of nanoparticles at stabilized solid-liquid interface are proposed.

Morphological evolution of the solid-liquid interface near grain boundaries during directional solidification

Morphological evolution of the solid-liquid interface near grain boundaries has been studied during directional solidification of succinonitrile-based transparent alloys (SCN-0.9wt%DCB). Experimental results show that the grain boundary provides the starting point of morphological instability of the solid-liquid interface. The initial perturbation near the grain boundary is significantly larger than other perturbations on the interface. The initial shape of the interface and the competition between the thermal direction and preferred crystalline orientations determine the subsequent growth pattern selections. The temporal variations of the curvature radius of cell/ridge tips near the grain boundary have also been studied when the instability occurs. This process is divided into three parts. As the pulling velocity increases, dendrites at the grain boundary grow in two different directions to form a bicrystal microstructure. Side branches on either side of the dendrite exhibit different growth patterns.

采用真雷达显示器的航海雷达模拟器的关键技术

传统的雷达模拟器大致可分为全微机化的雷达模拟器及采用真雷达显示器和雷达信号发生器板的雷达模拟器。第一种雷达模拟器的操作界面逼真度尚待进一步提高,第二种雷达模拟器由于受雷达信号发生器板内存等限制,所能模拟的海区不如第一种雷达模拟器多,灵活性欠佳。本文的雷达模拟器采用微机生成雷达视频信号,通过雷达接口板将由计算机模拟的不同海区雷达回波图像显示在真雷达显示器上,具有灵活性大、逼真度高的特点。对该雷达模拟器的几个关键技术:雷达不同显示方式下的坐标变换、岸线回波生成算法、雷达信号接口板的的设计作了详尽介绍。该接口板可产生满足雷达/ARPA显示设备需要的各种信号,并可实时将计算机模拟的雷达视频数据转换成雷达显示设备可以接收的雷达回波信号,显示在真实雷达显示设备上。成功地应用在全任务大型船舶操纵模拟器中。

超声脉冲回波测井信号影响因素数值模拟

针对套管井超声脉冲回声测井进行固井质量评价和套管检测问题,建立了6层介质模型进行数值模拟考察并分析了超声脉冲回波测井中的各种影响因素。对完全胶结情况下数值模拟的全波进行套管地层环形空间介质声阻抗和套管壁厚反演,验证了数值模拟方法及反演方法的正确性。在此基础上数值模拟分析了水泥环厚度变化,套管水泥界面(Ⅰ界面)和水泥地层界面(Ⅱ界面)存在流体环等因素对接收回波的影响。数值模拟了完全胶结情况下地层参数变化对超声脉冲回波测井接收信号的影响,接收回波后半段幅度随着地层声速及阻抗的增加而增加。数值模拟分析结果有助于对超声脉冲回波测井资料解释结果进行正确分析。

轻质水泥固井质量声波测井评述与方法研究

传统的固井质量评价声波测井技术不再适用于日益增加的轻质水泥固井工程。通过分析各种固井质量声波评价技术所采用的模式波,利用广义反/透射系数法和传播矩阵法研究了脉冲回波技术中套管井模型各界面的响应。对零阶反对称泄漏Lamb模式波在轻质水泥固井质量评价中的应用前景进行了探讨;利用有限差分法数值模拟,分析了接收波形和波场快照。结果表明,脉冲回波技术在轻质水泥固井质量评价及第II胶结界面评价方面存在局限。将合适频率的超声波以某个合适的角度和声源频率倾斜入射时能有效识别来自第II胶结面的反射信息,并可结合声衰减及声阻抗的交会信息评价轻质水泥固井质量。给出了仪器设计时测量频率、换能器发射角、测量源距及间距选取建议。