Sharp phase interfaces and accurate temperature distributions are important criteria in the simulation of solid-liquid phase changes.The multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM)shows great numerical per...Sharp phase interfaces and accurate temperature distributions are important criteria in the simulation of solid-liquid phase changes.The multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM)shows great numerical performance during simulation;however,the value method of the relaxation parameters needs to be specified.Therefore,in this study,a random forest(RF)model is used to discriminate the importance of different relaxation parameters to the convergence,and a support vector machine(SVM)is used to explore the decision boundary of the convergent samples in each dimensional model.The results show that the convergence of the samples is consistent with the sign of the decision number,and two types of the numerical deviations appear,i.e.,the phase mushy zone and the non-physical heat transfer.The relaxation parameters chosen on the decision boundary can further suppress the numerical bias and improve numerical accuracy.展开更多
Based on the finite volume method and the enthalpy-porous model the solid-liquid phase change of sodium in the combined wick is numerically studied.The one-temperature model is used since the thermal conductivity of s...Based on the finite volume method and the enthalpy-porous model the solid-liquid phase change of sodium in the combined wick is numerically studied.The one-temperature model is used since the thermal conductivity of sodium is close to that of the combined wick materials.The non-Darcy law and natural convection in the melting process are taken into account.The results show that a thin metal fiber felt in the combined wick can result in a faster melting rate of the sodium and a shorter time for the molten sodium to reach the maximum velocity which can shorten the time for the high-temperature heat pipe startup.A thick metal fiber felt in the combined wick can result in a uniform temperature distribution in the vertical heating wall and a small wall temperature difference which can reduce the possibility of an overheat spot.展开更多
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization,while NBD/QC,DHA/VHF,and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing t...The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization,while NBD/QC,DHA/VHF,and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure.Acting as“molecular batteries,”they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light.Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy,energy density,half-life,and solar energy conversion efficiency.This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields,including derivatives and carbon nano-templates,which is emphasized for its attractive performance.Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries,the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored.For this,some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed,and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized.Moreover,energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy,which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs,implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs,providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.展开更多
The melting process of solid-liquid phase change materials(PCM)has a significant impact on their energy storage performance.To more effectively apply solid-liquid PCM for energy storage,it is crucial to study the regu...The melting process of solid-liquid phase change materials(PCM)has a significant impact on their energy storage performance.To more effectively apply solid-liquid PCM for energy storage,it is crucial to study the regulation of melting process of solid-liquid PCM,which is numerically investigated based on double multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM)in this work.In this work we pay more attention to the effects of different Stefan numbers(Ste)and Rayleigh numbers(Ra)on the melting process.The results indicate that the PCM melting is greatly influenced by the Ste number and Ra number,which can be divided into the heat conduction dominant stage and the convection dominant stage,according to the onset time of convection Fo_(C).In order to describe the contribution of the heat conduction dominant stage to the whole melting process quantitatively,we firstly propose the ratio of the heat conduction dominant stage R_(pc),which can be defined as the ratio of Fo_(C)to the complete melting time Fo_(M).R_(pc)gradually decreases as the Ra number increases,and when the Ste number rises:R_(pc)=90.0%when Ste=1.0 and Ra=1×10^(5),R_(pc)=39.6%when Ste=0.1 and Ra=1×10^(5),and R_(pc)=14.0%when Ste=1.0 and Ra=1×10~7.A regime map about the effects of different Ste numbers and Ra numbers on R_(pc)has been further summarized.The discovered findings would be helpful in regulating melting process in the energy storage of solid-liquid PCM.展开更多
随着燃料电池在客车上的应用不断深入,其低温环境下冷启动问题逐渐凸显。为了提高燃料电池客车的启动速度,使电池更快地工作在合理的温度范围内同时降低冷启动过程的能耗,将相变材料(PCM)引入电堆冷启动系统,利用PCM可吸收电堆工作废热...随着燃料电池在客车上的应用不断深入,其低温环境下冷启动问题逐渐凸显。为了提高燃料电池客车的启动速度,使电池更快地工作在合理的温度范围内同时降低冷启动过程的能耗,将相变材料(PCM)引入电堆冷启动系统,利用PCM可吸收电堆工作废热的特性,在冷启动时将废热放出加热电堆。基于仿真平台搭建电堆冷启动系统模型,对比分析了正温度系数热敏电阻(PTC)独立加热、PCM独立加热和PCM-PTC联合加热的温升变化和能耗特性。3种加热方式均使80 k W电堆从–20℃升高到10℃,PTC的功率为12 k W,PCM采用石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料(CPCM)。在联合加热方式下,分析了PCM质量对冷启动时间、节能率和潜热利用率的影响。结果表明:PCM-PTC联合加热方式较PTC独立加热节省约33.46%能耗,启动时间缩短了37.40%,较PCM独立加热启动时间缩短了61.00%;随着PCM质量的增加,冷启动时间缩短,系统节能率增加,但是PCM的潜热利用率却在下降。PCM辅助的冷启动系统为燃料电池发动机在低温环境下快速启动和节能提供了思路。展开更多
The melting process of n-octadecane in a rectangular cavity with three discrete protruding heat sources on its bottom surface was studied experimentally. It was observed that the experimental process, for the geometri...The melting process of n-octadecane in a rectangular cavity with three discrete protruding heat sources on its bottom surface was studied experimentally. It was observed that the experimental process, for the geometric arrangement in this paper, is neither a fixed melting nor a contact melting, but one m which fixed melting and contact melting take place alternatively. The effects of Stefan number, initial subcooling and aspect ratio on the melting process are reported. The larger the Stefan number, the more frequently the contact melting may occur, so does the aspect ratio. The initial subcooling plays a role only in early stage. As the melting process proceeds, its effect on the melting process becomes less.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12172017 and 12202021)。
文摘Sharp phase interfaces and accurate temperature distributions are important criteria in the simulation of solid-liquid phase changes.The multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM)shows great numerical performance during simulation;however,the value method of the relaxation parameters needs to be specified.Therefore,in this study,a random forest(RF)model is used to discriminate the importance of different relaxation parameters to the convergence,and a support vector machine(SVM)is used to explore the decision boundary of the convergent samples in each dimensional model.The results show that the convergence of the samples is consistent with the sign of the decision number,and two types of the numerical deviations appear,i.e.,the phase mushy zone and the non-physical heat transfer.The relaxation parameters chosen on the decision boundary can further suppress the numerical bias and improve numerical accuracy.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51076062)the Scientific Innovation Research of College Graduates in Jiangsu Province(No.CXZZ12_0421)
文摘Based on the finite volume method and the enthalpy-porous model the solid-liquid phase change of sodium in the combined wick is numerically studied.The one-temperature model is used since the thermal conductivity of sodium is close to that of the combined wick materials.The non-Darcy law and natural convection in the melting process are taken into account.The results show that a thin metal fiber felt in the combined wick can result in a faster melting rate of the sodium and a shorter time for the molten sodium to reach the maximum velocity which can shorten the time for the high-temperature heat pipe startup.A thick metal fiber felt in the combined wick can result in a uniform temperature distribution in the vertical heating wall and a small wall temperature difference which can reduce the possibility of an overheat spot.
基金financially supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51633007 and 52130303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51803151, 51973152, 51973151 and 51773147)
文摘The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization,while NBD/QC,DHA/VHF,and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure.Acting as“molecular batteries,”they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light.Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy,energy density,half-life,and solar energy conversion efficiency.This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields,including derivatives and carbon nano-templates,which is emphasized for its attractive performance.Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries,the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored.For this,some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed,and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized.Moreover,energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy,which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs,implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs,providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.ZD2021E002)。
文摘The melting process of solid-liquid phase change materials(PCM)has a significant impact on their energy storage performance.To more effectively apply solid-liquid PCM for energy storage,it is crucial to study the regulation of melting process of solid-liquid PCM,which is numerically investigated based on double multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method(MRT-LBM)in this work.In this work we pay more attention to the effects of different Stefan numbers(Ste)and Rayleigh numbers(Ra)on the melting process.The results indicate that the PCM melting is greatly influenced by the Ste number and Ra number,which can be divided into the heat conduction dominant stage and the convection dominant stage,according to the onset time of convection Fo_(C).In order to describe the contribution of the heat conduction dominant stage to the whole melting process quantitatively,we firstly propose the ratio of the heat conduction dominant stage R_(pc),which can be defined as the ratio of Fo_(C)to the complete melting time Fo_(M).R_(pc)gradually decreases as the Ra number increases,and when the Ste number rises:R_(pc)=90.0%when Ste=1.0 and Ra=1×10^(5),R_(pc)=39.6%when Ste=0.1 and Ra=1×10^(5),and R_(pc)=14.0%when Ste=1.0 and Ra=1×10~7.A regime map about the effects of different Ste numbers and Ra numbers on R_(pc)has been further summarized.The discovered findings would be helpful in regulating melting process in the energy storage of solid-liquid PCM.
文摘随着燃料电池在客车上的应用不断深入,其低温环境下冷启动问题逐渐凸显。为了提高燃料电池客车的启动速度,使电池更快地工作在合理的温度范围内同时降低冷启动过程的能耗,将相变材料(PCM)引入电堆冷启动系统,利用PCM可吸收电堆工作废热的特性,在冷启动时将废热放出加热电堆。基于仿真平台搭建电堆冷启动系统模型,对比分析了正温度系数热敏电阻(PTC)独立加热、PCM独立加热和PCM-PTC联合加热的温升变化和能耗特性。3种加热方式均使80 k W电堆从–20℃升高到10℃,PTC的功率为12 k W,PCM采用石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料(CPCM)。在联合加热方式下,分析了PCM质量对冷启动时间、节能率和潜热利用率的影响。结果表明:PCM-PTC联合加热方式较PTC独立加热节省约33.46%能耗,启动时间缩短了37.40%,较PCM独立加热启动时间缩短了61.00%;随着PCM质量的增加,冷启动时间缩短,系统节能率增加,但是PCM的潜热利用率却在下降。PCM辅助的冷启动系统为燃料电池发动机在低温环境下快速启动和节能提供了思路。
文摘The melting process of n-octadecane in a rectangular cavity with three discrete protruding heat sources on its bottom surface was studied experimentally. It was observed that the experimental process, for the geometric arrangement in this paper, is neither a fixed melting nor a contact melting, but one m which fixed melting and contact melting take place alternatively. The effects of Stefan number, initial subcooling and aspect ratio on the melting process are reported. The larger the Stefan number, the more frequently the contact melting may occur, so does the aspect ratio. The initial subcooling plays a role only in early stage. As the melting process proceeds, its effect on the melting process becomes less.
