Protein Enrichment of Potato Peels Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae via Solid-State Fermentation Process

In order to add value to potato peels and also curb their environmental pollution problems, this study investigated the protein enrichment of potato peels with Saccharomyces cerevisiae via Solid-State Fermentation (SSF). SSF is a fermentation process which involves solid matrix and is carried out in absence or near absence of free water. SSF of potato peel mashed was carried out with S. cerevisiae at 30°C, pH of 5.5, moisture adjustment between 40 and 90%, addition of ammonium sulphate and urea salts as nitrogen supplements for the microorganisms for 3 days. The results showed that the percentage crude protein content of all the fermented samples increased significantly when compared with the unfermented sample. 40% moisture content adjustment and ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source gave the best result. The crude protein increased from 12.5% to 21.86%, which is 74.88% increment for ammonium sulphate supplementation, and 12.5% to 18.42%, which is 47% increment for urea supplementation. Therefore, the fermented peels could serve as good source of cheap protein enriched feed for livestock.

Evaluation of nutritive value and in vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation of de-oiled algal residues

Background：Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed.It is believed that along with biodiesel from algae,the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future.This study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common Chlorella species,Thalassiosira weissflogii,Selenarstrum capricornutum,Scenedesmus sp.,and Scenedesmus dimorphus for assessment as potential feed supplements for ruminants by comparing with soybean（Glycine max） meal and alfalfa（Medicago sativa） hay.Results：With the exception of T.weissflogii,algal residue had higher concentrations of Cu,Zn,and Mn and lower concentration of Ca,Mg,and K than soybean meal and alfalfa hay.The algal residue CP（crude protein）concentrations ranged from 140 to 445 g/kg DM and varied among the de-oiled residues.In vitro rumen fermentation gas accumulation curves indicated that algal biomass degradation potential was less than that of soybean meal or alfalfa hay by up to 41.7%.The gas production curve,interpreted with a dual pool logistic model,confirmed that the fraction sizes for fast fermenting and slow fermenting of de-oiled algal residues were smaller than those in soybean meal and alfalfa hay,and the fermenting rate of the fractions was also low.Conclusions：Inferior in vitro rumen gas accumulation from the five de-oiled algal residues suggests that these algal byproducts are less degradable in the rumen.

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料产品质量评定

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料的产品质量。试验通过考察麦麸添加量、辅料比例(大蒜皮与银杏叶添加量)、发酵时间对蛋白酶活的影响,优化发酵条件,检测发酵前后活菌数与pH值、常规营养成分和小肽、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸的含量以及发酵过程中蛋白水解度,以全面评价发酵饲料的营养价值和品质。结果表明,以蛋白酶活为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,确定最优发酵条件为2%麦麸、2.5%大蒜皮+2.5%银杏叶、发酵时间72 h。在此条件下,蛋白酶活为342.36 U/g。枯草芽孢杆菌UL-191在基质上长势良好,活菌数可达3.5×10^(14) CFU/g。发酵前后水分和粗灰分含量无明显变化,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量明显增长,大分子蛋白降解成小分子蛋白。蛋白水解度、小肽含量、游离氨基酸含量均随着发酵时间延长均呈上升趋势,其中发酵72 h时,蛋白水解度可达25%,小肽、游离氨基酸含量可达182.9、1006.4μg/g。研究表明,试验制备的发酵复配饲料产品质量较高,具有一定市场应用前景。

Solid-state fermentation technology and innovation for the production of agricultural and animal feed bioproducts

It has now passed more than forty years since solid-state fermentation(SSF)research developments have gained importance for the scientific community.After so many years,numerous processes and equipment for SSF were studied and designed focusing on the production of different commercially relevant bioproducts such as enzymes,fermented food,such as Chinese daqu and koji,organic acids,pigments,phenolic compounds,aromas,biosorbents and so many others.However,no review paper has been focused yet specifically on agricultural and animal feed bioproducts obtained through SSF techniques.This review comprises the description of agricultural sub-products that have been employed in most important developed pro-cesses concerning the production of animal feed products and agricultural products such as spores,probiotics,biofungicides,bioinsecticides and other biopesticides,biofertilizers and plant growth hormones.Major designed SSF bioreactors are also described and the most important related cases of successful employment of the technique are reported.Finally,a summary of patents and innovations regarding SSF products and processes in this area is presented,showing that the main involved countries are China,South Korea,India and the USA.It is clear that the interest in this theme is increasing and that scientific and technological developments are still needed.

菌酶协同发酵蛋白质饲料及在畜禽生产上应用的研究进展

菌酶协同发酵是一种利用微生物和外源酶共同作用于饲料的改良技术,可以降低饲料中的抗营养因子,促进氨基酸平衡和提高蛋白质利用率,可有效改善蛋白质品质。蛋白质饲料是畜牧业发展的重要基础,但目前我国的蛋白质饲料存在品质低、供应不足等问题。文章介绍了菌酶协同发酵技术应用在蛋白质饲料中的常用酶类与菌种,以及在畜禽生产中的应用进展,并指出菌酶协同发酵蛋白质饲料存在的不足和发展方向,以期为菌酶协同发酵蛋白质饲料的实际生产应用提供参考。

Study on microbial protein and the mechanism of solid-state fermentation with periodical dynamic changes of air

The effect of different extraction and purification conditions on the microbial protein obtained from solid-state fermentation(SSF)and the effect of periodical dynamic changes of air on protein have been studied.The mechanism of solid-state fermentation with periodical dynamic changes of air is also discussed.Compared with static solid-state fermentation,periodical dynamic changes of air afford a higher protein mass;from 1 g of the fermentation microbe,5.3 mg of the intracellular protein(an increase of 34.63%)and 9.09 mg of the extracellular protein(an increase of 17.8%)were obtained on the sixth day of fermentation.The filter paper activity and carboxymethyl cellulose activity(FPA and CMCase)of the extracellular protein are 1.739μmol/s and 109.592μmol/s,respectively,which represent increases of 60.1%and 21.2%over the corresponding values for static solid-state fermentation.The FPA and CMCase of the intra-cellular protein are 0.245μmol/s and 6.392μmol/s,respec-tively,which represent decreases of 22.2%and 38.7%over the corresponding values for static solid-state fermentation.The enzyme activity of the microbial extracellular protein in solid-state fermentation with periodical dynamic changes of air on the fifth day is nearly equal to that on the sixth day without periodical dynamic changes of air,so the period of fermentation can be shortened.The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)experiments suggest that pulsating air pressure stimulation leads to a decrease in the amount of protein component with molecule mass of about 80400Da,and an increase in the amount of protein component with molecule mass of about 28520Da.

菌酶协同固态发酵羽毛粉生产蛋白饲料的工艺研究

研究旨在探讨菌酶协同发酵羽毛粉生产蛋白饲料的可行性,并确定生产工艺参数。将实验室筛选得到的角蛋白高效降解菌株与市售角蛋白酶结合,协同固态发酵羽毛粉。以体外胃蛋白酶消化率为考察指标,对发酵时间、接种量、菌酶比例、加水量进行单因素和正交试验分析。结果显示,最佳发酵工艺为羽毛粉加水量45%、菌酶比例1∶1、接种量6%、发酵时间7 d。发酵后羽毛粉的体外胃蛋白酶消化率为63.97%,较发酵前提高了15.22%(P<0.01);可溶性蛋白含量为3.51 g/L,较发酵前提高了80%(P<0.05)。研究表明,在最佳工艺参数下,利用菌酶协同固态发酵羽毛粉可以高效生产蛋白饲料,提高了羽毛粉的饲用价值。

混菌固态发酵清香型白酒糟制备蛋白饲料的研究

研究以清香型白酒糟为原料,添加酿酒酵母SY、枯草芽孢杆菌D和植物乳杆菌2-41进行混菌固态发酵,制备蛋白饲料。探索麸皮添加量对混菌固态发酵饲料质量的影响,优化发酵培养基配比后,采用单因素试验和正交试验,以酒糟饲料的粗蛋白含量为考察指标,研究发酵温度、发酵时间、菌种接种量和发酵培养基初始酸度对混菌固态发酵饲料质量的影响,从而优化混菌固态发酵工艺条件。结果显示,清香型白酒糟发酵培养基的最佳酒糟和麸皮比为9∶1,在酒糟初始水分为50%~60%的条件下,发酵培养基总装料量为50 g,其中清香型白酒糟45 g,麸皮5 g。混菌固态发酵最优工艺条件为菌种接种量13%、发酵温度26℃、发酵时间6 d、初始酸度0.90 mmol NaOH/10 g。在此混菌固态发酵工艺条件下进行3组平行试验,测得酒糟饲料中粗蛋白含量为(24.97±0.05)%,感官评价最终得分18分,等级为优良。研究结果对混菌固态发酵酒糟制备蛋白饲料具有一定的指导价值。

两株菌协同发酵鱼下脚料制备功能性宠物饲料

为了提高有机废弃物在生产中的利用,探索新型功能性宠物饲料,以鱼下脚料为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验探究最佳发酵条件,并添加猴头菇菌丝体和番茄渣制成功能性饲料。结果表明,最优发酵条件为枯草芽孢杆菌∶红酵母=2∶1,鱼下脚料添加量30%、接菌量5%(V/V)、发酵温度30℃,发酵基质中添加烘干的2%猴头菇菌丝体和1%番茄渣,可显著增加原料中蛋白质和氨基酸含量,粗蛋白质含量提升率为73.71%,总氨基酸含量提升率为24.97%,其中,谷氨酸含量增加最为明显,提升率为98.98%。小鼠急性毒理试验表明,对照组与试验组无显著性差异(P>0.05),说明此饲料可应用于功能性宠物饲料的生产。该研究为今后鱼下脚料的发酵工艺提供了理论基础,且为宠物饲料的发展提供了新方向。

Mechanism of action,benefits,and research gap in fermented soybean meal utilization as a high-quality protein source for livestock and poultry

Animal nutritionists have incessantly worked towards providing livestock with high-quality plant protein feed resources.Soybean meal(SBM)has been an essential and predominantly adopted vegetable protein source in livestock feeding for a long time;however,several SBM antinutrients could potentially impair the animal's performance and growth,limiting its use.Several processing methods have been employed to remove SBM antinutrients,including fermentation with fungal or bacterial microorganisms.According to the literature,fermentation,a traditional food processing method,could improve SBM's nutritional and functional properties,making it more suitable and beneficial to livestock.The current interest in health-promoting functional feed,which can enhance the growth of animals,improve their immune system,and promote physiological benefits more than conventional feed,coupled with the ban on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters,has caused a renewed interest in the use of fermented SBM(FSBM)in livestock diets.This review details the mechanism of SBM fermentation and its impacts on animal health and discusses the recent trend in the application and emerging advantages to livestock while shedding light on the research gap that needs to be critically addressed in future studies.FSBM appears to be a multifunctional high-quality plant protein source for animals.Besides removing soybean antinutrients,beneficial bioactive peptides and digestive enzymes are produced during fermentation,providing probiotics,antioxidants,and immunomodulatory effects.Critical aspects regarding FSBM feeding to animals remain uncharted,such as the duration of fermentation,the influence of feeding on digestive tissue development,choice of microbial strain,and possible environmental impact.

发酵生产饲用单细胞蛋白的研究进展

生物发酵技术可以利用工农业生产副产品或废弃物生产单细胞蛋白(SCP),且发酵工艺具有微生物菌体增殖速度快、占地少、不受气候影响及无污染等特点。SCP可以替代传统的动植物蛋白质饲料原料,对缓解当前粮食安全和保障畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文综述了生产SCP的微生物种类、发酵工艺和影响因素,以及其在动物饲粮中的安全性和应用效果,旨在为进一步推动饲用SCP的高效生产和科学应用提供参考。

混菌固态发酵酱香型白酒糟制蛋白饲料研究

本文以实验室保藏的枯草芽孢杆菌、植物乳杆菌2-41、酿酒酵母SY为试验菌株,茅台镇某酒厂提供的酱香型白酒糟和茅台镇某酱醋厂提供的麸皮为原料,先以麸皮添加量对白酒糟固体培养基进行优化,再在接种量、初始pH、发酵温度、发酵时间4个单因素试验基础上,以发酵饲料粗蛋白质含量为考察指标,利用正交试验法对混菌固态发酵工艺条件进行优化。结果显示:发酵培养基中最优麸皮添加量为20%,即发酵培养基总装料量为50 g,其中酱香型白酒糟40 g,麸皮10 g;混菌固态发酵最优工艺条件为发酵温度34℃、发酵时间4 d、接种量13%、初始pH4.8,并进行3次平行试验,其粗蛋白质含量为(27.54±0.48)%,最后,对该发酵饲料进行感官评分,根据评价标准最终得分为16分,该分值位于16~20优等区间,其分值达到了优等(一级)发酵饲料,可正常用于动物饲喂。

三七残渣的研究与应用进展

三七渣是三七提取有效成分后剩余的残渣,处理不当会造成资源浪费及环境污染。通过查阅文献,对三七渣固态发酵产物,三七渣中的多糖、各种化学成分及生物活性,三七渣制备的燃料及吸附剂等的研究与应用进行了综述,为今后三七渣及与其结构相似物质的综合利用研究提供了技术参考。

玉米蛋白粉的发酵及其在许氏平鲉饲料中的应用研究

玉米蛋白粉是玉米加工行业的副产物,是一种高能量和高蛋白的饲料原料。为了将玉米蛋白做成水产动物的饲料,对玉米蛋白粉进行了固态发酵研究并应用于海洋鱼类许氏平鲉的饲喂。研究表明,采用市售的菌酶协同饲料发酵剂,在料液比1∶0.7,发酵剂添加量0.7%,发酵温度35℃,物料初始pH值为6.5的条件下,恒温发酵72 h后,玉米蛋白粉中的粗蛋白含量提高至76%,相比于原始蛋白含量(58%)提高了29.6%,而且可溶性蛋白和多肽的比例增加,能够提高其在动物肠道中的消化率。结果表明,用发酵玉米蛋白饲喂海洋鱼类许氏平鲉,其替代鱼粉的最大占比达到25%,在此范围内对幼鱼的生长性能,如增重率、饲料系数和肥满度等,没有发生显著影响。研究为玉米蛋白粉在水产饲料中的可利用性及其高值化利用提供了新途径。

Solid-state fermented plant protein sources in the diets of broiler chickens:A review

Protein sources are the second most important component in poultry diets.Due to the fluctuation in price of soybean meal(SBM) and persistent increase in feed prices,nutritionists have been exploring alternative protein sources.Replacement of SBM with alternative protein sources in poultry diets could reduce human-live stock competition for soybean and support the production of more animal protein.However,the use of alternative protein sources is limited to low inclusion due to the presence of antinutritional factors(ANF) such as glucosinolates(rapeseed meal),gossypol(cottonseed meal),nonstarch polysaccharides(NSP) in lupin flour,high fibre(palm kernel cake),total phenolic contents and phytic acid(canola meal) known to impair animal performance,nutrient digestibility and feed utilization.As a processing technique,solid-state fermentation(SSF) has been researched for a long time in the food industry.An important objective of SSF is the production of enzymes,organic acids and other metabolites of economic importance.In recent times,SSF has been employed to enhance nutrient bioavailability,inhibit gut pathogenic bacteria and reduce ANF in plant protein sources resulting in improved nutrient digestibility,thereby improving performance and gut health of broiler chickens.Unlike pigs,there is still a dearth of information on feeding solid-state fermented feed ingredients to broiler chickens.This review aims to describe the nutritional value of the solid-state fermented products of rapeseed meal,canola meal,cottonseed meal,palm kernel cake and lupin flour on performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens.

Advances in research on solid-state fermented feed and its utilization:The pioneer of private customization for intestinal microorganisms

With sustainable development of biotechnology,increasing attention has been placed on utilization of solid-state fermented feed(SFF).Solid-state fermented feed has been a candidate strategy to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of feed resources,ensure food hygiene safety,promoting energy conservation,and emission reduction.In production of SFF,a variety of organic acids,enzymes,vitamins,peptides,and other unknown growth factors are produced,which could affect performance of animals.Solid-state fermented feed produced by different fermentation techniques has great instability on different physiological stages of different animals,which hinders the application and standardized production of SFF.Herein,we summarize the current advances in the role of the characteristics of SFF prepared by different manufacturing technique and its research progress in animal experiments on growth performance,gastrointestinal ecology,and immune system,so as to provide references for further acquiring a relatively perfect set of SFF production and evaluation systems.

多菌株发酵农产品加工副产物制备蛋白质饲料的工艺优化

本试验以农产品加工副产物玉米蛋白粉、米糠和豆粕为原料,通过多菌株固态发酵生产蛋白质饲料。以可溶性蛋白含量为指标,经单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺条件。结果表明:培养基中玉米蛋白粉、米糠和豆粕的质量比例为5:2:3,含水量为53%(V/m),米曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌和产朊假丝酵母种子液按体积比3:2:1组成复合种子液,接种量为6%,在32℃发酵72 h。在上述优化条件下发酵后玉米蛋白粉饲料中可溶性蛋白含量为19.37%、粗蛋白质约40.22%、干物质约54.17%、蛋白酶活力2926.52 U/g、羧甲基纤维素酶活力1092.07 U/g。因此表明,通过多菌株发酵显著提高了饲料营养价值。

菌酶协同发酵甘草药渣制备蛋白饲料的工艺优化

试验旨在开发新型蛋白饲料,采用单因素试验和响应面试验优化菌酶协同发酵甘草药渣制备蛋白饲料的工艺条件。结果显示,最佳发酵工艺条件为产朊假丝酵母用量7.36%、纤维素酶用量0.31%、木聚糖酶用量0.056%、料液比0.71 g/mL、初始pH值5.0、料层厚度7 cm、发酵温度37℃。在最佳发酵条件下,甘草药渣粗蛋白含量为25.65%,发酵后甘草药渣粗蛋白含量提高了13.36%;纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量分别降低15.33%、2.32%、3.45%。研究表明,菌酶协同发酵甘草药渣提高了甘草药渣的营养价值,丰富了非常规蛋白饲料的资源。

苹果渣发酵蛋白饲料工艺条件的筛选试验研究

文章旨在筛选苹果渣发酵蛋白饲料的工艺条件。试验选取不同接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间、料水比、发酵料层厚度为变量进行试验。结果显示,菌种接种量鲜榨苹果渣2%或干苹果渣10%,发酵温度31℃,料水比为10∶8,pH为7,发酵时间为72 h,料层厚度5 cm发酵效果最好,发酵产物中蛋白质含量可达25.35 mg/g。研究表明,本试验筛选的工艺条件切实可行,为实践生产提供了一定的基础。

油橄榄果渣综合利用研究进展

油橄榄果渣是油橄榄榨油后的固体副产物,含有大量水分和丰富的膳食纤维、果渣油、粗脂肪及少量蛋白质等营养成分,直接废弃不仅造成环境污染,也导致资源浪费。油橄榄果渣及其提取物中含有酚类、黄酮、三萜类、裂环烯醚萜类、植物甾醇类和维生素等多种生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌以及降血糖血脂等功能,有广阔的开发应用前景。该文概述了油橄榄果渣主要营养成分和生物活性成分,详述了油橄榄果渣在动物养殖及发酵蛋白饲料、食品加工、医药与化妆品和环境领域中综合利用的研究现状,为油橄榄果渣这一副产物的综合利用与深入研究提供了参考。