Wettability,reactivity,and interface structure in Mg/Ni system

The sessile drop method was applied to the experimental investigation of the wetting and spreading behaviors of liquid Mg drops on pure Ni substrates.For comparison,the experiments were performed in two variants:(1)using the Capillary Purification(CP)procedure,which allows the non-contact heating and squeezing of a pure oxide-free Mg drop;(2)by classical Contact Heating(CH)procedure.The high-temperature tests were performed under isothermal conditions(CP:760℃for 30 s;CH:715℃for 300 s)using Ar+5 wt%H_(2) atmosphere.During the sessile drop tests,images of the Mg/Ni couples were recorded by CCD cameras(57 fps),which were then applied to calculate the contact angles of metal/substrate couples.Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses,both coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,were used for detailed structural characterization of the solidified couples.It was found that an oxide-free Mg drop obtained by the CP procedure showed a wetting phenomenon on the Ni substrate(an average contact angleθ<90°in<1 s),followed by fast spreading and good wetting over the Ni substrate(θ_((CP))~20°in 5 s)to form a final contact angle ofθ_(f(CP))~18°.In contrast,a different wetting behavior was observed for the CH procedure,where the unavoidable primary oxide film on the Mg surface blocked the spreading of liquid Mg showing apparently non-wetting behavior after 300 s contact at the test temperature.However,in both cases,the deep craters formed in the Ni substrates under the Mg drops and significant change in the structure of initially pure Mg drops to Mg-Ni alloys suggest a strong dissolution of Ni in liquid Mg and apparent values of the final contact angles measured for the Mg/Ni system.

井下节流器用可溶性卡瓦下座耐腐蚀性能研究

针对苏里格气田井下节流器存在打捞困难、打捞成功率较低的问题,采用对可溶性镁合金表面进行改性的方式制备了井下节流器用可溶性卡瓦下座。通过电化学测试和浸泡失重实验研究了表面改性镁合金在不同Cl-质量分数(分别为2%、5%和8%)模拟井液中的耐腐蚀性能,并采用有限元力学仿真和溶解实验,分析了力学强度和溶解性能。结果表明:表面改性后的镁合金腐蚀电流密度降低了约5个数量级;随着Cl-质量分数的增加,表面改性镁合金腐蚀速率逐渐增大;在给定卡定机构卡定时的载荷与位移约束时,可溶性卡瓦下座所受最大应力为190 MPa,小于材料的屈服强度;卡瓦下座可溶式节流器经过室内5 h溶解后实现解封。在室内实验结果满足要求的基础上,该井下节流器在现场经过一段时间应用后打捞,坐封稳定,打捞方便。

Microstructural Characteristics of CuCr50 Alloy by Laser Refining

An investigation conceming the thecrostructural characterization of CuCr50 alloy layer by laser surface refining on the powder metallurgy substrate was carried out Significant refined procutectic chromium crystals distributed in an Cr-rich eutectic and high mutual solubility of Cu and Cr elements in the CuCr50 alloy were exam ined by Backscattered Eectron Imaging (BEI) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrum (EDS) techniques. The results show that surface refining and alloying by high-power laser have a great potential to develop new and high performance alloys in the immiscible and limited solubility systems like Cu-Cr and other similar alloy systems.

Effects of Mechanical Alloying Parameters on the Microstructures of Nanocrystalline Cu-5 wt% Cr Alloy

Nanocrystalline Cu-5 wt%Cr alloy powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying （MA）, The effects of MA processing parameters on the crystallite size, solid solubility, and microstructures of the Cu- 5 wt%Cr alloys were investigated including type and size distribution of the grinding medium and ball-topowder weight ratio （BPR）. The results show that the crystallites were refined effectively and solid solubility of Cr in Cu was extended when heavier ball and higher BPR were adopted. The maximum solubility is extended up to 5.6 at% （namely 4.6 wt%） Cr in Cu by use of a combination of large and small size WC-Co balls with BPR of 30：1. A Cn-5 wt%Cr supersaturated solid solution alloy bulk is obtained by spark plasma sintering the as-milled powders at 900 ℃ for 5 min.

Mechanical Alloying of Ag-Cu Immiscible Alloy System

Mechanical alloying has been performed in Ag-Cu immiscible alloy system with five different compositions. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to determine the structural characterization of the milled powders. Lattice constants of the milled powders were determined and the solubility for Ag in Cu was calculated. The results demonstrated that MA indeed produced a face center cubic (f.c.c.). Cu-based Cu-Ag solid solution and the solid solubility has been extended to x(Ag)=30% for Ag in Cu when the grain size of Cu-based Cu-Ag solid solution is about 10 nm after MA. There is a three-phases co-existence during the process of MA in this alloy system which agrees well with other experimental and theoretical results. Based on the experimental results a formation model was proposed in this paper to understand the formation of Ag-Cu solid solution during MA.

Influence of high magnetic field on as-cast structure of Cu-25wt.%Ag alloys

To investigate the influence of high magnetic field (HMF) on the solidification microstructure of Cu-25wt.%Ag alloy, the Cu-25wt.%Ag alloy was prepared under HMF of 12 T, and for comparison, the alloy solidified without HMF was also fabricated. Macro and microstructures of the alloys were observed using the stereomicroscope, and scanning electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscopy. The weight percentages of the pro-eutectic and eutectic, Cu phase and Ag phase in eutectic, and precipitates of Ag phase in pro-eutectic were analyzed by using of IPP software. Results show that the morphology of the column dendrites changes into cellular dendrites and the grains are refined under HMF of 12 T. Meanwhile, the thickness of the eutectic wall increases, but the sizes of Cu phase and Ag phase and the eutectic lamellar spacings are decreased. The Ag precipitates in the Cu matrix become coarser and sparser. The weight percentage variation of the phases in the microstructure and the Cu-Ag binary phase diagram reveals that the eutectic point moves to the left of the eutectic point in the equilibrium condition and the supersaturated solid solubility of Ag decreases under HMF.

Dissolution Behaviour and Electrodeposition of Strontium and its Alloys

The electromotive force(EMF)was determined by electrochemical method at 760～950℃ for the concen- tration cell:(Mo)Sr|SrCl_2,--Sr sat.||SrCl_2,--xSr|Mo. The dissolution behavior of Sr and alloyed strontium (i.e.Cu--Sr or Al--Sr) in molten salt containing SrCl_2 was studied. The electrolysis of SrCl_2 for production of Sr and its alloys(Al-Sr and Cu-Sr) was also conducted on the basis of electrochemical measurement. The disso- lution data so obtained well agree with the results from phase diagram.

Solid Solubility and Age Hardening of Rapidly Solidified Al-Er Alloys

The metastable extension of solid solubility and age hardening of rapidly solidified Al-Er alloy were inves- tigated.The splat foils(0.04～0.06 mm in thickness)and spun ribbons(0.02～0.04 mm in thickness)of Al-Er alloys were prepared by melt hammer-anvil and melt spinning techniques,respectively.The cooling rate was about 10~6～10~7 K/s.The metastable extended solid solubility of Er in Al evaluated by measurements of lat- tice parameters of rapidly solidified alloys was 0.75 at%.An age hardening response was observed in the quenched and aged specimen.The precipitate responsible for age hardening was identified to be Cu_3Au type cubic Al_3Er.

Description and Prediction of the Solid Solubilities of Binary Alloys Based on the Actinide Metals

The solid solubilities of 207 binary alloys based on the three actinide metals (Th, U and Pu) at room tem- perature are studied with the two theoretical schemes suggested by one of the present authors (ZBW).The re- sults show that the soluble elements can be distinguished from the insoluble ones by a parabola y_1=a--bx^2 or an ellipse (x_2,-m)~2/c^2+(y_2-n)~2/d^2=l with the total reliabilities of 87.9% and 92.3% respectively for the 207 binary alloys. The contants a and b in the parabola equation, and c, d, m and n in the ellipse equation can be related to some appropriate parameters for each host metal respectively. The reasons are discussed. From the theories the soluble elements in these actinide host metals that have not been measured yet can be predicted in the accuracies of the schemes.

MICROSTRUCTURE AND EXTENDED SOLID SOLUBILITY OF Tb IN RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED Ag-Tb ALLOY

The 0,05—0.08 mm thick splat foils of Ag-Tb alloy,containing Tb up to 10 at.-%,were made by the hammer-anvil technique.The cooling rate was in order of 10~6 K/s.The metastable extension of solid solubility of Tb in the alloy was measured to be up to 5 at.-% by lattice parameter method.The secondary phase in metastable eutectic structure was identi- fied as Ag_3Tb from diffraction pattern.The microstructure and micro-defect in as-quenched Ag-Tb splat foil were also observed.

Coupling physics in machine learning to investigate the solution behavior of binary Mg alloys

The solution behavior of a second element in the primary phase(α(Mg))is important in the design of high-performance alloys.In this work,three sets of features have been collected:a)interaction features of solutes and Mg obtained from first-principles calculation,b)intrinsic physical properties of the pure elements and c)structural features.Based on the maximum solid solubility values,the solution behavior of elements inα(Mg)are classified into four types,e.g.,miscible,soluble,sparingly-soluble and slightly-soluble.The machine learning approach,including random forest and decision tree algorithm methods,is performed and it has been found that four features,e.g.,formation energy,electronegativity,non-bonded atomic radius,and work function,can together determine the classification of the solution behavior of an element inα(Mg).The mathematical correlations,as well as the physical relationships among the selected features have been analyzed.This model can also be applied to other systems following minor modifications of the defined features,if required.

Morphologies of intermetallic compound phases in Sn-Cu and Sn-Co peritectic alloys during directional solidification

The morphologies of intermetallic phases(IMCs)during directional solidification of the Sn-Cu(L+Cu_(3)Sn→Cu_(6)Sn_(5))and Sn-Co(L+CoSn→CoSn_(2))peritectic systems were analyzed.The primary Cu_(3)Sn and peritectic Cu_(6)Sn_(5)phases in Sn-Cu alloy are IMCs whose solubility ranges are narrow,while both the primary CoSn and peritectic CoSn_(2)phases in Sn-Co alloy are IMCs whose solubility ranges are nil in equilibrium condition.The experimental results before acid corrosion shows that the dendritic morphology of both the Cu_(6)Sn_(5)and CoSn_(2)phases can be observed.The investigation on the local dendritic morphology after deep acid corrosion shows that these dendrites are composed of small sub-structures with faceted feature.Faceted growth of the primary Cu_(3)Sn and CoSn phases is also confirmed,and a faceted to non-faceted transition in their morphologies is observed with increasing growth velocities.Further analysis shows that the dendritic morphology is formed in the solidified phases whose solubility range is larger during peritectic solidification.

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定可溶性镁合金中高含量镍

建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定可溶性镁合金中高含量镍元素含量的分析方法。采用10 mL盐酸溶液(1+1)溶解可溶性镁合金样品,选择Ni 216.556 nm为分析谱线,采用基体匹配法建立校正曲线,通过基体匹配消除基体干扰,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定样品溶液中镍含量。镍元素质量分数在0.5%~5%范围内与发射光谱强度线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9999。样品加标平均回收率为99.0%~101.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.70%~1.15%(n=6)。该方法可用于可溶性镁合金中高含量镍元素的测定。

7A04铝合金均匀化退火工艺研究

研究了7A04铝合金Φ405 mm铸锭经两种制度单级均匀化退火后第二相的变化。研究结果显示:(460±5)℃12 h(随炉冷却)均匀化退火后,仍存在大量的小尺寸灰白色Al7Cu2Fe相以及大尺寸亮白色T(AlZnMgCu)相,冷却过程中析出的第二相粗大且数量多。(475±5)℃12 h(机械风冷)均匀化退火后,残留的可溶T(AlZnMgCu)相明显减少,合金中只有少量的剩余含Fe相,冷却过程中析出的第二相细小且数量少。采用(475±5)℃12 h(机械风冷)均匀化退火的铸锭挤压的棒材的力学性能比(460±5)℃12 h(随炉冷却)的提高8 MPa,伸长率可增加约1%。7A04铝合金单级均匀化退火最优工艺为(475±5)℃12 h(机械风冷)。

耐超高温全金属桥塞研制与室内试验测试

针对目前可溶桥塞承压强度低、降解速率慢、无法适用于超高温环境的问题,创新性提出适用于超高温环境的全金属桥塞设计方案,同时开展可溶镁基合金的室温、高温下力学性能试验及高温溶解性能试验,并结合有限元分析结果完成桥塞关键部件材料优选,最终试制耐超高温全金属桥塞实物样机并开展室内试验测试,从室温承压性能、高温承压性能和溶解性能3个方面验证实际应用效果。研究结果表明:随着温度升高,相对于高伸长率可溶镁基合金,高强度可溶镁基合金抗拉强度和屈服强度下降幅度较小,伸长率变化幅度较大;在超高温环境中,可溶解镁基合金溶解速率呈现慢-快-慢现象,在溶解后48~72 h内溶解速率最快;研制的耐超高温全金属桥塞在205℃、质量分数2%的KCl水溶液中最高可承受压差70 MPa,并保持10 h有效密封;在模拟工况下的密闭容器中8 d可完全溶解,满足设计要求并具备入井条件。该研究可为开发适用于超高温环境的全金属桥塞提供技术支撑。

铝合金熔体中氢溶解度的计算模型

基于Sieverts定律和多元合金组元活度系数计算模型,建立了一个计算氢在多元合金熔体中的溶解度的计算模型,该模型只需要氢在纯金属熔体中的溶解度参数,为预测多元合金熔体中氢含量提供了有效的途径.以此计算了氢在多种铝合金熔体中的溶解度随温度变化的情况,计算结果与实验值吻合较好.

Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe合金中铌的存在方式及其与热处理的关系

用 SEM 的波谱(WD)分析手段,定性研究了合金元素铌在 Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe 合金中的存在方式及其与中间退火工艺的关系。研究结果表明添加的合金元素铌主要存在于 Laves 相中,并且随中间退火温度升高,第二相中铌含量增加。铌在 α-Zr 中的含量随退火温度升高而降低,可降低至小于 1×10-4,这与二元 Zr-Nb 合金中合金元素铌的固溶度随温度升高而增加明显不同。铌和铁、铬共存于锆合金中时,将与铁、铬一起优先形成沉淀相,导致合金元素主要存在于第二相中,并出现其在 α-Zr 中固溶量随退火温度升高而降低的现象;其原因可归结为随退火温度升高铌扩散能力增加,从而导致在第二相中含量增加。

机械合金化诱导固溶度扩展机制研究进展

简述了机械合金化工艺的基本过程及其诱导固溶度扩展的研究现状。在简述固溶度扩展基本原理的基础上 ,着重介绍了目前机械合金化诱导固溶度扩展的几种机理模型及各自局限性 。

磁场作用下铝合金的微观结构

研究了铝锌、铝镁、铝铜二元合金分别在直流磁场、交流磁场或脉冲磁场中凝固后的微观结构·结果表明 ,在各种磁场中凝固的试样与未经磁场处理的试样相比 ,X射线衍射谱中的(111)晶面的衍射峰一般得到增强·在磁场中凝固的试样 ,其晶格常数均有明显变化 ,溶质元素在α Al中的固溶度均有显著增加·

合金固溶度理论的进展(一)

对迄今已有的固溶度理论，作了具体介绍分析。并从所使用的理论方法，所描述的合金固溶度数目、理论预测与实验结果的符合程度，以及有无定量的方程式等方面对诸理论进行了详细比较，讨论了它们的优缺点。最后提出了今后工作的努力方向。文章分两部分发表，第二部分将刊于上海金属1999年第3期。