Effect of Temperature on Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds Using Potential Green Solvents

Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.

Application of Ionic Liquid in Upgrading 6# Solvent Oil

A new method of upgrading 6# solvent oils using different ionic liquids as catalysts in a continuous apparatus is studied in this paper.The results show that aromatics, olefins and small quantity of sulfurs can be removed simultaneously. Using complex ionic liquid modified with CuCl as catalyst, oletins are removed completely,the mass concentrations of aromatics and sulfurs in solvent oil are 0.36% and 0.0058%, respectively, and the bromic index is zero. The sulfur removal rate decreases gradually with increasing of rtmning time. The refined 6# solvent oil is corresponded to the quality standards of GB 16629-1996, which request that the mass concentrations of aromatics, sulfurs and bromic index are 1%, 0.012% and 1000, respectively. The loss of solvent oil is less than 3%.

Experimental Study on Solvent Extraction of Quseir Oil Shale in Egypt

In the present work, the effect of solvent on the extraction of the organic matter from Quseir’s oil shales was studied. The experimental results revealed that the extraction yield obtained by the tetrahydrofuran was very high compared to other solvents. In addition, the solvent had a significant effect on the yield and the composition of the obtained oil. The analysis carried out on the extracted oil showed that the tetrahydrofuran was a very efficient solvent for oil shale extraction, giving a better quality of the oils extracted containing a large proportion of aromatics compounds and fewer amounts of sulphur and paraffin compounds.

Supercritical Synthesis of Ethyl Esters via Transesterification from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Co-Solvent

Biofuels became more promising alternative to the fossil fuels because of the depletion of fossil resources, renewability, environmental benefits, and energy security. Ethanolysis of waste cooking oil with hexane as co-solvent was carried out for the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). This process reduced the severity of process parameters with high purity biodiesel yield. Process variables such as co-solvent ratio, ethanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized. The maximum biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained at ethanol/oil molar ratio of 40:1, co-solvent (hexane) to oil ratio of 0.2% (v/v), reaction temperature of 300°C in 20 min of reaction time. Fatty acid ethyl ester (biodiesel) samples produced from this process were measured and evaluated using GC-MS analytical instrument. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also performed to examine the thermal stability of waste cooking oil, ethyl esters and fuel blends. Fuel properties of ethyl esters were determined and compared with the ASTM standards for biodiesel, regular diesel and ethyl esters from different feedstock.

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of castor oil from castor seeds

This study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties and oxidation stability of castor oil using microwave-assisted solvent extraction(MAE). MAE was performed using 5% ethanol in hexane as solvent at different extraction times, power intensities and solvent-to-feed(S/F, ml of solvent to gram of feed) ratios.The process parameters were optimized by statistical approach using historical data design of response surface method(RSM). The oils were characterized for yield, physicochemical properties, dielectric properties and oxidation stability, and comparison was also made with oil extracted using Soxhlet method. Results show that the maximum oil yield of 37% was obtained at 20 min with microwave power intensity of 330 W and S/F ratio of 20. The main fatty acid composition of castor oil is ricinoleic acid. The density, refractive index, dielectric properties and oxidation stability of oils are not affected by the extraction methods and extraction parameters of MAE. However, the MAE-extracted oil is more viscous compared to that by Soxhlet method. With extra caution on oil oxidation, MAE could be a promising solvent extraction method with an 86% less in processing time and a higher yield.

Extraction and Characterization of Oil from <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Using Supercritical CO₂and Traditional Solvents

The present work presents a first characterization of the oil from the Moringa (Moringa oleifera) kernel as a potential candidate for biodiesel production. Moringa is an indigenous tree in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, where there is a nascent biodiesel industry. Several extraction methods are compared in terms of the extraction yields, including solvent extraction (n-hexane and ethanol), and supercritical extraction (Sc-CO2). The results are also compared against previ- ously reported data. For supercritical extraction pressures of 200 to 400 bar and temperatures of 40℃ and 60℃ were tested. Gas Chromatography analysis reveals that the main fatty acids in Moringa oil are oleic acid (69%), palmitic acid (10%), and stearic acid (8%).

Shale Oil Solvent Extraction of Central Jordan El-Lajjun Oil Shale

The extraction of the organic matter (OM) from oil shale (OS) can be achieved by several processing techniques. Normally, these techniques can remove high proportion of the organic material contained in oil shale. In this work, organic solvents extraction experiments were implemented to investigate the effect of various parameters on Jordanian El-Lajjun oil shale extractability. Results indicate that the approximate organic matter content in studied El-Lajjun oil shale is 17.48%, and 75% of OS sample particles diameters are less than 270 μm. The grain size has minor effect on shale oil extraction via organic solvents. Among eleven solvents used, the highest yield is obtained via the tetrahedrofuran (THF), whereas, with the use of solvent mixtures, the highest bitumen yield is obtained through the mixture of THF and toluene. The solvation variability is related to mode of extraction and various physicochemical factors such as extraction temperature, pressure, solvent type and mixing time, which result in different OM yield. The results indicate that the solvent extraction could be potential for shale oil extraction from Jordanian El-Lajjun OS under certain conditions of temperature, pressure and solvent type used.

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil Assisted by Co-Solvent and Microwave Using a Two-Step Process

The two-step catalyzing process for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil was assisted by both co-solvent and microwave irradiation. Central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the reaction conditions. Optimal reaction conditions of the first step were alcohol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst (H2SO4) amount 1 wt%, reaction temperature 333 K, and reaction time 7.5 minutes;while for the second step, optimal reaction conditions were alcohol to oil molar ratio 12:1, catalyst (NaOH) amount 1 wt%, reaction temperature 333 K, and reaction time 2.0 minutes. The total reaction time was 9.5 min and the conversion rate of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) achieved was 97.4%. The total reaction time was shorter than previous studies. Therefore, the co-solvent and microwave assisted two-step catalyzing process has a potential application in producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oil.

环保橡胶填充油的研究与应用进展

概述了橡胶填充油(简称橡胶油)的分类、发展现状及国内外环保橡胶油的生产工艺和研究进展。环保橡胶油主要有处理芳烃油、重质环烷基油、浅度溶剂抽提油、残余芳烃抽提油以及调合油5大类。以润滑油精制装置副产抽出油、催化裂化油浆、渣油等为原料,环保橡胶油的生产工艺主要有溶剂精制工艺、复合溶剂抽提工艺、加氢精制-溶剂抽提复合工艺、加氢精制工艺等,这些工艺通过选择性脱除原料中的多环芳烃、保留低环芳烃和烷基芳烃来生产环保橡胶油,国内目前存在产能低、产品芳碳率低等问题,影响了环保橡胶油在国内的大规模应用,也影响环保型橡胶轮胎质量的提高。在原有技术方案上开发新的环保橡胶油生产工艺,探索新的加工路线迫在眉睫。

超声有机溶剂法提取茶树花精油工艺优化及其成分分析

以茶树花为原料,采用超声有溶剂法提取茶树花精油。以茶树花精油得率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化提取工艺,并与索氏抽提法对比分析茶树花精油得率及其挥发性成分。结果表明:超声有机溶剂法提取茶树花精油的最佳工艺为超声功率240W、超声时间50min、石油醚添加量160mL、浸泡时间6h,在此条件下,茶树花精油得率为3.34%,而索氏抽提法的茶树花精油得率为1.59%。成分分析显示,在超声有溶剂法提取的茶树花精油中共检出23种挥发性成分,而在索氏抽提法提取的茶树花精油中只检出18种挥发性成分。

肉桂精油的低共熔溶剂提取及组成分析

采用低共熔溶剂从肉桂皮粉末中提取肉桂精油,以肉桂醛得率为指标,确定最优提取条件;利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪(SPME-GC-MS)测定肉桂精油中的易挥发性组分,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对肉桂皮粉末提取前后的表面形貌进行比对。结果表明:以摩尔比为1∶6的氯化胆碱-乙二醇为低共熔溶剂体系,在体系含水量35%、固液比1∶80(g/mL)、提取时间90 min、提取温度100℃的条件下,肉桂醛得率为11.22 mg/g。SPME-GC-MS结果表明,肉桂精油的主要成分为反式肉桂醛、δ-杜松烯与α-衣兰油烯,分别占32.91%、16.58%与9.00%。SEM结果表明,肉桂皮粉末表面紧实、无明显孔隙,提取后表面变为疏松多孔结构,表明其表面结构被低共熔溶剂体系破坏,有利于肉桂精油的提取。

肉桂精油复配香芹酚和百里香酚对食用畜禽有害微生物熏蒸的抗菌活性

通过测定抑菌圈直径确定肉桂精油及单离香料香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物的敏感性,同时采用气相熏蒸法测定最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(Minimum Bacterial Concentration,MBC)。结果表明:肉桂精油及香芹酚和百里酚对食用畜禽有害微生物都具有一定的抑杀能力。肉桂精油对黑曲霉的抗菌效果优于百里香酚和香芹酚,肉桂精油对黑曲霉的MIC和MBC为62.5μL/L,而百里香酚和香芹酚的MIC和MBC均为125μL/L;将肉桂精油与香芹酚进行复配,复配精油对白色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉均表现出相加作用(FICI≤1),而对白色念珠菌则表现为无关作用。通过GC-MS分析,肉桂精油的主要挥发性化学成分中相对含量较高的为肉桂醛(78.19%)、2-甲氧基肉桂醛(8.70%)。采用电子鼻分析溶剂稀释后对复配精油抑菌活性的影响,抑菌能力大小为:丙二醇稀释≈无水乙醇稀释>未稀释>甘油稀释>食用油稀释。实验表明:香芹酚与肉桂精油复配可以提高肉桂精油的抗菌活性,溶剂挥发性的差异会对复配精油的抑菌活性造成不同影响,稀释复配精油时溶剂的较优选择为丙二醇。

沸腾床渣油加氢裂化装置投产对重油制氢装置的影响

沸腾床渣油加氢裂化装置投产后,将溶剂脱沥青装置的原料由常减压装置洗涤油和减压渣油调整为渣油加氢裂化装置未转化油,作为重油制氢装置原料的脱油沥青性质由此发生变化。对比重油制氢装置原料油性质、主要操作参数、技术经济指标、气化炉运行周期等参数,结果表明,渣油加氢裂化装置投产后,以脱油沥青为原料的重油制氢装置气化炉油气分布更均匀,气化单元有效气含量提高2.12个百分点,有效气产率提高0.20个百分点,碳转化率提高0.18个百分点,氢气产率提高1.21个百分点,吨氢标油能耗下降140 kg,装置各项技术经济指标均有较大幅度提升,气化炉烧嘴运行周期明显延长。

Investigation of Organic Matter Extraction from Moroccan Oil Shale

This study focuses on investigating the effect of various solvents on the supercritical extraction of organic matter from Moroccan oil shales, with the goal of determining the optimal operating conditions that result in a high yield of high-quality oil rich in aromatic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that the extraction yield and quality of the extracted oil heavily depend on the chosen operating conditions for supercritical or subcritical extraction of organic matter from oil shale. Additionally, the study found that phenol can effectively degrade oil shale and enable extraction of nearly all the organic matter, even under mild conditions (T = 390˚C, P = 1.2 MPa, Time = 2.5 h. Furthermore, the oils obtained through this extraction process are of high quality, with a rich content of maltenes, and a higher concentration of aromatic compounds and lower levels of sulfur than those obtained using other solvents.

Investigation of Organic Matter Extraction from Moroccan Oil Shale

This study focuses on investigating the effect of various solvents on the supercritical extraction of organic matter from Moroccan oil shales, with the goal of determining the optimal operating conditions that result in a high yield of high-quality oil rich in aromatic compounds. The results of this study demonstrate that the extraction yield and quality of the extracted oil heavily depend on the chosen operating conditions for supercritical or subcritical extraction of organic matter from oil shale. Additionally, the study found that phenol can effectively degrade oil shale and enable extraction of nearly all the organic matter, even under mild conditions (T = 390˚C, P = 1.2 MPa, Time = 2.5 h. Furthermore, the oils obtained through this extraction process are of high quality, with a rich content of maltenes, and a higher concentration of aromatic compounds and lower levels of sulfur than those obtained using other solvents.

溶剂法脱萜制备水溶性姜精油工艺的实验研究

以超临界CO 2萃取贵州小黄姜所得的姜精油为原料,采用溶剂法脱萜制备水溶性姜精油。运用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对姜精油挥发性成分进行定性和定量,结合气味活性值分析姜精油中挥发性成分对香气的贡献,确定分离目标脱萜物和保留目标香气物,以这两类物质组分的相对含量为考察指标,通过单因素试验得到最优工艺技术参数:70%(体积分数)丙二醇水溶液、离心转速6000 r/min及离心时间15 min、搅拌温度30℃及搅拌时间60 min、料液比(g∶mL)3∶20。在该工艺参数条件下制备的水溶性姜精油相比于原料姜精油的目标脱萜物相对含量从49.20%降低到36.75%,保留香气物从18.59%增加到25.70%。该研究为水溶性姜精油的制备提供了新的技术可行性,有助于拓展姜精油的市场应用空间和范围,并为天然植物精油脱萜制备水溶性精油提供了新的研究思路方法。

溶剂萃取-亲核反应脱除塑料热解油中有机氯

研究了溶剂萃取-亲核反应脱氯,考察了反应溶剂类型、亲核试剂类型和用量、反应溶剂与油品质量比、油品中其他组分等因素对亲核反应脱氯效果的影响,分析了溶剂萃取-亲核反应脱氯的速控步骤,鉴定了不同氯化物的反应产物。实验结果表明,三乙二醇、二乙二醇、乙二醇、甘油均可有效萃取有机氯,对亲核试剂有较高的溶解性,可促进有机氯和亲核试剂的接触和反应,且黏度低的反应溶剂更有利于亲核反应脱氯,其中乙二醇的综合性能最好;有机氯的萃取是溶剂萃取-亲核反应脱氯的速控步骤;在研究的各种亲核试剂中,NaHS的亲核性最强,当反应温度为150℃、n(NaHS)∶n(Cl)=4、m(乙二醇)∶m(油品)=1时,真实塑料热解油脱氯率达到95.8%;伯氯代烃和仲氯代烃的反应活性显著高于氯代芳烃。

溶剂萃取脱除大豆油中游离脂肪酸的研究

为开发处理条件温和的油脂脱酸方法,并为后续脱色工序减轻压力,采用溶剂萃取脱除大豆油中的游离脂肪酸(FFA),系统研究溶剂种类、溶剂体积分数、萃取方式、油溶比(大豆油与溶剂质量体积比)、萃取时间、萃取温度、搅拌速度和萃取次数对大豆油FFA脱除率、中性油得率和大豆油脱色率的影响,对溶剂进行回收利用,并对脱酸前后大豆油的品质进行了分析。结果表明:溶剂萃取脱除大豆油中FFA的最佳工艺条件为以90%乙醇为萃取剂、油溶比1∶2、萃取时间15min、萃取温度30℃、搅拌速度600r/min、萃取3次、静置分离,在此条件下FFA脱除率为87.6%,中性油得率为94.3%,大豆油脱色率为56.2%,大豆油酸值(KOH)由3.46mg/g降至0.43mg/g,满足国家标准一级大豆油的酸值要求;乙醇回收前后FFA脱除率、中性油得率和副产物得率均无明显差别;脱酸后大豆油的色素含量明显降低,油脂色泽得到明显改善。综上,乙醇萃取脱除大豆油中FFA条件温和,溶剂可回收,同时还有辅助脱色的作用。

基础油颜色异常的原因分析及解决方案

通过对基础油生产原料热稳定性和溶剂组成解析,判断基础油颜色变深且发生深浅可逆变化是由溶剂中氮质量浓度异常偏高造成的。分析了溶剂系统中氮元素的可能性来源,针对性排查氨冷系统,推断溶剂氮质量浓度偏高是由于脱蜡段氨冷换热器管程发生内漏,致使氨液进入了溶剂系统。根据分析结果,切换氨冷换热器4d后,基础油颜色恢复正常。对置换下来的氨冷换热器进行检修,确认管程发生了腐蚀性内漏.

糠醛精制装置工艺优化降低抽出油溶剂含量

糠醛精制装置受糠醛结焦温度所限,抽出油回收系统经三效蒸发后,汽提塔底温度难以进一步提高。在加工高芳烃原料时,因溶剂对芳烃溶解性好,产品抽出油溶剂含量高。采用抽出液二次加热的方法可以提高抽出油汽提塔底温度,对降低抽出油溶剂含量效果较好。通过模拟计算得出安装抽出液二次加热器的最优位置,推荐设置在三效蒸发塔与闪蒸塔之间,相比无二次加热可以降低抽出油溶剂含量约83.1%。计算得出汽提塔最优汽提蒸汽用量为塔底抽出油量的5%,汽提塔顶温度和汽提塔底抽出油溶剂含量近似成反比关系,但汽提塔顶温度的提高需要注意塔顶气中携带油的影响。小负荷运行或者设计加工量较小的装置,通过设置抽出油循环流程,可提高汽提塔底温度,有利于降低汽提塔底溶剂含量。通过设置抽出油二次加热、抽出油循环流程,优化汽提塔操作压力、塔顶温度、汽提蒸汽量等,实际运行可以将抽出油溶剂质量分数控制在小于150μg/g,降低了装置溶剂消耗。