Brucea javanica oil emulsion improves the effect of radiotherapy on esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting cyclin D1-CDK4/6 axis

BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers around the world, and it has high incidence and mortality rates. The conventional therapy for esophageal cancer is radiotherapy, although its effect is highly limited by the resistance of esophageal cancer cells. Thus, strong radiosensitizers can be very crucial during radiotherapy against esophageal cancer. Brucea javanica oil emulsion (BJOE) is a widely used drug against various cancers, such as liver, colon, and ovarian cancer. However, its anti-cancer effect and mechanism and the use of BJOE as a radiosensitizer have not been explored in esophageal cancer. AIM To evaluate the anti-cancer effect and mechanism of BJOE and explore the potential use of BJOE as a radiosensitizer during radiotherapy. METHODS The inhibitory effect of BJOE and its enhancement function with radiation on cell viability were examined with the calculated half-maximal effective concentration and half-maximal lethal concentration. The influence of BJOE on cell migration and invasion were measured with EC109 and JAR cells by wound-healing and transwell assay. Clonogenesis and apoptotic rate, which was measured by Hoechst staining, were investigated to confirm its enhancement function with radiation. To investigate the molecular pathway underlying the effect of BJOE, the expressions of several apoptosis- and cycle-related proteins was detected by western blotting.cell lines more than normal cell lines, and it markedly reduced migration and invasion in esophageal cancer cells (EC109 and JAR). Moreover, it promoted cell apoptosis and enhanced the effect of radiotherapy against esophageal cancerous cells. In the viability test, the values of half-maximal effective concentration and half-maximal lethal concentration were reduced. Compared to the control, only around 1/5 colonies formed when using BJOE and radiation together in the clonogenic assay. The apoptotic rate in EC109 was obviously promoted when BJOE was added during radiotherapy. Our study suggests that the expression of the apoptosis-proteins Bax and p21 were increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 was stable. Further detection of downstream proteins revealed that the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION BJOE has a strong anti-cancer effect on esophageal cancer and can be used as a radiosensitizer to promote apoptosis in cancerous esophageal cells via the cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 axis.

Enhanced Anti-Wear Property of Low Viscosity Engine Oil for Sequence IVB Engine Test Meeting the GF-6 Specification

The purpose of this research is to determine the anti-wear capability of new advanced low viscosity engine oil to meet the Sequence IVB requirement of ILSAC GF-6 specification, which envisages that the first certification will be realized in 2020. The anti-wear performance of the aged candidate GF-6 engine oils was evaluated using the laboratory bench test rigs such as the Falex Pin & Vee Block test machine and the high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The worn surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The remarkable anti-wear performance of the developed GF-6 engine oil was also confirmed in the Sequence IVB test. The results indicate that by appropriately selecting and balancing the calcium detergent additives the wear loss of cam and tappet determined in the Sequence IVB test at low temperature could be significantly reduced. The time for occurrence of the intersection of the base and acid values corresponds well with the increase of wear of cam tappet of the IVB engine test.

致密砂岩孔隙演化及其对含油饱和度的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层为例

致密砂岩储层的微观非均质性强,含油饱和度变化大。为了探究致密砂岩储层成岩过程中孔喉大小分布的变化及其对含油饱和度的影响,以鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段致密砂岩储层为例,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞等测试手段,定量计算了成岩作用对孔隙度的影响。在此基础上,以孔喉参数的统计模型为约束条件,建立了主要成藏期孔喉大小分布模型,利用积分方法计算出了主要成藏期的可动流体饱和度。甘泉地区长6—长8段致密砂岩储层在早成岩期—中成岩期受到强烈的压实作用,平均压实减孔率为81.85%,胶结作用进一步使孔隙度平均降低11.00%左右,溶蚀作用虽然增加了孔隙空间,但增幅较小,平均为4.38%;主要成藏期开始(128 Ma)和结束(111 Ma)对应的平均古孔隙度分别为13.82%和8.68%,大于最小流动孔喉半径(0.1μm)的孔喉体积占比低,可动流体饱和度为35.05%~93.27%。主要成藏期孔喉半径及可动流体饱和度偏低是含油饱和度低的原因之一。受储层自生黏土矿物对岩石润湿性的影响,现今含油饱和度值并未急剧降低。成藏时期孔喉大小分布模型计算油层可动流体饱和度为研究类似地区油气储层孔喉大小演化及其与含油饱和度的关系提供了一种可行的分析方法。

Application of Ionic Liquid in Upgrading 6# Solvent Oil

A new method of upgrading 6# solvent oils using different ionic liquids as catalysts in a continuous apparatus is studied in this paper.The results show that aromatics, olefins and small quantity of sulfurs can be removed simultaneously. Using complex ionic liquid modified with CuCl as catalyst, oletins are removed completely,the mass concentrations of aromatics and sulfurs in solvent oil are 0.36% and 0.0058%, respectively, and the bromic index is zero. The sulfur removal rate decreases gradually with increasing of rtmning time. The refined 6# solvent oil is corresponded to the quality standards of GB 16629-1996, which request that the mass concentrations of aromatics, sulfurs and bromic index are 1%, 0.012% and 1000, respectively. The loss of solvent oil is less than 3%.

A quantitative evaluation for well pattern adaptability in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs:A case study of Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 reservoirs in Ordos Basin

Based on the previous studies and development practice in recent 10 years, a quantitative evaluation method for the adaptability of well patterns to ultra-low permeability reservoirs was established using cluster analysis and gray correlation method, and it includes 10 evaluation parameters in the four aspects of optimal evaluation parameters, determination of weights for evaluation parameters, development stage division, and determination of classification coefficients. This evaluation method was used to evaluate the well pattern adaptability of 13 main ultra-low permeability reservoirs in Triassic Chang 6 and Chang 8 of Ordos Basin. Three basic understandings were obtained: Firstly, the well pattern for ultra-low permeability type-I reservoirs has generally good adaptability, with proper well pattern forms and well pattern parameters. Secondly, square inverted nine-spot well pattern is suitable for reservoirs with no fractures; rhombic inverted nine-spot injection pattern is suitable for reservoirs with some fractures; and rectangular well pattern is suitable for reservoirs with rich fractures. Thirdly, for the ultra-low permeability type-Ⅱ and type-Ⅲ reservoirs, with the principles of well pattern form determination, the row spacing needs to be optimized further to improve the level of development of such reservoirs.

鄂尔多斯盆地马岭—乔川地区长6油层组油藏分布特征及控制因素

基于岩心观察、测井解释及开采数据分析,结合流体包裹体等测试,对马岭—乔川地区长6油层组的油藏分布特征及控制因素开展研究。研究结果表明,研究区油藏纵向上主要分布在长63油层段,长62、长61油层段含油性显著变差;平面上,长63油层段以L125,B452和L411井区为中心,油藏团块状分布,呈两条带沿北西南东向延伸,油层厚度主要在5~20 m之间,长62、长61油层呈孤立土豆疙瘩状分布,分布规模小。长6油层组油藏以岩性油藏为主,包裹体均一温度集中在70~90℃,荧光以黄褐色为主,结合区域埋藏史分析显示该区油藏充注为晚侏罗世和中-晚白垩世,表现为早期充注。长6油层组烃源岩厚度、距离,砂体砂质碎屑流砂体性质、物性和叠置类型是其形成油气藏的重要影响因素;长63油层段相比长62和长61油层段具有更靠近烃源岩,砂质碎屑流成因砂体分布广、孔渗条件好、叠置厚层砂体类型发育等优势。研究区最为有利油藏的勘探目标为长63油层段Y470,L374,B452等井区附近,有利勘探区面积达到517.28 km 2。

Biodegradation of 2,6-Dichlorophenol Wastewater in Soil Column Reactor in the Presence of Pineapple Peels-Derived Activated Carbon, Palm Kernel Oil and Inorganic Fertilizer

In this study, the potential effects of palm kernel oil (PKO), pineapple peels derived-activated carbon (PPAC) and NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) as amendment agents on the natural bioattenuation of 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in tropical agricultural soil were investigated. The effect of PPAC dosage on 2,6-DCP biodegradation was also studied. Column reactors containing soil were spiked with 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) wastewater (300 mg/l) and amended with PKO, NPK fertilizer and PPAC alone or in combinations. The rates of 2,6-DCP biodegradation were studied for a remediation period of 42 days under laboratory conditions. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between the rate of 2,6-DCP biodegradation, bacterial growth rate and presence of NPK fertilizer and PPAC (alone or in combination) in soil column microcosms contaminated with 2,6-DCP. The 2,6-DCP biodegradation data fitted well to the first-order kinetic model. The model revealed that 2,6-DCP contaminated-soil microcosms amended with NPK fertilizer and PPAC (alone or in combination) had higher biodegradation rate constants (k) as well as lower half-life times (t1/2) than soil column microcosms amended with PKO and unamended soil (natural attenuation) remediation system. Thus, the use of combined NPK fertilizer and activated carbon (NPK + PPAC) to enhance 2,6-DCP degradation in the soil could be one of the severally sought bioremediation strategies of remediating natural ecosystem (environment) contaminated with organic chemicals.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

Study on the connectivity of heavy oil reservoirs by ultraviolet spectrum technique in the western part of the QHD32-6 oilfield

As a new method,the ultraviolet spectrum technique is applied to studying the connectivity of biodegradable heavy oil reservoirs.The similarity of crude oils can be judged according to the extinction coefficient(E) because aromatic hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons have conjugated bonds and obvious absorption in the ultraviolet range,and different materials have different characteristics and additives.The relationship diagram is made in terms of the extinction coefficients(E) of the samples by taking E as the Y-axis and wavelength as the X-axis.The connectivity of oil reservoirs is estimated according to the curve positions and characteristic fingerprints of the samples.The connectivity of part of the reservoirs in the western part of the QHD32-6 oilfield was studied with this method.The results showed that the connectivity of samples from wells F7 and F8 in the Nm-2 oil reservoir zone is good,that of samples from wells F17 and F20 in the Nm-1 oil reservoir zone also is good,and that of samples from wells F17,F19,and F20 is poor.

天赐湾地区长4+5、长6油层组原始含油饱和度计算方法研究

为进一步明确鄂尔多斯盆地天赐湾地区长4+5、长6油层组原油地质储量,开展系统的原始含油饱和度计算方法研究。针对天赐湾地区长4+5、长6油层组低孔特低渗特征分别采用密闭取心分析法、压汞法(J函数)、测井解释法(阿尔奇公式)进行原始含油饱和度计算方法研究。研究结果表明,密闭取心分析法测定的研究区长4+5、长6油层组平均原始含油饱和度为46.7%;压汞法(J函数)测定的长4+5、长6油层组平均原始含油饱和度为47.5%;测井解释法(阿尔奇公式)测定的长4+5油层组的平均原始含油饱和度为51.4%,长6油层组的平均原始含油饱和度为48.7%。3种方法测得的平均原始含油饱和度偏差不大,可为研究区长4+5、长6油层组原油地质储量的计算提供重要的数据支撑。

鄂尔多斯盆地双河地区延长组长6油层组地层水化学特征分布规律

致密油藏油水关系复杂,地层水化学组分及其分布规律对指导致密油勘探具有重要意义。基于此,对双河地区长6油层组地层水化学组成、矿化度、水化学特征参数与沉积微相、有效厚度及产能之间的关系进行了深入研究。研究表明,双河地区地层水类型主要为CaCl_(2)型,地层水的矿化度主要分布在2201.2~153670.9 mg/L,平均为53947.2 mg/L。矿化度在50000 mg/L之前,含油饱和度随着矿化度的增加而降低的,而在50000 mg/L之后,含油饱和度随着地层水矿化度的增加而增加。这是由于,较高的矿化度代表好的保存条件,利于油气长期大规模聚集,因而含油饱和度较高;而当目的层矿化度处于10000~20000 mg/L相对低的范围时,主要对应3~5 m薄层单砂体组成的复合砂体,因而含油饱和度也相对较高。分析认为,目的层矿化度、钠氯系数、镁钙系数特征均表明目的层处于相对封闭的沉积环境,有利于油气的保存,这些水化学参数均与致密油藏聚集及产能有较为显著的相关性。

CO_(2)混相驱胶质、沥青质析出规律——以东河6油藏为例

掌握油田原油在注CO_(2)过程中是否混相及油层沥青质的沉淀规律具有重要意义。设计了一套高温、高压混相及沉淀实验装置,并开展CO_(2)混相驱胶质、沥青质析出规律的实验研究,模拟东河6油藏注气开采过程,判断注入气体与地层流体是否达到混相,表征油层内胶质、沥青质的析出规律。实验结果表明:东河6油藏注CO_(2)驱提采机理为一次混相;沥青质相对沉淀量随CO_(2)注入比例的增加而迅速增加后又缓慢减少,胶质相对沉淀量随注入比例的增加先降低后增加;注CO_(2)后降压衰竭开采优先采出饱和烃,油层原油沥青质含量迅速增加。东河6油藏注CO_(2)驱保持最低混相压力45.4 MPa以上开采,可提高驱替效率,减少开采过程中胶质、沥青质的析出,提高原油采收率。研究结果可为注CO_(2)油藏提供一种混相压力及沥青质沉淀测定的方法,支撑注CO_(2)油藏开发方案的制定。

C_(6)F_(12)O与CO_(2)/N_(2)对变压器油分解气体火焰及HF的抑制作用

变压器油分解为可燃气体燃烧具有高危险性,新型的环保灭火剂C_(6)F_(12)O抗复燃性差会产生有害产物HF。为此研究了N_(2)或CO_(2)的加入对C_(6)F_(12)O扑灭变压器油分解气体火焰的灭火性能及有害产物HF的影响,采用化学动力学方法计算了不同当量比与混合比下C_(6)F_(12)O混合物对变压器油分解气体火焰绝热燃烧温度、活性自由基浓度的作用效果,分析了HF浓度变化及生成路径变化规律。理论计算表明N_(2)或CO_(2)与C_(6)F_(12)O具有良好的物理化学协同灭火作用,且能抑制有害产物HF的生成。研究结果为C_(6)F_(12)O灭火剂在电气火灾应用提供了理论依据和数据参考。

长6特低渗油藏剩余油分布主控因素定量化研究

依据钻井、测井、生产开发数据,将区内的小层、砂体、油层进行精细划分与对比,对油层进行精细识别,采用定性分析和定量计算、静动态分析相结合的方法,对全区低幅度构造发育程度、沉积相的发育稳定程度、储层性质的变化程度与油层单井平均原始含油饱和度、单井平均原始地质储量、单井平均剩余油饱和度、单井平均采出程度、单井平均产量、变异系数等相关地质开发参数进行定量分析统计。研究表明,低幅度构造组合单元的变化对采出程度的影响差值达到1.12%,差值率达到17.1%,单井平均累产差值达到17.3 t,差值率达到0.7%;沉积相变化的快慢对采出程度的影响差值达到0.80%,差值率达到13.7%,单井平均累产差值达到544.3 t,差值率达到23.3%;储层性质变化的快慢对采出程度的影响差值达到1.83%,差值率达到29.5%,单井平均累产差值达到670.4 t,差值率达到26.3%;开发过程中平均原始含油饱和度经过多年开发的变化率,构造的影响差值变化率为0.48%,沉积的影响差值变化率为1.00%,储层性质的影响差值变化率为1.46%。综上分析,储层性质的变化对剩余油的分布具有明显的控制作用,其次为沉积发育变化,最后为构造的变化。

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡储层岩石学特征及油气勘探指示——以油房庄北部长6油层组为例

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地油房庄北部有利相带和优质储层发育区,推进鄂尔多斯盆地探明储量的进一步扩大,通过岩心薄片观察、岩石矿物成分分析测定等多种手段开展油房庄北部重点层段长6油层组储层的碎屑颗粒组成、填隙物组分等关键特征要素研究,并在此基础上分析长6油层组储层的重、轻矿物分布规律,进而探讨物源的指示意义以及油气耦合关系,以期补充该地区关于储层岩石学和物源分析的科研成果.经分析,长6砂岩储层主要为长石砂岩,并见少量岩屑长石砂岩;填隙物的类型多、含量变化大,主要包括黏土胶结物、碳酸盐类胶结物、硅质胶结物等;粒级分布以细砂为主,颗粒磨圆为次棱角状,颗粒分选中等以上占主体;胶结类型以薄膜-孔隙型和孔隙-薄膜型、孔隙型、薄膜型、加大-孔隙型胶结为主.长6砂岩储层标准偏差对粒度平均值图解和重矿物组合、轻矿物组分都揭示了长6油层组时期研究区主要受东北方向物源影响,发育了多期叠置的三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体,并且由于长距离搬运效应,残余粒间孔、长石溶孔较为发育,长石、绿泥石和高岭石的矿物组合在一定程度上提升了研究区的储层物性,并增加了低阻油藏的渗透性.长61和长62的水下分流河道砂体为研究区的优质储层发育区.

基于神经网络模型的致密砂岩储层流动单元分类与评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地WQ北部长6油层组为例

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地WQ北部地区致密砂岩储层流动单元对剩余油分布的影响,通过岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、X衍射分析、高压压汞测试等方法分析了研究区长6储层的基本特征,并结合测井和神经网络模型分析,明确了区内长6储层流动单元类型、特征、分布规律,及其与储层的关系。结果表明:研究区长6油层组为典型的低孔-特低渗储层,主要发育长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和长石溶孔为主,储层孔隙结构以细喉大孔型和细喉小孔型为主。共发育4类储层流动单元。其中,长6^(2-1)小层以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类单元为主,长6^(1-2)小层主要发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ类流动单元,长6^(1-1)小层仅见零星分布的Ⅰ类流动单元,有利储层主要分布在长61-2小层。

杏子川地区长6储层压裂液原位置换原油

杏子川地区延长组长6储层具有含油饱和度低、油湿性强,非均质性强(渗透率为0.10~1.0 mD)等特征。常规压裂液体系润湿改性能力弱、渗吸置换效果差,亟需研究具有渗吸提采功能的压裂液。借助了核磁共振T_(2)谱手段,测试了不同组成和配比的化学剂对长6储层岩心内微-纳孔径原油的动用能力,并探究了压裂液原位置换原油的影响因素及其渗吸机理。结果表明:带负电的阴离子试剂AX-2更适合动用长6低含油饱和度储层,0.10%AX-2渗吸采收率大于30%,纳米小孔与微米大孔动用程度分别为42.08%与22.62%;将表面活性剂AX-2复配成为10 nm尺寸的纳米乳液AX-1,抗吸附能力更强,动用效果更佳,纳米孔与微米孔动用程度可提升至58.26%与29.70%;界面张力为1.5 mN/m时AX-1最适合动用长6储层原油,此时液体具有较高的渗吸动力与原油剥离能力。优选体系复配后现场压裂稳定,试油效果良好,平均日产油量超过26 t。

张家滩地区长6油层组储层对致密油富集的控制作用

利用岩性、物性、高压压汞数据以及铸体薄片、扫描电镜资料并结合测井、试油和试采数据,分析张家滩地区长6油层组储层对致密油富集的控制作用。结果表明:长6储层含油岩性为细砂岩,粉砂岩不含油;油层厚度与砂体厚度呈现正相关关系,平面上集中分布于中西部和南部地区;孔隙结构主要分为两类:I类为细孔微细喉,以油浸、油斑级为主,Ⅱ类为细-微孔、微细喉-微喉,以油迹和荧光级别为主;各种成岩作用和沉积环境导致较强的储层非均质性,控制了石油的差异富集;层内非均质性形成相对高孔高渗砂体并控制致密油的聚集部位,平面非均质性导致油层厚度大的区域主要分布在砂体厚度大且稳定的区域。

长石族矿物对致密油储渗条件的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地长_6油层组为例

在岩石薄片观察、铸体薄片鉴定、高压压汞、恒速压汞及X射线衍射实验等多种测试分析基础上,通过高分辨率场发射万倍扫描电镜观察和分析,从结晶学和矿物学角度研究长石族矿物对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6油层组致密油储集层储渗条件的影响。由于晶体结构和化学组成差异,不同长石族矿物脆性和溶蚀的难易程度差别明显,地层条件下,钙长石等偏基性斜长石更易沿解理破裂形成新的渗流通道;钾长石等富钾的碱性长石更易沿解理溶蚀形成次生孔隙;钠长石等偏酸性斜长石的脆性和溶解性介于钙长石和钾长石之间。鄂尔多斯盆地长6油层组主要孔隙类型为残余粒间孔,长石溶蚀和破裂形成的次生孔缝对孔隙度贡献不大;研究区钙长石含量相对较高,其沿解理破碎形成的微裂缝有效改善了储集层渗流条件,长石族矿物对渗透率的贡献从大到小依次为:钙长石、钾长石等、钠长石。

鄂尔多斯盆地甘谷驿油田东区长6油层储层特征及储层评价

鄂尔多斯盆地甘谷驿油男东区长6油层为该区的主产层之一.本文在长6储层沉积特征研究的基础上,对储层岩石学、成岩作用、孔候结构及物性特征进行分析、研究,并作出综合评价,结果表明,长6储层为中一低孔、低渗型储层,其储层主要表现为ⅢA类较差储层,但长61储层相对较好,次为长62储层,长63总体较差,以差储层、非储层为主.