Efficient and selective extraction of sinomenine by deep eutectic solvents

Sinomenine is the main bio-active ingredient of Sinomenii Caulis and usually produced by solventextraction techniques. However, the extraction of sinomenine suffers from the lack of highly efficient and environmentally-benign solvents. In this work, deep eutectic solvents(DESs) based on fragrances were synthesized, hydrogen-bond donors(HBDs) and hydrogen-bond acceptors(HBAs) components of DESs were identified and their extraction ability for sinomenine was evaluated and the extraction conditions were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal design experiments. It was found that the hydrogen-bonding interaction between sinomenine and DESs was the main extraction driving force and there was no explicit relationship between the extraction ability and the hydrophobicity of the DESs. The DESs could be recycled and sinomenine could be recovered quantitatively via backextraction. High-purity sinomenine((95.0 ± 2.3)%) could be produced. These findings suggest that DESs are highly-effective solvents for the isolation of sinomenine and exhibit great potential for the extraction of other bio-active compounds.

Design method of extractant for liquid-liquid extraction based on elements and chemical bonds

In the petrochemical industry process, the relative volatility between the components to be separated is close to one or the azeotrope that systems are difficult to separate. Liquid-liquid extraction is a common and effective separation method, and selecting an extraction agent is the key to extraction technology research. In this paper, a design method of extractants based on elements and chemical bonds was proposed. A knowledge-based molecular design method was adopted to pre-select elements and chemical bond groups. The molecules were automatically synthesized according to specific combination rules to avoid the problem of “combination explosion” of molecules. The target properties of the extractant were set, and the extractant meeting the requirements was selected by predicting the correlation physical properties of the generated molecules. Based on the separation performance of the extractant in liquid-liquid extraction and the relative importance of each index, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation membership function was established, the analytic hierarchy process determined the mass ratio of each index, and the consistency test results were passed. The results of case study based on quantum chemical analysis demonstrated that effective determination of extractants for the analysis of benzene-cyclohexane systems. The results unanimously prove that the method has important theoretical significance and application value.

Predictive methods for density and refractive index of naphthenic lubricating oils during solvent extraction process

Lubricating oils are usually produced by solvent extraction to separate aromatics in order to achieve the desired specifications and better quality products.Among the different properties of lubricating oils,density and refractive index are some of the most important properties which can both be used for petroleum fluid characterization.Predictions of density and refractive index for naphthenic oils during solvent extraction by DMSO obtained by the pseudo-component approach and the quadratic correlation were both examined.The pseudo-component approach is a method to predict density and refractive index from composition while the latter merely relates density to refractive index.Results indicated that the predictions yielded by the pseudo-component method were in good agreement with experimental data for naphthenic oils.And the use of a function of refractive index(FRI_(20))as a pseudo-component property remarkably improved n_(20)predictions for the naphthenic mixtures.However,the density and refractive index predictions obtained by the quadratic correlation exhibited significantly higher de-viations for naphthenic oils than those for paraffinic oils.Thus a new modified correlation of the same functional form was proposed for naphthenic oils.The modification significantly improved predictions for naphthenic oils,which presented similar accuracy as the pseudo-component approach.And the previous correlation was still used for paraffinic oils.Additionally,effect of temperature on density and refractive index of naphthenic oils was examined.Results showed that the modified quadratic correlation was accurate for describing the relationship between density and refractive index of naphthenic oils at 20-90℃.The temperature dependence of density and refractive index for the raffinates and the extracts could be accurately described by the thermal coefficients for saturates and aromatics,respectively.Regarding the refractive index variation of the extracts with temperature,the empirical equation was proved to be a better option compared with the method using the thermal coefficient for aromatics.

Solid-phase microextraction of endogenous metabolites from intact tissue validated using a Biocrates standard reference method kit

Improved analytical methods for the metabolomic profiling of tissue samples are constantly needed.Currently,conventional sample preparation methods often involve tissue biopsy and/or homogenization,which disrupts the endogenous metabolome.In this study,solid-phase microextraction(SPME)fibers were used to monitor changes in endogenous compounds in homogenized and intact ovine lung tissue.Following SPME,a Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ assay was applied to make a downstream targeted metabolomics analysis and confirm the advantages of in vivo SPME metabolomics.The AbsoluteIDQ kit enabled the targeted analysis of over 100 metabolites via solid-liquid extraction and SPME.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between conventional liquid extractions from homogenized tissue and SPME results for both homogenized and intact tissue samples.In addition,principal component analysis revealed separated clustering among all the three sample groups,indicating changes in the metabolome due to tissue homogenization and the chosen sample preparation method.Furthermore,clear differences in free metabolites were observed when extractions were performed on the intact and homogenized tissue using identical SPME procedures.Specifically,a direct comparison showed that 47 statistically distinct metabolites were detected between the homogenized and intact lung tissue samples(P<0.05)using mixed-mode SPME fibers.These changes were probably due to the disruptive homogenization of the tissue.This study's findings highlight both the importance of sample preparation in tissue-based metabolomics studies and SPME's unique ability to perform minimally invasive extractions without tissue biopsy or homogenization while providing broad metabolite coverage.

Selection of Extraction Solvents for Bitumen from Indonesian Oil Sands through Solubility Parameters

Indonesian oil sands were systematically separated to investigate their basic composition.The extraction effects of the solvents with different Hilderbrand solubility parameters(HSPs)on the bitumen of Indonesian oil sands were compared.Furthermore,the Hansen solubility combination parameter(HSCP)and Teas triangle were used to explore rules in the separation of oil sands bitumen via solvent extraction.Finally,the saturates,aromatics,resins,and asphaltenes(SARA)fractions of the bitumen from Indonesian oil sands were analyzed.The results showed that the Indonesian oil sands were oil-wet with a bitumen content of 24.93%.The solvent extraction for bitumen could be accurately and conveniently selected based on the solubility parameter.When the HSPs of the extraction solvent were around 18–19 and the HSCPs were closer to a certain range(δ_(d)=17.5–18.0,δ_(p)=1–3.5,and δ_(h)=2–6),the extraction effect of bitumen from Indonesian oil sands improved,and the primary component affecting the extraction rate of bitumen were asphaltenes.

Effect of Different Solvents on the Extraction of Phytochemicals in Colored Potatoes

Colored potatoes are an interesting alternative to the traditional, white-creamed potatoes, due to their high phytochemical content, which have been proved to have antioxidative properties. The extraction of polyphenols is highly dependent on using the appropriate solvent systems. Therefore, polyphenol extraction in colored potatoes [Vermillion Fingerling (VF);Jester Potato (JP);Magic Molly (MM);Blue Belle (BB);All Blue (AB)] using different solvents [Solvent A (24% water, 67% ethanol 9% acetic acid);Solvent B (5% acetic acid);and Solvent C (95% water, 5% acetic acid, 0.5 g sodium bisulfate)] may have significant effects on extraction efficiency and phytochemical content. Total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), Total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activities [Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and Ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP)] were determined. Solvent A extracted significantly (p < 0.05) higher TPC from BB (13.93 mg GAE/100g) compared to the other solvents. VF and JP displayed higher TFC (14.53 and 19.46 mg CE/100g, respectively) when Solvent C was utilized. VF and JP extracts with Solvent C displayed the highest FRAP value compared to Solvent B. MM displayed the highest TAC using Solvent A and C. Potato variety resulted in high variability in polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. The utilization of colored potatoes or extracts in the food industry could provide innovative products and a functional alternative to the traditional.

Simulation of Solvent Extraction for Naphthenic Lubricating Base Oils

Solvent extraction is the process of separating aromatics from vacuum distillates for the production oflubricating base oils. In this study, the authors use dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) instead of furfural as solvent, in light of itshigher selectivity, to obtain extracts with a high aromatic content for naphthenic lubricating base oils. We systematicallyinvestigated effects of the solvent-to-oil (S/O) ratio and extraction temperature on the yield of the extract, efficiency ofaromatic removal, and composition of the extracts and raffinates. The results showed that the aromatic content of extractsfor naphthenic oils could reach a high value of about 80%. The solvent maintained a high selectivity for aromatics fornaphthenic oils even under a high S/O ratio and a high extraction temperature. Moreover, the efficiency of aromatic removalfor naphthenic lubricating base oils could be enhanced by increasing either the S/O ratio or the extraction temperature,although these measures had limited effects in practice. Following this, we used the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) modelbased on the pseudo-component approach to simulate the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the system of DMSO + naphtheniclubricating base oils, and determined the parameters of binary interaction through regression based on the data on phaseequilibrium. The modeling results showed that the predicted yield, content of the solvent, and composition of the raffinatesand extracts were in good agreement with those obtained in the experiments. This validates the reliability of the model usedto represent the DMSO + naphthenic lubricating base oil system. Both the experimental data and the method of simulationreported here can help optimize the extraction of naphthenic lubricating base oils, and provide a better understanding of thecorresponding process.

A data-driven model of drop size prediction based on artificial neural networks using small-scale data sets

An artificial neural network(ANN)method is introduced to predict drop size in two kinds of pulsed columns with small-scale data sets.After training,the deviation between calculate and experimental results are 3.8%and 9.3%,respectively.Through ANN model,the influence of interfacial tension and pulsation intensity on the droplet diameter has been developed.Droplet size gradually increases with the increase of interfacial tension,and decreases with the increase of pulse intensity.It can be seen that the accuracy of ANN model in predicting droplet size outside the training set range is reach the same level as the accuracy of correlation obtained based on experiments within this range.For two kinds of columns,the drop size prediction deviations of ANN model are 9.6%and 18.5%and the deviations in correlations are 11%and 15%.

The occurrence characteristics of oil in shales matrix from organic geochemical screening data and pore structure properties:An experimental study Author links open overlay panel

The occurrence characteristics of shale oil are of great significance to the movability of shale oil.In this study,the occurrence characteristics of oil in the shale matrix at Funing Formation shale in Subei Basin were quantitatively evaluated by organic geochemistry and microscopic pore structure characterization experiments.The Multiple Isothermal Stages Pyrolysis(MIS)experiment results show that the content of total oil,adsorbed oil,and free oil in the shales are 3.15-11.25 mg/g,1.41-4.95 mg/g,and 1.74-6.51 mg/g,respectively.among which the silicon-rich shale has the best oil-bearing.The relative content of free oil shows an increasing trend in pores with pore diameters greater than 3 nm.When the relative content of free oil reaches 100%,the pore size of silicon-rich shale is about 200 nm,while that of calcium-rich shale,clay-rich shale,and siliceous mixed shale is about 10 nm.The occurrence law of adsorbed oil is opposite to that of free oil,which indicates that shale oil will occur in the pores and fractures in a free state in a more extensive pore size range(>200 nm).This study also enables us to further understand the occurrence characteristics of shale oil under the interaction of occurrence state and occurrence space.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Analysis and Total Phenol Content of Proso Millet and Barnyard Millet

Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.

Extracting vanadium from stone-coal by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction

Vanadium extraction from stone-coal was investigated by oxygen pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction.The mineralogy of the stone-coal from Tongren City of Guizhou Province,China,was investigated by various determination methods. The effects of leaching time,leaching temperature,leaching agent concentration,leaching L/S ratio,granularity of material,additive consumption were investigated based on the mineralogy.The results show that under the conditions of leaching time of 3-4 h, temperature of 150℃,sulfuric acid consumption of 25%?30%,ratio of liquid to solid of 1.2:1,the granularity less than 0.074 mm, additive consumption of 3%-5%,and oxygen pressure of 1.2 MPa,and the vanadium leaching rate can be more than 92%by the method of two-step pressurized acid leaching.The powdery V2O5 product with 99.52%in V2O5 content is obtained by the flowsheet of acid recovery,removing iron by reduction process,solvent extraction,precipitating vanadium with ammonium water,and pyrolysis from the stone-coal oxygen pressure acid-leaching solution.The total recovery efficiency of vanadium is above 85%,which is more than 20%higher than that obtained in the conventional process.Furthermore,the new process does not cause air pollution since no HCl or Cl2 is released by calcination of the raw material.

Kinetics of forward extraction of Ti(IV) from H_2SO_4 medium by P_(507) in kerosene using the single drop technique

The kinetics of forward extraction of Ti（IV） from H2SO4 medium by P507 in kerosene has been investigated using the single drop technique.In the low concentration region of Ti（IV）,the rate of forward extraction at 298 K can be represented by F（kmol·m-2·s-1）=10-5.07 [TiO 2 ＋ ][H＋]-1 [NaHA 2 ]（o）·Analysis of the rate expression reveals that the rate determining step is（TiO）（i）2＋ ＋（HA 2）（i）-[TiO（HA2）]（i）＋.The values of Ea,H±,S±,and G±298 are calculated to be 22 kJ·mol-1,25 kJ·mol-1,-218 J·mol-1·K-1,and 25 kJ·mol-1,respectively.The experimental negative S± values indicate that the reaction step occurs via SN2 mechanism.

Solvent extraction of vanadium from sulfuric acid solution

The behaviour of vanadium（V） extracted from sulfuric acid solution was investigated using Cyanex 923 as an extractant. The effects of the concentration of Cyanex 923 and the pH of the solution were studied. The extraction of vanadium（V） increases with the increase of Cyanex 923 concentration and shaking time. Cyanex 923 can extract vanadium（V） from sulfuric acid solution at low pH conditions, and the best pH conditions for extraction of vanadium（V） are at pH 1.0-2.0. The species extracted into the organic phase is VO2HSO4 with one molecule of Cyanex 923. Equilibrium studies were used to assess the extraction efficiency of vanadium（V） recovery from the sulfuric acid solution.

Selective separation of Cu(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ),and Cd(Ⅱ)by solvent extraction

An experimental investigation was presented on the separation of Cu（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ）, and Cd（Ⅱ） from a rich sulfate leachate of zinc slag by solvent extraction. The results of orthogonal experiments indicate that LIX 984N is highly selective and very efficient in the extraction of Cu（Ⅱ）, and the analysis of variance indicates that the sequence of parameters according to their influence on the separation efficiency is phase ratio 〉 LIX 984N concentration 〉 pH value 〉 extraction time. The optimal condition for copper extraction is obtained as 25% of LIX 984N concentration, 7 rain of extraction time, 3：2 of phase ratio O/A, and pH = 1.7. The separation of Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） was performed after the copper extraction from the raffinate. Comparative analysis of the separation with di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid （D2EHPA）, D2EHPA-tributyl- phosophate （TBP） synergistic extracting system, and 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester （HEHEHP） was made at pH = 2.0. It is demonstrated that the extraction efficiency with D2EHPA is improved after being saponified by sodium hydroxide, and D2EHPA-TBP synergistic extracting, as well as HEHEHP, has a superior selectivity to Zn（Ⅱ） over Cd（Ⅱ）.

Process development for the direct solvent extraction of nickel and cobalt from nitrate solution:aluminum,cobalt,and nickel separation using Cyanex 272

A direct solvent extraction（DSX） process for purifying nickel and cobalt from the nitric acid leach solution of nickel laterite ores was conceived and experimentally probed. The proposed process consists of two solvent extraction（SX） steps but with only one extractant - bis（2,4,4-trimethylpentyl）phosphinic acid（Cyanex？ 272） - used in both steps. The first extraction step involved the removal of aluminum and zinc, whereas the second extraction step involved the separation of cobalt along with manganese from nickel. The experimental results showed essentially quantitative removal of aluminum（〉97%） and zinc（〉99%） in a single extraction stage using 20vol% Cyanex 272 at pH 2.1. Some cobalt（32%） and manganese（55%） were co-extracted but were easily scrubbed out completely from the loaded organic phase using dilute sulfuric acid at pH ≤ 1.38. Cobalt and manganese in the first extraction raffinate were extracted completely in four extraction stages at staggered pH values of 4.0, 4.4, 4.5, and 4.0 in the first, second, third, and fourth stages, respectively, using also 20vol% Cyanex 272. A small amount of nickel（up to 6.6%） was co-extracted but was easily scrubbed out completely with dilute sulfuric acid at pH 2.0. A flow diagram showing the input and output conditions and the metals separated under the deduced optimum conditions is presented.

New Environment-Friendly Approach for Bastnasite Metallurgic Treatment (I): Extraction of Tetravalent Cerium from Sulphuric Acid Medium with Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid

The extraction of cerium(IV) from sulphuric acid medium with Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid(DEHPA) was studied. The influence of sulphate ion, acidity, extractant concentration as well as the presence of fluoride ion on the extraction of Ce(IV) was investigated, and the extraction mechanism was also discussed. The results show that sulphate ion can inhibit the extraction of Ce(IV) significantly due to its complexation with Ce(IV). Fluoride ion can enhance Ce(IV) extraction dramatically by the formation of CeF_2^(2+) and less amount of CeF^(3+) which can almost be extracted completely. Nevertheless, in the case as F/Ce(mole ratio) in the initial aqueous phase is approximately more than 1.5, the precipitate will be formed and the extraction can not be progressed smoothly.

Effect of Three Extraction Methods on the Volatile Component of Illicium verum Hook.f.Analyzed by GC-MS

The physical properties and chemical components of three oil samples extracted from Illicium verum Hook. f. by steam distillation （SD）, solvent extraction （SE） and supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） were compared with one another and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS）. The quality parameters of star anise essential oil from SFE were close to that of those came from SD and SE. Although the extraction yield of star anise by SFE （9.2 %） was close to the value from SE （9.3%）, it was yet higher than that came from SD （8.2%）. For sensory evaluation, however, three oils were significantly different. The odor and taste of the products from SFE and SE were generally more natural and vivid than that came from distilled oil. The volatile compound revealed that significant differences of the composition existed in the distilled oil and the oleoresins prepared by SFE and SE.

Extraction of Zr(IV) from hydrochloric acid with tri-octyl amine and Cyanex 921 in kerosene

This article reports the extraction of zirconium （IV） from aqueous HC1 solution by tri-octyl amine （TOA）, Cyanex 921, and their binary mixture using kerosene as the diluent. The effect of some parameters on the extraction of Zr（IV） was investigated such as equilibration time, aqueous phase acidity, extractant molarity, chloride ion concentration, nature of diluents, and temperature. The extraction of Zr（IV） was found to be 99% from 7.5 M HC1 using the mixture of extractants containing 0.1 M TOA and 0.02 M Cyanex 921 in kerosene. Kerosene was found to be the effective diluent for the extraction of Zr（IV） with the binary mixture of TOA and Cyanex 921. The positive enthalpy change and positive entropy change in the binary extraction system show the endothermic process with an increase in entropy. Stripping of Zr（IV） from the loaded organic phase containing the mixture of TOA （0.1 M） and Cyanex 921 （0.02 M） indicates that HNO3 and Na2CO3 are the best stripping agents.

Influences of solid particles on the formation of the third phase crud during solvent extraction

The influences of solid particles in leach solution on the formation of the third phase crud during solvent extraction of copper were studied. Analyzed from the point of view of pH value and surface tension, the study results showed that the solid particle is one of the most important contributors for the formation of the third phase crud. During solvent extraction, if the pH value was greater than 2.30, the number of solid particles in the mother solution increased, in which case the possibility of forming the third phase crud could also increase, and the interface tension value might grow in pace with the quantity of the third phase crud.

Separation of middle rare earths by solvent extraction using 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant

The extraction of the trivalent middle rare earths from chloride media by kerosene solutions of 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant was studied. The separation factors between the elements using solution simulating wastes from NiMH spent batteries have been evaluated: the order of the extractive ability of extractant can be confirmed in Tb>Gd>Eu>Sm.