Somatostatin,a naturally produced neuroprotective peptide,depresses excitatory neurotransmission and exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on the retina.In this review,we summarize the progress of so...Somatostatin,a naturally produced neuroprotective peptide,depresses excitatory neurotransmission and exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on the retina.In this review,we summarize the progress of somatostatin treatment of diabetic retinopathy through analysis of relevant studies published from February 2019 to February 2023 extracted from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.Insufficient neuroprotection,which occurs as a consequence of declined expression or dysregulation of retinal somatostatin in the very early stages of diabetic retinopathy,triggers retinal neurovascular unit impairment and microvascular damage.Somatostatin replacement is a promising treatment for retinal neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy.Numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials of somatostatin analog treatment for early diabetic retinopathy have been initiated.In one such trial(EUROCONDOR),topical administration of somatostatin was found to exert neuroprotective effects in patients with pre-existing retinal neurodysfunction,but had no impact on the onset of diabetic retinopathy.Overall,we concluded that somatostatin restoration may be especially beneficial for the growing population of patients with early-stage retinopathy.In order to achieve early prevention of diabetic retinopathy initiation,and thereby salvage visual function before the appearance of moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,several issues need to be addressed.These include the needs to:a)update and standardize the retinal screening scheme to incorporate the detection of early neurodegeneration,b)identify patient subgroups who would benefit from somatostatin analog supplementation,c)elucidate the interactions of somatostatin,particularly exogenously-delivered somatostatin analogs,with other retinal peptides in the context of hyperglycemia,and d)design safe,feasible,low cost,and effective administration routes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP),a condition with rapid onset,critical condition and unsatisfactory prognosis,poses a certain threat to human health,warranting optimization of relevant treatment plans to impr...BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP),a condition with rapid onset,critical condition and unsatisfactory prognosis,poses a certain threat to human health,warranting optimization of relevant treatment plans to improve treatment efficacy.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of computerized tomography-guided the-rapeutic percutaneous puncture catheter drainage(CT-TPPCD)combined with somatostatin(SS)in the treatment of SAP.METHODS Forty-two SAP patients admitted to The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from June 2020 to June 2023 were selected.On the basis of routine treatment,20 patients received SS therapy(control group)and 22 patients were given CT-TPPCD plus SS intervention(research group).The efficacy,safety(pancreatic fistula,intra-abdominal hemorrhage,sepsis,and organ dysfunction syndrome),abdominal bloating and pain relief time,bowel recovery time,hospital stay,inflammatory indicators(C-reactive protein,interleukin-6,and pro-calcitonin),and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)II score of both groups were evaluated for comparison.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the research group had a markedly higher total effective rate,faster abdominal bloating and pain relief and bowel recovery,INTRODUCTION Pancreatitis,an inflammatory disease occurring in the pancreatic tissue,is classified as either acute or chronic and is associated with high morbidity and mortality,imposing a socioeconomic burden[1,2].The pathogenesis of this disease involves early protease activation,activation of nuclear factor kappa-B-related inflammatory reactions,and infiltration of immune cells[3].Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a serious condition involving systemic injury and subsequent possible organ failure,accounting for 20%of all acute pancreatitis cases[4].SAP is also characterized by rapid onset,critical illness and unsatisfactory prognosis and is correlated with serious adverse events such as systemic inflammatory response syn-drome and acute lung injury,threatening the health of patients[5,6].Therefore,timely and effective therapeutic inter-ventions are of great significance for improving patient prognosis and ensuring therapeutic effects.Somatostatin(SS),a peptide hormone that can be secreted by endocrine cells and the central nervous system,is in-volved in the regulatory mechanism of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas[7].It has complex and pleiotropic effects on the gastrointestinal tract,which can inhibit the release of gastrointestinal hormones and negatively modulate the exocrine function of the stomach,pancreas and bile,while exerting a certain influence on the absorption of the di-gestive system[8,9].SS has shown certain clinical effectiveness when applied to SAP patients and can regulate the severity of SAP and immune inflammatory responses,and this regulation is related to its influence on leukocyte apoptosis and adhesion[10,11].Computerized tomography-guided therapeutic percutaneous puncture catheter drainage(CT-TPPCD)is a surgical procedure to collect lesion fluid and pus samples from necrotic lesions and perform puncture and drainage by means of CT image examination and precise positioning[12].In the research of Liu et al[13],CT-TPPCD applied to pa-tients undergoing pancreatic surgery contributes to not only good curative effects but also a low surgical risk.Baudin et al[14]also reported that CT-TPPCD has a clinical success rate of 64.6%in patients with acute infectious necrotizing pan-creatitis,with nonfatal surgery-related complications found in only two cases,suggesting that this procedure is clinically effective and safe in the treatment of the disease.In light of the limited studies on the efficacy and safety of SS plus CT-TPPCD in SAP treatment,this study performed a relevant analysis to improve clinical outcomes in SAP patients.展开更多
针对SS304不锈钢水槽件在拉深过程中出现的零件起皱问题,采用正交试验方法研究凹模圆角半径、压边力和摩擦因数对起皱问题的影响。通过有限元分析软件Dynaform对正交试验方案进行仿真验证,考察了最大增厚率和凹模圆角半径、压边力和摩...针对SS304不锈钢水槽件在拉深过程中出现的零件起皱问题,采用正交试验方法研究凹模圆角半径、压边力和摩擦因数对起皱问题的影响。通过有限元分析软件Dynaform对正交试验方案进行仿真验证,考察了最大增厚率和凹模圆角半径、压边力和摩擦因数等3个成型影响因素之间的关系。试验结果表明,该SS304不锈钢盒型件的最佳成型工艺组合为R1C4F4,即:凹模圆角半径为5 m m,摩擦因数为0.2和压边力为50 kN。依据优化结果,改进了模具结构设计,从而较好地解决了SS304不锈钢盒型件的成型问题。展开更多
BACKGROUND: Somatostatin, a neuropeptide and hor- mone , exists in the biliary tract of several species. The effects of somatostatin and its analogues on the sphincter of Oddi motility have been controversial. The aim...BACKGROUND: Somatostatin, a neuropeptide and hor- mone , exists in the biliary tract of several species. The effects of somatostatin and its analogues on the sphincter of Oddi motility have been controversial. The aim of this study was to observe the action of stilamin and sandostatin on the sphincter of Oddi via choledochofiberscope manometry. METHODS: Twenty patients who had had'T' duct after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were divided into 2 groups randomly: stilamin and sandostatin. They were subjected to manometry via a choledochofiberscope through the'T' duct tract. The following data recorded in- cluded duodenal pressure (DP), sphincter of Oddi basal pressure (SOBP), sphincter of Oddi contractive amplitude (SOCA), frequency of the sphincter of Oddi (SOF), dura- tion of the sphincter of Oddi, and the common bile duct pressure (CBDP). RESULTS: After intravenous administration of stilamin at a dose of 250 μg/h, the mean SOCA increased from 89.18 (26.50) to 128.57(54.21) mmHg (P <0.05). After the ad- ministration of stilamin at a dose of 500 μg/h the mean SO- CA declined to 92.18(42.81) mmHg (P<0.05), and mean SOBP declined from 17.63(13.36) to 8.16(4.01) mmHg (P<0.05). Although SOF had declined from 9.25(2.45) to 7.46(1.52) n/min, it was not significantly influenced. After intravenous administration of sandostatin at a dose of 100 μg, the mean CBDP increased obviously. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous administration of stilamin at a dose of 250 μg/h stimulates the motility of the sphincter of Oddi whereas the injection of stilamin at a dose of 500 μg/h inhibits its motility. Intravenous injection of sandosta- tin of 100 μg has no effect on the sphincter of Oddi.展开更多
AIM: To estimate if and to what extent long acting octreotide (LAR) improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 127 cirrhotics, stages A-B, due t...AIM: To estimate if and to what extent long acting octreotide (LAR) improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 127 cirrhotics, stages A-B, due to chronic viral infections and with advanced HCC, were enrolled in the study. Scintigraphy with 111Indium labeled octreotide was performed in all cases. The patients with increased accumulation of radionuclear compound were randomized to receive either oral placebo only or octreotide/octreotide LAR only as follows: octreotide 0.5mg s.c. every 8 h for 6 wk, at the end of wk 4-8 octreotide LAR 20 mg i.m. and at the end of wk 12 and every 4 wk octreotide LAR 30mg i.m.. Follow-up was worked out monthly as well as the estimation of quality of life (QLQ-C30 questionnaire). Patients with negative somatostatin receptors (SSTR) detection were followed up in the same manner. RESULTS: Scintigraphy demonstrated SSTR in 61 patients. Thirty were randomized to receive only placebo and 31 only octreotide. A significantly higher survival time was observed for the octreotide group (49 ± 6 wk) as compared to the control group (28 ± 1 wk) and to the SSTR negative group (28 ± 2 wk), LR = 20.39, df = 2, P < 0.01. The octreotide group presented 68.5% lower hazard ratio [95% CI (47.4%-81.2%)]. During the f irst year, a 22%, 39% and 43% decrease in the QLQ-C30 score was observed in each group respectively.CONCLUSION: The proposed therapeutic approach has shown to improve the survival and quality of life in SSTR positive patients with advanced HCC.展开更多
社会与情感能力是人生成功和幸福的奠基石。2021年SSES(Study on Social and Emotion-al Skills)全球首测结果发布,为开展青少年社会与情感能力的国际比较研究提供了坚实的数据基础。本文运用DEA(Data Envelope Analysis)方法,将班级规...社会与情感能力是人生成功和幸福的奠基石。2021年SSES(Study on Social and Emotion-al Skills)全球首测结果发布,为开展青少年社会与情感能力的国际比较研究提供了坚实的数据基础。本文运用DEA(Data Envelope Analysis)方法,将班级规模、教师学历、SSES培训、SSES措施、校园活动作为投入变量,将五大能力作为产出变量,对参加本次国际测评的10座城市的1171所中小学进行培养成效评估,结果发现:(1)各城市中小学的社会与情感能力培养成效普遍较高,小学阶段的均值在0.8以上,中学阶段的均值在0.9以上;(2)在小学阶段,苏州学校的培养成效较为突出,不仅均值最高,而且整体属于高水平均衡型;在中学阶段,培养成效较为突出的城市则是伊斯坦布尔,属于高水平均衡型;(3)各城市共有82所高绩效小学和87所高绩效中学,其中伊斯坦布尔和波哥大的占比较大;(4)学校归属感对各城市中小学的社会与情感能力培养成效提升具有重要促进作用。根据以上研究结果,本文建议应该加强社会与情感能力的国际合作与实证研究,在总结苏州成功经验的同时寻找差距补齐短板,将优质均衡作为我国中小学社会与情感能力培养工作的重要目标。展开更多
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a highly disabling psychiatric syndrome associated with deficits of specific subpopulations of cortical GABAergic interneurons;however,the underlying molecular mechanism rem...BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a highly disabling psychiatric syndrome associated with deficits of specific subpopulations of cortical GABAergic interneurons;however,the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown.Type 3 adenylyl cyclase(ADCY3,AC3),which is important for neuronal excitability,has been implicated in MDD in a genome-wide association study in humans.Moreover,a study reported that ablation of AC3 in mice caused similar symptoms as MDD patients.AIM To determine if disruption of the AC3 gene in different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons of mice causes depression-like behaviors.METHODS Using immunohistochemistry,we investigated the expression of AC3 in two major subtypes GABAergic interneurons:Somatostatin-positive(SST+)and parvalbumin-positive(PV+)neurons.Genetic manipulations were used to selectively disrupt AC3 expression in SST+or PV+interneurons.A series of behavior tests including rotarod test,open field test(OFT),elevated plus maze test(EPM),forced swimming test(FST),and tail suspension test(TST)were used to evaluate the motor ability,anxiety-and depression-like behaviors,respectively.RESULTS Our results indicate that approximately 90.41%of SST+and 91.22%of PV+interneurons express AC3.After ablation of AC3 in SST+interneurons,the mice spent comparable time in the center area in OFT,but significantly less time in the open arms and low frequency of entries to the open arms in EPM.Furthermore,these mice showed prolonged immobility in FST and more freezing in TST.However,there were no significant changes in these behaviors after specific disruption of AC3 in PV+interneurons.CONCLUSION This study indicates that ablation of AC3 in SST+interneurons of mice increases anxiety-and depression-like behaviors in mice,supporting the general hypothesis that decreased AC3 activity may play a role in human depression.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing of China,Nos.cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0698(to YF),cstc2021jcyjbshX0147(to KO)a grant from Chongqing Jiangjin District Bureau of Science and Technology,No.Y2022017(to YF).
文摘Somatostatin,a naturally produced neuroprotective peptide,depresses excitatory neurotransmission and exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on the retina.In this review,we summarize the progress of somatostatin treatment of diabetic retinopathy through analysis of relevant studies published from February 2019 to February 2023 extracted from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.Insufficient neuroprotection,which occurs as a consequence of declined expression or dysregulation of retinal somatostatin in the very early stages of diabetic retinopathy,triggers retinal neurovascular unit impairment and microvascular damage.Somatostatin replacement is a promising treatment for retinal neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy.Numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials of somatostatin analog treatment for early diabetic retinopathy have been initiated.In one such trial(EUROCONDOR),topical administration of somatostatin was found to exert neuroprotective effects in patients with pre-existing retinal neurodysfunction,but had no impact on the onset of diabetic retinopathy.Overall,we concluded that somatostatin restoration may be especially beneficial for the growing population of patients with early-stage retinopathy.In order to achieve early prevention of diabetic retinopathy initiation,and thereby salvage visual function before the appearance of moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,several issues need to be addressed.These include the needs to:a)update and standardize the retinal screening scheme to incorporate the detection of early neurodegeneration,b)identify patient subgroups who would benefit from somatostatin analog supplementation,c)elucidate the interactions of somatostatin,particularly exogenously-delivered somatostatin analogs,with other retinal peptides in the context of hyperglycemia,and d)design safe,feasible,low cost,and effective administration routes.
基金Supported by 2022 Fujian Medical University Qihang Fund General Project Plan,No.2022QH1120。
文摘BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP),a condition with rapid onset,critical condition and unsatisfactory prognosis,poses a certain threat to human health,warranting optimization of relevant treatment plans to improve treatment efficacy.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of computerized tomography-guided the-rapeutic percutaneous puncture catheter drainage(CT-TPPCD)combined with somatostatin(SS)in the treatment of SAP.METHODS Forty-two SAP patients admitted to The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from June 2020 to June 2023 were selected.On the basis of routine treatment,20 patients received SS therapy(control group)and 22 patients were given CT-TPPCD plus SS intervention(research group).The efficacy,safety(pancreatic fistula,intra-abdominal hemorrhage,sepsis,and organ dysfunction syndrome),abdominal bloating and pain relief time,bowel recovery time,hospital stay,inflammatory indicators(C-reactive protein,interleukin-6,and pro-calcitonin),and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)II score of both groups were evaluated for comparison.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the research group had a markedly higher total effective rate,faster abdominal bloating and pain relief and bowel recovery,INTRODUCTION Pancreatitis,an inflammatory disease occurring in the pancreatic tissue,is classified as either acute or chronic and is associated with high morbidity and mortality,imposing a socioeconomic burden[1,2].The pathogenesis of this disease involves early protease activation,activation of nuclear factor kappa-B-related inflammatory reactions,and infiltration of immune cells[3].Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a serious condition involving systemic injury and subsequent possible organ failure,accounting for 20%of all acute pancreatitis cases[4].SAP is also characterized by rapid onset,critical illness and unsatisfactory prognosis and is correlated with serious adverse events such as systemic inflammatory response syn-drome and acute lung injury,threatening the health of patients[5,6].Therefore,timely and effective therapeutic inter-ventions are of great significance for improving patient prognosis and ensuring therapeutic effects.Somatostatin(SS),a peptide hormone that can be secreted by endocrine cells and the central nervous system,is in-volved in the regulatory mechanism of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas[7].It has complex and pleiotropic effects on the gastrointestinal tract,which can inhibit the release of gastrointestinal hormones and negatively modulate the exocrine function of the stomach,pancreas and bile,while exerting a certain influence on the absorption of the di-gestive system[8,9].SS has shown certain clinical effectiveness when applied to SAP patients and can regulate the severity of SAP and immune inflammatory responses,and this regulation is related to its influence on leukocyte apoptosis and adhesion[10,11].Computerized tomography-guided therapeutic percutaneous puncture catheter drainage(CT-TPPCD)is a surgical procedure to collect lesion fluid and pus samples from necrotic lesions and perform puncture and drainage by means of CT image examination and precise positioning[12].In the research of Liu et al[13],CT-TPPCD applied to pa-tients undergoing pancreatic surgery contributes to not only good curative effects but also a low surgical risk.Baudin et al[14]also reported that CT-TPPCD has a clinical success rate of 64.6%in patients with acute infectious necrotizing pan-creatitis,with nonfatal surgery-related complications found in only two cases,suggesting that this procedure is clinically effective and safe in the treatment of the disease.In light of the limited studies on the efficacy and safety of SS plus CT-TPPCD in SAP treatment,this study performed a relevant analysis to improve clinical outcomes in SAP patients.
文摘针对SS304不锈钢水槽件在拉深过程中出现的零件起皱问题,采用正交试验方法研究凹模圆角半径、压边力和摩擦因数对起皱问题的影响。通过有限元分析软件Dynaform对正交试验方案进行仿真验证,考察了最大增厚率和凹模圆角半径、压边力和摩擦因数等3个成型影响因素之间的关系。试验结果表明,该SS304不锈钢盒型件的最佳成型工艺组合为R1C4F4,即:凹模圆角半径为5 m m,摩擦因数为0.2和压边力为50 kN。依据优化结果,改进了模具结构设计,从而较好地解决了SS304不锈钢盒型件的成型问题。
文摘BACKGROUND: Somatostatin, a neuropeptide and hor- mone , exists in the biliary tract of several species. The effects of somatostatin and its analogues on the sphincter of Oddi motility have been controversial. The aim of this study was to observe the action of stilamin and sandostatin on the sphincter of Oddi via choledochofiberscope manometry. METHODS: Twenty patients who had had'T' duct after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy were divided into 2 groups randomly: stilamin and sandostatin. They were subjected to manometry via a choledochofiberscope through the'T' duct tract. The following data recorded in- cluded duodenal pressure (DP), sphincter of Oddi basal pressure (SOBP), sphincter of Oddi contractive amplitude (SOCA), frequency of the sphincter of Oddi (SOF), dura- tion of the sphincter of Oddi, and the common bile duct pressure (CBDP). RESULTS: After intravenous administration of stilamin at a dose of 250 μg/h, the mean SOCA increased from 89.18 (26.50) to 128.57(54.21) mmHg (P <0.05). After the ad- ministration of stilamin at a dose of 500 μg/h the mean SO- CA declined to 92.18(42.81) mmHg (P<0.05), and mean SOBP declined from 17.63(13.36) to 8.16(4.01) mmHg (P<0.05). Although SOF had declined from 9.25(2.45) to 7.46(1.52) n/min, it was not significantly influenced. After intravenous administration of sandostatin at a dose of 100 μg, the mean CBDP increased obviously. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous administration of stilamin at a dose of 250 μg/h stimulates the motility of the sphincter of Oddi whereas the injection of stilamin at a dose of 500 μg/h inhibits its motility. Intravenous injection of sandosta- tin of 100 μg has no effect on the sphincter of Oddi.
文摘AIM: To estimate if and to what extent long acting octreotide (LAR) improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 127 cirrhotics, stages A-B, due to chronic viral infections and with advanced HCC, were enrolled in the study. Scintigraphy with 111Indium labeled octreotide was performed in all cases. The patients with increased accumulation of radionuclear compound were randomized to receive either oral placebo only or octreotide/octreotide LAR only as follows: octreotide 0.5mg s.c. every 8 h for 6 wk, at the end of wk 4-8 octreotide LAR 20 mg i.m. and at the end of wk 12 and every 4 wk octreotide LAR 30mg i.m.. Follow-up was worked out monthly as well as the estimation of quality of life (QLQ-C30 questionnaire). Patients with negative somatostatin receptors (SSTR) detection were followed up in the same manner. RESULTS: Scintigraphy demonstrated SSTR in 61 patients. Thirty were randomized to receive only placebo and 31 only octreotide. A significantly higher survival time was observed for the octreotide group (49 ± 6 wk) as compared to the control group (28 ± 1 wk) and to the SSTR negative group (28 ± 2 wk), LR = 20.39, df = 2, P < 0.01. The octreotide group presented 68.5% lower hazard ratio [95% CI (47.4%-81.2%)]. During the f irst year, a 22%, 39% and 43% decrease in the QLQ-C30 score was observed in each group respectively.CONCLUSION: The proposed therapeutic approach has shown to improve the survival and quality of life in SSTR positive patients with advanced HCC.
文摘社会与情感能力是人生成功和幸福的奠基石。2021年SSES(Study on Social and Emotion-al Skills)全球首测结果发布,为开展青少年社会与情感能力的国际比较研究提供了坚实的数据基础。本文运用DEA(Data Envelope Analysis)方法,将班级规模、教师学历、SSES培训、SSES措施、校园活动作为投入变量,将五大能力作为产出变量,对参加本次国际测评的10座城市的1171所中小学进行培养成效评估,结果发现:(1)各城市中小学的社会与情感能力培养成效普遍较高,小学阶段的均值在0.8以上,中学阶段的均值在0.9以上;(2)在小学阶段,苏州学校的培养成效较为突出,不仅均值最高,而且整体属于高水平均衡型;在中学阶段,培养成效较为突出的城市则是伊斯坦布尔,属于高水平均衡型;(3)各城市共有82所高绩效小学和87所高绩效中学,其中伊斯坦布尔和波哥大的占比较大;(4)学校归属感对各城市中小学的社会与情感能力培养成效提升具有重要促进作用。根据以上研究结果,本文建议应该加强社会与情感能力的国际合作与实证研究,在总结苏州成功经验的同时寻找差距补齐短板,将优质均衡作为我国中小学社会与情感能力培养工作的重要目标。
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81771208 and No.81971043。
文摘BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a highly disabling psychiatric syndrome associated with deficits of specific subpopulations of cortical GABAergic interneurons;however,the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown.Type 3 adenylyl cyclase(ADCY3,AC3),which is important for neuronal excitability,has been implicated in MDD in a genome-wide association study in humans.Moreover,a study reported that ablation of AC3 in mice caused similar symptoms as MDD patients.AIM To determine if disruption of the AC3 gene in different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons of mice causes depression-like behaviors.METHODS Using immunohistochemistry,we investigated the expression of AC3 in two major subtypes GABAergic interneurons:Somatostatin-positive(SST+)and parvalbumin-positive(PV+)neurons.Genetic manipulations were used to selectively disrupt AC3 expression in SST+or PV+interneurons.A series of behavior tests including rotarod test,open field test(OFT),elevated plus maze test(EPM),forced swimming test(FST),and tail suspension test(TST)were used to evaluate the motor ability,anxiety-and depression-like behaviors,respectively.RESULTS Our results indicate that approximately 90.41%of SST+and 91.22%of PV+interneurons express AC3.After ablation of AC3 in SST+interneurons,the mice spent comparable time in the center area in OFT,but significantly less time in the open arms and low frequency of entries to the open arms in EPM.Furthermore,these mice showed prolonged immobility in FST and more freezing in TST.However,there were no significant changes in these behaviors after specific disruption of AC3 in PV+interneurons.CONCLUSION This study indicates that ablation of AC3 in SST+interneurons of mice increases anxiety-and depression-like behaviors in mice,supporting the general hypothesis that decreased AC3 activity may play a role in human depression.
