Objectives and Methods: Both the concentration and the size of contrast microbubbles are the important factors that affect the quality of intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography (IVMCE) image, but the interac...Objectives and Methods: Both the concentration and the size of contrast microbubbles are the important factors that affect the quality of intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography (IVMCE) image, but the interactions between microbubbles and ultrasound are poorly understood. In order to select optimal ultrasound exposure condition for IVMCE, the influences of ultrasound power, frequency and exposure time on sonicated microbubbles stability were evaluated by a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial analysis in the study. Results: It was found that the concentration of microbubbles was decreased when the ultrasound power increased or the exposure time of ultrasound prolonged (P < 0. 001). The frequency of ultrasound did not influence the concentration of the bubbles (P = 0. 061 ). The higher the power or the frequency and the longer the exposuretime, the smaller the mean size of the contrast bubbles (power, P = 0.004; frequency, P < 0.001); exposure time, P < 0. 00l ). The controlling factors of the condition did not interactively affect the concentration or the mean size of contrast mi- crobubbles. Conclusion: These findings could allow us to select ultrasound at lower frequency, lower ultrasound power and to reduce the exposure time bine of microbubbles to ultrasound for the improvement in the contrast effect in IVMCE.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog(Shh)gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on graft-induced retinal gliosis and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)survival in diabetic mice.METHODS:Bone marrow...AIM:To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog(Shh)gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on graft-induced retinal gliosis and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)survival in diabetic mice.METHODS:Bone marrow-derived MSCs were genetically modified with the Shh gene to generate a stably transfected cell line of Shh-modified MSCs(MSC-Shh).Intravitreal injections of MSC-Shh and green fluorescent protein-modified MSCs(MSC-Gfp;control)were administered in diabetic mice.After 4wk,the effects of MSC-Shh on retinal gliosis were evaluated using fundus photography,and markers of gliosis were examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.The neurotrophic factors expression and RGCs survival in the host retina were evaluated using Western blotting and immunofluorescence.The mechanisms underlying the effects of MSC-Shh was investigated.RESULTS:A significant reduction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)was observed after intravitreal injection of MSC-Shh compared to MSC-Gfp.Significant downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was demonstrated in the host retina after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2),protein kinase B(AKT)and phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase(PI3K)pathways were significantly downregulated after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)levels were significantly increased in the host retina,and RGCs loss was significantly prevented after MSC-Shh administration.CONCLUSION:MSC-Shh administration reduces graft-induced reactive gliosis following intravitreal injection in diabetic mice.The ERK1/2,AKT and PI3K pathways are involved in this process.MSC-Shh also increases the levels of neurotrophic factors in the host retina and promoted RGCs survival in diabetic mice.展开更多
When better fuel-air mixing in the combustion chamber or a reduction in base drag are required in vehicles,rockets,and aeroplanes,the base pressure control is activated.Controlling the base pressure and drag is necess...When better fuel-air mixing in the combustion chamber or a reduction in base drag are required in vehicles,rockets,and aeroplanes,the base pressure control is activated.Controlling the base pressure and drag is necessary in both scenarios.In this work,semi-circular ribs with varying diameters(2,4,and 6 mm)positioned at six distinct positions(0.5D,1D,1.5D,2D,3D,and 4D)inside a square duct with a side of 15 mm are proposed as an efficient way to apply the passive control technique.In-depth research is done on optimising rib size for various rib sites.According to this study,the base pressure rises as rib height increases.Furthermore,the optimal location for the semi-circular ribs with a diameter of 2 mm is at 0.5D.The 1D location appears to be optimal for the 4 mm size as well.For the 6 mm size,however,the 4D position fills this function.展开更多
During the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program(NGHP)Expedition 02,Logging-while-drilling(LWD)logs were acquired at three sites(NGHP-02-11,NGHP-02-12,and NGHP-02-13)across the Mahanadi Basin in area A.We applied rock p...During the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program(NGHP)Expedition 02,Logging-while-drilling(LWD)logs were acquired at three sites(NGHP-02-11,NGHP-02-12,and NGHP-02-13)across the Mahanadi Basin in area A.We applied rock physics theory to available sonic velocity logs to know the distribution of gas hydrate at site NGHP-02-11 and NGHP-02-13.Rock physics modeling using sonic velocity at well location shows that gas hydrate is distributed mainly within the depth intervals of 150-265 m and 100 -215 mbsf at site NGHP-02-11 and NGHP-02-13,respectively,with an average saturation of about 4%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 40%of the pore space at 250 m depth at site NGHP-02-11,and at site NGHP-02-13 an average saturation of about 2%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 20%of the pore space at 246 m depth,as gas hydrate is distributed mainly within 100-246 mbsf at this site.Saturation of gas hydrate estimated from the electrical resistivity method using density derived porosity and electrical resistivity logs from Archie's empirical formula shows high saturation compared to that from the sonic log.However,estimates of hydrate saturation based on sonic P-wave velocity may differ significantly from that based on resistivity,because gas and hydrate have higher resistivity than conductive pore fluid and sonic P-wave velocity shows strong effect on gas hydrate as a small amount of gas reduces the velocity significantly while increasing velocity due to the presence of hydrate.At site NGHP-02-11,gas hydrate saturation is in the range of 15%e30%,in two zones between 150-180 and 245-265 mbsf.Site NGHP-02-012 shows a gas hydrate saturation of 20%e30%in the zone between 100 and 207 mbsf.Site NGHP-02-13 shows a gas hydrate saturation up to 30%in the zone between 215 and 246 mbsf.Combined observations from rock physics modeling and Archie’s approximation show the gas hydrate concentrations are relatively low(<4%of the pore space)at the sites of the Mahanadi Basin in the turbidite channel system.展开更多
In the central nervous system, the formation of fibrotic scar after injury inhibits axon regeneration and promotes repair. However, the mechanism underlying fibrotic scar formation and regulation remains poorly unders...In the central nervous system, the formation of fibrotic scar after injury inhibits axon regeneration and promotes repair. However, the mechanism underlying fibrotic scar formation and regulation remains poorly understood. M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after injury to the heart, lung, kidney, and central nervous system. However, it remains to be clarified whether and how M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after cerebral ischemia injury. In this study, we found that, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were apparent in the ischemic core in the early stage of injury(within 14 days of injury). The number of infiltrated macrophages was positively correlated with fibronectin expression. Depletion of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages attenuated fibrotic scar formation. Interleukin 4(IL4) expression was strongly enhanced in the ischemic cerebral tissues, and IL4-induced M2 macrophage polarization promoted fibrotic scar formation in the ischemic core. In addition, macrophage-conditioned medium directly promoted fibroblast proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix proteins in vitro. Further pharmacological and genetic analyses showed that sonic hedgehog secreted by M2 macrophages promoted fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that this process was mediated by secretion of the key fibrosis-associated regulatory proteins transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Furthermore, IL4-afforded functional restoration on angiogenesis, cell apoptosis, and infarct volume in the ischemic core of cerebral ischemia rats were markedly impaired by treatment with an sonic hedgehog signaling inhibitor, paralleling the extent of fibrosis. Taken together, our findings show that IL4/sonic hedgehog/transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling targeting macrophages regulates the formation of fibrotic scar and is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.展开更多
Background Anethole(AN)is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals.However,no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embry...Background Anethole(AN)is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals.However,no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embryonic development.Therefore,we investigated the effect of AN on the development of porcine embryos and the underlying mechanism.Results We cultured porcine in vitro-fertilized embryos in medium with AN(0,0.3,0.5,and 1 mg/mL)for 6 d.AN at 0.5 mg/mL significantly increased the blastocyst formation rate,trophectoderm cell number,and cellular survival rate compared to the control.AN-supplemented embryos exhibited significantly lower reactive oxygen species levels and higher glutathione levels than the control.Moreover,AN significantly improved the quantity of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential,and increased the lipid droplet,fatty acid,and ATP levels.Interestingly,the levels of proteins and genes related to the sonic hedgehog(SHH)signaling pathway were significantly increased by AN.Conclusions These results revealed that AN improved the developmental competence of porcine preimplantation embryos by activating SHH signaling against oxidative stress and could be used for large-scale production of high-quality porcine embryos.展开更多
目的:研究大鼠胃癌前病变形成过程中胃黏膜Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)信号通路的变化。方法:72只乳鼠随机分为正常组36只,造模组36只,雌雄各半。造模组灌服800 mg/L的1-甲基-3-硝基-1-亚硝基胍(MNNG)0.1 m L/d,正常组灌服生理盐水0.1 m L/d,共...目的:研究大鼠胃癌前病变形成过程中胃黏膜Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)信号通路的变化。方法:72只乳鼠随机分为正常组36只,造模组36只,雌雄各半。造模组灌服800 mg/L的1-甲基-3-硝基-1-亚硝基胍(MNNG)0.1 m L/d,正常组灌服生理盐水0.1 m L/d,共10 d。随后在实验观察第10周、22周、34周末每组分别雌雄各处死6只。HE染色检测胃黏膜组织病理学变化,q RTPCR法检测胃黏膜组织Shh、Ptch1、Smo、Gli1、Gli2、Gli3、Su Fu、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1、c-Myc、β-actin m RNA的表达。Western blot检测胃黏膜组织Shh、Ptch1、Smo、Gli1、Su Fu、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1、cMyc、p-c-Myc蛋白表达。结果:随造模时间的延长,模型组大鼠胃黏膜萎缩及异型增生逐渐加重,其胃黏膜内Shh、Smo、Gli1、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1及c-Myc m RNA表达较正常组不同程度升高,而Ptch1和Su Fu m RNA不同程度降低。模型组胃黏膜内Shh、Smo、Gli1、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1、p-c-Myc蛋白水平较正常组增加,Ptch1和Su Fu则降低,但差异无统计学意义。结论:大鼠胃癌前病变的形成过程中存在Shh信号通路的激活,提示Shh信号通路可能参与胃癌前病变的发生与发展。展开更多
文摘Objectives and Methods: Both the concentration and the size of contrast microbubbles are the important factors that affect the quality of intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography (IVMCE) image, but the interactions between microbubbles and ultrasound are poorly understood. In order to select optimal ultrasound exposure condition for IVMCE, the influences of ultrasound power, frequency and exposure time on sonicated microbubbles stability were evaluated by a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial analysis in the study. Results: It was found that the concentration of microbubbles was decreased when the ultrasound power increased or the exposure time of ultrasound prolonged (P < 0. 001). The frequency of ultrasound did not influence the concentration of the bubbles (P = 0. 061 ). The higher the power or the frequency and the longer the exposuretime, the smaller the mean size of the contrast bubbles (power, P = 0.004; frequency, P < 0.001); exposure time, P < 0. 00l ). The controlling factors of the condition did not interactively affect the concentration or the mean size of contrast mi- crobubbles. Conclusion: These findings could allow us to select ultrasound at lower frequency, lower ultrasound power and to reduce the exposure time bine of microbubbles to ultrasound for the improvement in the contrast effect in IVMCE.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2018A0303130293,No.2023A1515012470).
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of Sonic hedgehog(Shh)gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on graft-induced retinal gliosis and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)survival in diabetic mice.METHODS:Bone marrow-derived MSCs were genetically modified with the Shh gene to generate a stably transfected cell line of Shh-modified MSCs(MSC-Shh).Intravitreal injections of MSC-Shh and green fluorescent protein-modified MSCs(MSC-Gfp;control)were administered in diabetic mice.After 4wk,the effects of MSC-Shh on retinal gliosis were evaluated using fundus photography,and markers of gliosis were examined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.The neurotrophic factors expression and RGCs survival in the host retina were evaluated using Western blotting and immunofluorescence.The mechanisms underlying the effects of MSC-Shh was investigated.RESULTS:A significant reduction of proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)was observed after intravitreal injection of MSC-Shh compared to MSC-Gfp.Significant downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was demonstrated in the host retina after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2),protein kinase B(AKT)and phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase(PI3K)pathways were significantly downregulated after MSC-Shh administration compared to MSC-Gfp.Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF)levels were significantly increased in the host retina,and RGCs loss was significantly prevented after MSC-Shh administration.CONCLUSION:MSC-Shh administration reduces graft-induced reactive gliosis following intravitreal injection in diabetic mice.The ERK1/2,AKT and PI3K pathways are involved in this process.MSC-Shh also increases the levels of neurotrophic factors in the host retina and promoted RGCs survival in diabetic mice.
基金supported by the Structures and Materials(S&M)Research Lab of Prince Sultan Universitysupport of Prince Sultan University in paying the article processing charges(APC)for this publication.
文摘When better fuel-air mixing in the combustion chamber or a reduction in base drag are required in vehicles,rockets,and aeroplanes,the base pressure control is activated.Controlling the base pressure and drag is necessary in both scenarios.In this work,semi-circular ribs with varying diameters(2,4,and 6 mm)positioned at six distinct positions(0.5D,1D,1.5D,2D,3D,and 4D)inside a square duct with a side of 15 mm are proposed as an efficient way to apply the passive control technique.In-depth research is done on optimising rib size for various rib sites.According to this study,the base pressure rises as rib height increases.Furthermore,the optimal location for the semi-circular ribs with a diameter of 2 mm is at 0.5D.The 1D location appears to be optimal for the 4 mm size as well.For the 6 mm size,however,the 4D position fills this function.
文摘During the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program(NGHP)Expedition 02,Logging-while-drilling(LWD)logs were acquired at three sites(NGHP-02-11,NGHP-02-12,and NGHP-02-13)across the Mahanadi Basin in area A.We applied rock physics theory to available sonic velocity logs to know the distribution of gas hydrate at site NGHP-02-11 and NGHP-02-13.Rock physics modeling using sonic velocity at well location shows that gas hydrate is distributed mainly within the depth intervals of 150-265 m and 100 -215 mbsf at site NGHP-02-11 and NGHP-02-13,respectively,with an average saturation of about 4%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 40%of the pore space at 250 m depth at site NGHP-02-11,and at site NGHP-02-13 an average saturation of about 2%of the pore space and the maximum concentration of about 20%of the pore space at 246 m depth,as gas hydrate is distributed mainly within 100-246 mbsf at this site.Saturation of gas hydrate estimated from the electrical resistivity method using density derived porosity and electrical resistivity logs from Archie's empirical formula shows high saturation compared to that from the sonic log.However,estimates of hydrate saturation based on sonic P-wave velocity may differ significantly from that based on resistivity,because gas and hydrate have higher resistivity than conductive pore fluid and sonic P-wave velocity shows strong effect on gas hydrate as a small amount of gas reduces the velocity significantly while increasing velocity due to the presence of hydrate.At site NGHP-02-11,gas hydrate saturation is in the range of 15%e30%,in two zones between 150-180 and 245-265 mbsf.Site NGHP-02-012 shows a gas hydrate saturation of 20%e30%in the zone between 100 and 207 mbsf.Site NGHP-02-13 shows a gas hydrate saturation up to 30%in the zone between 215 and 246 mbsf.Combined observations from rock physics modeling and Archie’s approximation show the gas hydrate concentrations are relatively low(<4%of the pore space)at the sites of the Mahanadi Basin in the turbidite channel system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82171456 (to QY),81971229 (to QY)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0263 (to QY)the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project of Chongqing,Nos.CYB20151 (to QY),CYS19182 (to YC)。
文摘In the central nervous system, the formation of fibrotic scar after injury inhibits axon regeneration and promotes repair. However, the mechanism underlying fibrotic scar formation and regulation remains poorly understood. M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after injury to the heart, lung, kidney, and central nervous system. However, it remains to be clarified whether and how M2 macrophages regulate fibrotic scar formation after cerebral ischemia injury. In this study, we found that, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were apparent in the ischemic core in the early stage of injury(within 14 days of injury). The number of infiltrated macrophages was positively correlated with fibronectin expression. Depletion of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages attenuated fibrotic scar formation. Interleukin 4(IL4) expression was strongly enhanced in the ischemic cerebral tissues, and IL4-induced M2 macrophage polarization promoted fibrotic scar formation in the ischemic core. In addition, macrophage-conditioned medium directly promoted fibroblast proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix proteins in vitro. Further pharmacological and genetic analyses showed that sonic hedgehog secreted by M2 macrophages promoted fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that this process was mediated by secretion of the key fibrosis-associated regulatory proteins transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Furthermore, IL4-afforded functional restoration on angiogenesis, cell apoptosis, and infarct volume in the ischemic core of cerebral ischemia rats were markedly impaired by treatment with an sonic hedgehog signaling inhibitor, paralleling the extent of fibrosis. Taken together, our findings show that IL4/sonic hedgehog/transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling targeting macrophages regulates the formation of fibrotic scar and is a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the Ministry of EducationScience and Technology(No.2021M3A9A1096894)+1 种基金Republic of Korea and the KRIBB Research Initiative Program(KGM4252223)Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,Republic of Korea。
文摘Background Anethole(AN)is an organic antioxidant compound with a benzene ring and is expected to have a positive impact on early embryogenesis in mammals.However,no study has examined the effect of AN on porcine embryonic development.Therefore,we investigated the effect of AN on the development of porcine embryos and the underlying mechanism.Results We cultured porcine in vitro-fertilized embryos in medium with AN(0,0.3,0.5,and 1 mg/mL)for 6 d.AN at 0.5 mg/mL significantly increased the blastocyst formation rate,trophectoderm cell number,and cellular survival rate compared to the control.AN-supplemented embryos exhibited significantly lower reactive oxygen species levels and higher glutathione levels than the control.Moreover,AN significantly improved the quantity of mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential,and increased the lipid droplet,fatty acid,and ATP levels.Interestingly,the levels of proteins and genes related to the sonic hedgehog(SHH)signaling pathway were significantly increased by AN.Conclusions These results revealed that AN improved the developmental competence of porcine preimplantation embryos by activating SHH signaling against oxidative stress and could be used for large-scale production of high-quality porcine embryos.
文摘目的:研究大鼠胃癌前病变形成过程中胃黏膜Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)信号通路的变化。方法:72只乳鼠随机分为正常组36只,造模组36只,雌雄各半。造模组灌服800 mg/L的1-甲基-3-硝基-1-亚硝基胍(MNNG)0.1 m L/d,正常组灌服生理盐水0.1 m L/d,共10 d。随后在实验观察第10周、22周、34周末每组分别雌雄各处死6只。HE染色检测胃黏膜组织病理学变化,q RTPCR法检测胃黏膜组织Shh、Ptch1、Smo、Gli1、Gli2、Gli3、Su Fu、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1、c-Myc、β-actin m RNA的表达。Western blot检测胃黏膜组织Shh、Ptch1、Smo、Gli1、Su Fu、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1、cMyc、p-c-Myc蛋白表达。结果:随造模时间的延长,模型组大鼠胃黏膜萎缩及异型增生逐渐加重,其胃黏膜内Shh、Smo、Gli1、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1及c-Myc m RNA表达较正常组不同程度升高,而Ptch1和Su Fu m RNA不同程度降低。模型组胃黏膜内Shh、Smo、Gli1、Cyclin D1、Cyclin E1、p-c-Myc蛋白水平较正常组增加,Ptch1和Su Fu则降低,但差异无统计学意义。结论:大鼠胃癌前病变的形成过程中存在Shh信号通路的激活,提示Shh信号通路可能参与胃癌前病变的发生与发展。
