Comparison on the Origin and Development of Sophora flavescens in China and Japan

Sophora flavescens , which was first recorded in Shen Nong s Herbal Classic , has the functions of clearing away heat, drying dampness, killing parasites and promoting urination. In its long-term application, traditional Chinese medicine has gradually deepened its understanding of the origin and efficacy of S. flavescens . In order to explore changes in the origin and efficacy of traditional Chinese herb S. flavescens in the history of China and Japan, in this paper, the origin and development of S. flavescens in China and Japan were compared from three aspects: the origin, medicinal efficacy, and processing methods of S. flavescens in China and Japan, hoping to provide clear understanding of the medicinal plant S. flavescens .

Analysis of Lavandulyl Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with Antiinflammatory Activity Based on Molecular Network Technology

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen lavandulyl flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Sophora flavescens.[Methods]35 compounds were screened from traditional Chinese medicine S.flavescens using the nitric oxide(NO)anti-inflammatory activity model.[Results]Five components,8(xanthohumol),13(kurarinol),27(4-methoxysalicylic acid),28(b-resorcic acid)and 30(b-resorcic acid),exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity,with IC 50 values of 5.99,4.76,6.96,3.41 and 5.22μM,respectively.Especially,8(xanthohumol)and 13(kurarinol)were typical lavandulyl flavonoids in S.flavescens,which were worth further exploration.Furthermore,UPLC-Q-Exactive and GNPS molecular networking technique were used for rapid analysis of lavandulyl flavonoids from S.flavescens.A total of 15 components were identified.[Conclusions]This work lays a theoretical foundation for further separation and analysis of lavandulyl flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity from S.flavescens.

Mechanisms of Sophora flavescens in the treatment of cervical squamous cell carcinoma based on comprehensive biological analysis,network pharmacology,and experimental verification

Objective:This study used comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology analysis to investigate the potentially relevant mechanisms of Sophora flavescens against cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:Consistently altered genes involved in cervical squamous cell cancerization were analyzed in the GEO database.The chemical ingredients and target genes of Sophora flavescens were explored using the TCMSP database.We obtained the potential therapeutic targets of Sophora flavescens by intersecting the above genesets and validated them in the GEPIA database.The interaction between Sophora flavescens and target genes was predicted by molecular docking.RT-qPCR was used to verify the changes of target genes in HeLa cells treated with Sophora flavescens.Single-gene GSEA functional analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanisms.Results:Fifteen genes related to the transformation of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were identified,among which AR and ESR1 were confirmed as targets for kaempferol,wighteone,formononetin,and phaseolinon.These compounds are the active ingredients in Sophora flavescens.Low expressions of AR and ESR1 correlate with a poor prognosis,while Sophora flavescens treatment increases the expression of AR and ESR1 in HeLa.GSEA analysis showed that AR and ESR1 mainly participate in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Conclusion:Sophora flavescens exert anti-tumor effects by targeting AR and ESR1,which may regulate cancer metastasis.

槐树(Sophora japonica L.)种质资源现状及研究进展

对槐树种质资源在我国的分布和现状,以及山东、山西、河北和河南等地的资源调查收集情况进行了综述;从表型、细胞和生理生化、分子水平3个方面,对槐树种质资源评价的研究进展进行了归纳;以选择育种、人工杂交授粉和现代生物技术育种为例,对种质资源创新利用情况进行了总结,并对工作中存在的问题和发展前景进行了分析。

Quality Standard of Qiang Herb Sophora davidii var.chuansiensis

[Objectives]To establish the quality standard of common clinical folk herb Sophora davidii var.chuansiensis.[Methods]The qualitative identification was performed by microscopic method and thin-layer chromatography(TLC).The contents of moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract were determined according to the methods of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020).High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to determine the contents of oxymatrine and oxysophocarpine.[Results]The microscopic characteristics were obvious,including crystal sheath fiber,calcium oxalate square crystal,non glandular hair,stone cells,epidermal cells,stomata,cork cells,vessels with marginal pits and so on.TLC spots were clear,and the resolution was good.The contents of moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash and extract from 10 batches of samples were 4.70%-8.33%,3.43%-4.19%,0.65%-1.02%and 14.67%-22.04%respectively.The determination results of oxymatrine were between 0.10%-0.33%,with an average value of 0.19%.The determination results of sophocarpine oxide were between 0.30%-0.38%,with an average value of 0.34%.[Conclusions]The established quality standard of S.davidii var.chuansiensis had good specificity and accuracy,and could be used for the quality control of herb S.davidii var.chuansiensis.

Optimization of Solid-state Fermentation Conditions of Sophora japonica cv.jinhuai by Response Surface Methodology

[Objectives]To optimize the solid-state fermentation process of Flos Sophorae Immaturus by Penicillium with Sophora japonica cv.jinhuai as raw material.[Methods]The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology with quercetin content as the dependent variable.[Results]According to the established model,the optimal fermentation process of Flos Sophorae Immaturus was obtained as follows:temperature 29.97℃,time 6.88 d,rotation speed 180.86 rpm,inoculation amount 3.93 mL,and the expected content of quercetin was 34.8053 mg/g.Based on this,the fermentation parameters were adjusted,and the actual content was 33.67 mg/g,which was close to the predicted value.[Conclusions]The optimization of fermentation process of Flos Sophorae Immaturus by response surface methodology provides a reference for the development and utilization of this medicinal material.

土壤添加蛇床子(Cnidium monnieri)和苦参(Sophora flavescens)对茄子黄萎病及根际微生物的化感影响

研究了蛇床子、苦参对茄子黄萎病菌的化感抑制作用及对茄子根际微生物数量的影响。结果表明,蛇床子、苦参的提取物抑制了茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长,并随提取物浓度的增加抑制作用增强。在土壤中施入蛇床子、苦参提取物处理茄子苗后表现出一定的抗病效果,其中蛇床子处理的植株发病率最低。在土壤中添加蛇床子和苦参粉末,经腐解后,苦参处理的茄子植株株高、茎粗均高于对照处理,且二者处理后植株干物质含量高于对照。处理后茄子根际微生物中放线菌数量增加,真菌的数量变化差异不明显,细菌的数量相对减少,在初花期微生物的总量均高于初果期和定植期。

外源施N对干旱河谷白刺花(Sophora davidii)幼苗生长，生物量及C、N、P积累与分配的影响

干旱气候条件下改善土壤养分能否提高植物抗旱能力,促进植物生长一直是一个争论性的问题。为了解外源施N是否可提高岷江上游干旱河谷优势灌木白刺花(Sophora davidii)幼苗适应干旱贫瘠环境的能力,研究了不同施N(0、92 mg N.kg-1土和184 mg N.kg-1土)处理下一个生长季节内白刺花幼苗生长、生物生产量、C、N和P的积累与分配特性,以及N和P利用效率。研究结果表明:轻度施N(92 mg N.kg-1土)处理促进了植物生长,增加了生物生产量,强化了C的固定和N、P等资源的吸收和积累,提高了其它受限资源的利用效率(如P),降低了N利用效率;但并不显著改变幼苗生物生产量及C、N和P等资源的分配格局,从而维持了资源的吸收、分配与利用的相对平衡,可能改善白刺花幼苗适应干旱贫瘠环境能力。而重度施N(184 mgN.kg-1土)处理虽然也相对于对照增加了叶片数目、生物生产量和C、N、P的积累量,但显著降低了幼苗根系的长度,抑制了根系的生长,并导致生物量及资源(生物量、C、N、P)较多地分配给地上部分(主要是叶片),不利于干旱环境下水分的吸收和利用,因而可能会加重幼苗受胁迫伤害的程度。综合分析表明,适当施加N肥可以促进白刺花幼苗的生长,一定程度上提高幼苗抗旱能力,改善幼苗定居,但也应避免过度施N。

国槐(Sophora japonica)种子成分分析

为更深入了解国槐种子的生理特性及其综合利用价值，对种子主要成分进行研究。结果表明，国槐种子中蛋白质含量最高，其次为总糖和脂肪；谷氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸是组成种子蛋白质的主要成分；种子油脂以不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸为主；各种维生素中Ｖｃ 含量最高。各种化学成分在子叶和胚轴＋ 胚根中含量存在较大差异。

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Comparison of photosynthesis and antioxidative protection in Sophora moorcroftiana and Caragana maximovicziana under water stress

This study aims to investigate the protective roles of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative systems in the desiccation tolerance of Sophora moorcroftiana and Caragana maximovicziana as they adapt to arid environments. A variety of physiological and biochemical parameters in the leaves of two Leguminosae species were monitored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d of drought stress. Soil water content decreased from 38.58% to 7.33% after exposure to 28 d of water stress. The photosynthetic carbon-assimilation rates of the two Leguminosae plants decreased for non-stomatal limitation with processing water stress. The malondialdehyde content and cell membrane relative conductivity of the two species increased significantly from 1 to 21 d and then decreased. S. moorcroftiana showed higher superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities than C. maximovicziana during the 28 d treatment period. However, the catalase activities and proline content of C. maximovicziana were higher than those of S. moorcroftiana before the water stress treatment reached 21 d. Nine physiological and biochemical parameters were selected to comprehensively evaluate the two species＇ drought-resistance by the membership function values（MFV）. The mean MFV indicated that S. moorcroftiana has a relatively stronger drought defense capability than C. maximovicziana. S. moorcroftiana mainly uses carbon-assimilation rate and osmotic adjustment to combat water deficiency.

Two New Antibacterial Flavanones from Sophora flavescens

Two new lavandulylated flavanones,（2R, 3R）-8-1avandulyl-2＇-methoxy-5, 7, 4＇-trihydroxyflavanonol （1） and 8-1avandulyl-5,7, 4＇-trihydroxyflavonol （2）,were isolated from the dry roots of S opharaflavescens.Their structures were eiucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antibacterial activities.

Characterization, Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Modified Sophora Japonica Leaves to Benzene

The biosorbent has been prepared with the sophora japonica leaves from the agricultural residue as the raw material by the alkaline blanching method, and characterized by BET, SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis methods. The modified sophora japonica leaves possessed more adsorption sites and had more strongly adsorbed chemical groups, which were beneficial to the adsorption. We have further investigated the adsorption performance of the indoor benzene. The secondary regression orthogonal rotation was employed to optimize the preparation process for the optimal processing conditions and regression model. The effects of single factors such as particle size, temperature, and adsorbent dosage of the sophora japonica leaves were analyzed, and adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics were studied. The results show that the optimal adsorption conditions were as follows: sodium hydroxide concentration with 0.1 mol/L, water bath time for 70 min, water bath temperature at 60 ℃ and Ymax = 21.38%. The best single factors included particle size with 30 mesh, temperature at 25 oC, 3 g dosage, which are consistent with the Freundlich model, and the adsorption state was more inclined to multilayer active site adsorption with 25 mg/g of saturated adsorption amount;furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the quasi-secondary kinetic model(R2 = 0.9731) and the adsorption process was a physicochemical mixed adsorption process controlled by chemisorption;Compared with the adsorption effect, the removal rate to the benzene of modified sophora japonica leaves was significantly superior to other materials at the level 1%, namely, modified sophora japonica leaves > diatomite> bamboo charcoal > activated carbon > macroporous resin, and the modified biosorbent had a good cycle regeneration ability.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus Using Orthogonal Design

[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.[Methods]The natural product quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method,and the content of quercetin in the extract was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The effect of ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,temperature,time and ultrasonic power on the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was investigated by using single-factor experiments.Based on the results of single-factor experiments,an orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction process.The experimental data obtained were subjected to range analysis,analysis of variance and SSR test using SPSS 20.0 software to obtain the optimal extraction process.The results concluded were verified.[Results]The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was as follows:temperature of 85℃,time of 30 min,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶20 g/mL,ethanol concentration of 50%.Under the optimal extraction conditions,the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was the highest.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus.

Research progress on flavonoids from the roots of Sophora flavescens Alt.and their biological activities

Sophora flavescens Alt.,a perennial herb of Sophora in Leguminosae family,was widely distributed in the north and south of China.Its root is utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine to clear heat,drain dampness,kill insect and promote urination by virtue of bitter and cold.Its chemical components are complex and diverse,mainly including alkaloids and flavonoids.Modern pharmacological studies have found that prenylflavonoids and quinolicidine alkaloids are the characteristic chemical constituents and the main active ingredients,with anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-oxidation,and other various biological activities.This study reviewed the chemical constituents of S.flavescens and the pharmacological effects of flavonoids in it in order to provide reference for further development.

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)内生颉颃细菌的筛选及鉴定

用w(次氯酸钠)=3%采用3种消毒时间对健康苦豆子植株体内的内生细菌进行分离.结果表明:消毒3min消除非内生菌的影响效果较好;同一植株分离内生细菌的数量,根部比茎、叶部多.从20株苦豆子内生细菌中筛选出对黄瓜枯萎病、番茄枯萎病和茄子枯萎病菌有较强颉颃活性的菌株12株.经初步鉴定,5菌株为芽孢杆菌属,3菌株为链球菌属,2菌株为肠杆菌属,假单胞菌属和奈瑟氏球菌属各1株.

堆芯三维在线监测系统SOPHORA的实现与验证

SOPHORA是中广核集团自主研发的基于堆内固定式探测器(FID)的堆芯三维在线监测系统。根据测量的FID读数和堆芯状态参数,结合堆芯核设计软件COCO和热工子通道分析软件LINDEN,SOPHORA重构出"最佳估算"的三维功率分布,并给出功率峰值裕量和热工DNB裕量等重要运行参数。以某三环路电站的可移动式探测器(MID)实际测量数据为基础,模拟FID测量数据作为SOPHORA的输入。从SOPHORA的功率峰值(F_q,F_(dh),F_z,DNBR)的输出结果与中广核集团自主研发的MAPLE通量图处理软件的实测功率峰值进行对比,F_q,F_(dh),F_z的平均偏差分别为0.7%,0.13%,0.4%,DNBR的最大偏差仅1.4%,该结果表明,SOPHORA的堆芯三维功率重构的结果是合理可信的。

Primary Research on Protective Effect of Houttuynia cordata Flavonoid and Sophora japonica L. Polysaccharide as Anti-UV Sun-screening Supplement

Houttuynia cordata flavonoid and Sophora japonica L. polysaccharide were investigated to develop anti-UV sun-screening agent through UV wavelength scanning spectrum, antioxidant ability and cell viability after UVB irradiation. The results showed that the extracts had strong UVA and UVB absorption ability and hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability. The S. japonica L. polysaccharide showed strong anti-UVB irradiation ability according to the cell viability experiment. It suggests that the H. cordata flavonoid and S. japonica L. polysaccharide could be combined as a candidate of anti-UV sun-screening supplement and compensate for the shortcomings of chemical sunscreens against UVA ray.

Dynamics of 18 (<i>Sophora japonica</i>) Tree Community’s Crown Volume along Elevation Gradient in <i>Ye County</i>

Applying plant community diversity techniques and SPSS statistic analysis, we quantified the relationship between crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) tree communities and elevation along different elevation gradient in Ye County in the study. We concluded that there was a significantly positive correlation between crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) tree communities and elevation gradient (P Sophora japonica) tree communities increased along elevation from 50 m to 200 m in Ye County in 2018. Therefore, understanding dynamic connecting crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) communities and elevation can be not just applied to preserve of (Sophora japonica) tree communities, but also applied to sustainable of biodiversity and processes of tree community’s crown volume along elevation.

Study on possible synergistic anticancer cachexia effects of the main active compounds of Radix Sophorae flavescentis

Background:Cancer cachexia is a complex disease secondary to cancer,and no specific therapy for it has been found.The Chinese herb Kushen(Radix Sophorae flavescentis)is the dried root of Sophora flavescens Aiton,which has been widely applied in treating digestive and urinary inflammatory diseases.Matrine,one of the main components of Radix Sophorae flavescentis,can alleviate cancer cachexia.Methods:Compounds from Radix Sophorae flavescentis were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform.The targets related to cancer cachexia were queried from the Therapeutic Target Database(http://db.idrblab.net),DisGeNET database(http://www.disgenet.org),and Search Tool for Interacting Chemicals database,related literature,and constructed cancer cachexia-protein network.Cancer cachexia-protein network was merged with compound-protein networks respectively using Cytoscape software as well as network topology data and key targets counting.Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted via the Database for Functional Annotation Bioinformatics Microarray Analysis.Protein crystal structures and compound structures were queried from RCSB and PubChem databases,respectively.Molecular docking was conducted using Discovery Studio software.Results:The anticancer cachexia compounds of Radix Sophorae flavescentis were screened as oxymatrine,matrine,and kurarinol,and targets such as BIRC2,TNF and STAT3 were found.The mechanisms of oxymatrine,matrine,and kurarinol have the characteristics of synergy and complementarity.Kurarinol has a mechanism similar to that of matrine,which includes the FoxO signaling pathway,insulin resistance and mTOR signaling pathway.TNF signaling pathway is a common signaling pathway of kurarinol,oxymatrine and matrine.Adipocytokine signaling pathway is the other common pathway of kurarinol and oxymatrine except for the TNF signaling pathway.Kurarinol can be successfully docked with CYCS,GPX2,BIRC7,etc.,and kushenol C can be successfully docked with IKBKB and PIK3CD.Conclusion:Kurarinol,matrine,oxymatrine,and kushenol C may be the key compounds of Radix Sophorae flavescentis treating cancer cachexia.Additionally,TNF signaling pathway is the key pathway for the synergistic action of kurarinol,matrine and oxymatrine.