Effect of Planting Date on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Sorghum Hybrids

In Kansas, productivity of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is affected by weather conditions at planting and during pollination. Planting date management and selection of hybrid maturity group can help to avoid severe environmental stresses during these sensitive stages. The hypothesis of the study was that late May planting improves grain sorghum yield and yield components compared with late June planting. The objectives of this research were to investigate the influence of planting dates yield and yield components of different grain sorghum hybrids, and to determine the optimal planting date and hybrid combination for maximum biomass and grains production. Three sorghum hybrids (early, medium, and late maturing) were planted in late May and late June without irrigation in Kansas at Manhattan/Ashland Bottom Research Station, and Hutchinson in 2010;and at Manhattan/North Farm and Hutchinson in 2011. Data on dry matter production, yield and yield components were collected. Grain yield and yield components were influenced by planting date depending on environmental conditions. At Manhattan (2010), greater grain yield, number of heads per plant, were obtained with late-June planting compared with late May planting, while at Hutchinson (2010) greater yield was obtained with late May planting for all hybrids. The yield component most affected at Hutchinson was the number of kernels∙panicle−1 and plant density. Late-May planting was favorable for late maturing hybrid (P84G62) in all locations. However, the yield of early maturing hybrid (DKS 28-05) and medium maturing hybrid (DKS 37-07) was less affected by delayed planting. The effects of planting dates on yield and yield components of grain sorghum hybrids were found to be variable among hybrid maturity groups and locations.

Characterization of subunits encoded by Sn RK1 and dissection of combinations among these subunits in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)

Sucrose nonfermenting-related protein kinase 1(SnRK1)is one of the critical serine/threonine protein kinases.It commonly mediates plant growth and development,cross-talks with metabolism processes and physiological responses to biotic or abiotic stresses.It plays a key role in distributing carbohydrates and sugar signal transporting.In the present study,eight SnRK1 coding genes were identified in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)via sequences alignment,with three forαsubunits(SnRK1α1 to SnRK1α3),three forβ(SnRK1β1 to SnRK1β3),and one for bothγ(SnRK1γ)andβγ(SnRK1βγ).These eight corresponding genes located on five chromosomes(Chr)of Chr1–3,Chr7,and Chr9 and presented collinearities to SnRK1s from maize and rice,exhibiting highly conserved domains within the same subunits from the three kinds of cereals.Expression results via qRT-PCR showed that different coding genes of SnRK1s in sorghum possessed similar expression patterns except for SnRK1α3 with a low expression level in grains and SnRK1β2 with a relatively high expression level in inflorescences.Results of subcellular localization in sorghum leaf protoplast showed that SnRK1α1/α2/α3/γmainly located on organelles,while the rest four of SnRK1β1/β2/β3/βγlocated on both membranes and some organelles.Besides,three combinations were discovered among eight SnRK1 subunits in sorghum through yeast two hybrid,includingα1-β2-βγ,α2-β3-γ,andα3-β3-γ.These results provide informative references for the following functional dissection of SnRK1 subunits in sorghum.

高粱(Sorghum bicolor)分子图谱的构建及寄生草(Striga asiatica)萌发诱导物基因的定位

高粱是世界上第五大主要粮食作物，也是非洲国家的主要粮食来源之一，Ｓｔｒｉｇａ ａｓｉａｔｉｃａ是一种寄生于高粱等主要农作物的野生草之一。选用两个对寄生草抗性表现差异的 高粱品系“山桂红”和“ＳＲＮ３９”作亲本，构建了一个重组近交系群体（Ｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｎｔ ｉｎｂｒｅｄ， ＲＩ），并随机筛选出９４个系用于构建分子连锁图谱和基因定位。在应用的２８６个多态性标记 中，有２５１个标记分别标定在１０条不同的连锁群上，标记间的平均图距为７．１ｃｍ，总图谱覆盖 了高粱基因组的１７７９ｃｍ，是目前国际上几个比较完整的高粱分子连锁图谱之一。群体的共 分离分析表明，与寄生草抗性有关的萌发诱导物基因（Ｇｅｒｍｉｎｉｎａｔｉｏｎ ｓｔｉｍｕｌａｎｔ ｇｅｎｅ－ＧｅｒｍＳｔｉｍ） 位于高粱的遗传连锁群Ｊ上，相距较近的分子标记为１３ｃｍ。进一步的精细定位分析，发现有 两个分子标记分别位于基因的两侧，距离为１．６和２．１个ｃｍ。

高粱[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench.]叶面积校正值(K 值)的初步研究

通过对两个高粱品种叶面积校正值(K 值)的初步研究,提出了在高粱叶面积测算中采用叶面积校正值K=0.72的建议,并对K 值在应用中的可靠性进行了分析。

Farmers’ Perception of Phenotypic Variation of Different Types of Sorghum Cultivated in Burkina Faso

Sorghum bicolor is a multi-purpose species adapted to many agroecological zones of Burkina Faso. In the local farming system, different types of sorghum are cultivated together. Such farming conditions could increase gene flow between the different types of sorghum and contribute to the evolution of their main morphological characteristics. Understanding the effect of the farming system on the characteristics of different types of sorghum could contribute to building a strategy for the management of its genetic diversity. A survey and accessions collection was carried out in ten villages selected in two agroclimatic zones of Burkina Faso. A total of 133 accessions were collected and thirty local names were recorded. The results revealed a significant variability within sorghum characteristics based on farmers’ descriptions. Four types of sorghum were identified by farmers based on their uses. These are sweet grain sorghum, grain sorghum, sweet sorghum and dyer sorghum. Most of farmers (54.6%) practised intercropping, and 28.86% of them intercropped several types of sorghum in the same or nearby fields. A high coincidence of the flowering period of the types of sorghum was observed by farmers in both agroclimatic zones. The results also showed that most of the farmers (55.7%) noted changes in the morphological characteristics of different types of sorghum. These variations included the reduction in potential yields and changes in grain taste and colour within the same type. Understanding these variations could help conserve and sustain sorghum genetic resources in Burkina Faso.

高粱(Sorghumbicolor(L.)Moench)未成熟胚乳培养的研究

高粱未成熟胚乳在含有 BA或 2 .4-D与 KT组合的培养基上诱导启动 .诱导形成愈伤组织的适宜激素是 :2 .4-D4mg/L,BA1m g/L,NAA0 .2 mg/L 的组合或 2 .4-D2 mg/L,KT1m g/L 的组合 .适宜的分化激素组合是 (1)2 .4-D0 .5 mg/L,NAA0 .2 mg/L,BA0 .7mg/L,KT4mg/L;(2 ) NAA0 .5 mg/L,ZT1mg/L;(3 ) 2 .4-D0 .5 m g/L,KT1m g/L.脱分化后的胚乳细胞 ,部分细胞进入分裂期形成愈伤组织 ,胚乳愈伤组织有较强的分化能力 .植株形成方式为器官发生 .

Vacuolar invertase genes SbVIN1 and SbVIN2 are differently associated with stem and grain traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

In higher plants, vacuolar invertases play essential roles in sugar metabolism, organ development, and sink strength. In sorghum(Sorghum bicolor), two vacuolar invertase genes,Sb VIN1(Sobic. 004 G004800) and Sb VIN2(Sobic. 006 G160700) have been reported, but their enzymatic properties and functional differences are largely unknown. We combined molecular, biochemical and genomic approaches to investigate their roles in sorghum stem and grain traits. Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 showed different expression levels in internodes,leaves, and panicles, indicating that their importance in each organ was different. In an in vitro sucrose hydrolysis assay, proteins of both genes heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris displayed similar enzyme properties including the same optimum reaction p H(5)and similar Kmfor sucroe(49 mmol L-1 and 45 mmol L-1 for Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2,respectively). The optimum reaction temperatures of Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 were 45 °C and65 °C, respectively. Sb VIN2 showed higher tolerance to high temperature than Sb VIN1. We characterized the sequence variation of these two vacuolar invertase genes in a panel of 216 diverse inbred lines of sweet and grain sorghum and performed gene-based association analysis. Sb VIN1 showed significant associations with stem traits including stem length,stem diameter, internode number, stem fresh weight, and Brix, as well as grain traits including hundred-grain weight and grain width. Significantly associated variation sites were mainly in 5′ upstream and intron regions. Sb VIN2 only associated with grain width and stem water-soluble carbohydrates(WSCs) content. We conclude that the vacuolar invertase genes Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 are differently associated with stem and grain traits in sorghum.

Differences in Nuclear DNA Between Male-Sterile and Male-Fertile Lines of Sorghum bicolor

Cytoplasmic male sterility(cms)is determined by nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Up to now, most studies are focused on the comparison of cytoplasmic DNAs of male-sterile lines and male-fertile lines, and analysis of nuclear DNA has not been documented yet. In order to find out the possible difference in nuclear genome of male-sterile line A1 Tx623 and corresponding male-fertile line Tx623 of sorghum, random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)approach was used to analyze their cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Total DNAs of them were amplified at first to screen primers, which were able to generate reproducible bands specific to male-sterile line or male-fertile line. Then the selected primers were used to amplify their mitochon-drial DNA(mtDNA)and chloroplast DNA(cpDNA). The origins of all the polymorphic fragments were analyzed. After ruling out those amplified from cytoplasmic DNA, seventeen polymorphic fragments were determined to be amplified from nuclear DNA. These fragments originated from nuclear DNA indicate that differences in sequence exist between the nuclear DNA of male-sterile line and male-fertile line of sorghum, which do not agree with the traditional standpoint that they have identical nucleus.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of the JAZ gene family and its expression patterns under various abiotic stresses in Sorghum bicolor

The jasmonate ZIM domain(JAZ)protein belongs to the TIFY((TIF[F/Y]XG)domain protein)family,which is composed of several plant-specific proteins that play important roles in plant growth,development,and defense responses.However,the mechanism of the sorghum JAZ family in response to abiotic stress remains unclear.In the present study,a total of 17 JAZ genes were identified in sorghum using a Hidden Markov Model search.In addition,real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used to analyze the gene expression patterns under abiotic stress.Based on phylogenetic tree analysis,the sorghum JAZ proteins were mainly divided into nine subfamilies.A promoter analysis revealed that the SbJAZ family contains diverse types of promoter cis-acting elements,indicating that JAZ proteins function in multiple pathways upon stress stimulation in plants.According to RT-qPCR,SbJAZ gene expression is tissuespecific.Additionally,under cold,hot,polyethylene glycol,jasmonic acid,abscisic acid,and gibberellin treatments,the expression patterns of SbJAZ genes were distinctly different,indicating that the expression of SbJAZ genes may be coordinated with different stresses.Furthermore,the overexpression of SbJAZ1 in Escherichia coli was found to promote the growth of recombinant cells under abiotic stresses,such as PEG 6000,NaCl,and 40℃ treatments.Altogether,our findings help us to better understand the potential molecular mechanisms of the SbJAZ family in sorghum in response to abiotic stresses.

Polyphenolic extract of Sorghum bicolor grains enhances reactive oxygen species detoxification in N-nitrosodiethylamine-treated rats

Reactive oxygen species detoxification potentials of Sorghum bicolor polyphenolic extract was investigated in the liver of N-nitrosodiethylaminetreated rats.Male rats,weighing(135±5.5)g were completely randomized into 7 groups(A–G)of five rats each.Rats in C,D,E and F were administered orally once daily at 24-h interval for 7 d with 500,125,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight of polyphenolic extract of S.bicolor,respectively.Group G was given 100 mg/kg body weight of vitamin C.On the sixth day,groups B,D,E,F and G were administered with 100 mg/kg body weight N-nitrosodiethylamine(NDEA).Group A,which served as the control was treated like the test groups except,that the animals received distilled water only.Reactive oxygen species detoxifying enzymes(superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase)activities were significantly(P<0.05)induced by S.bicolor.These inductions significantly(P<0.05)attenuated the NDEA-mediated decrease in reactive oxygen species detoxifying enzymes and compared favourably with vitamin C.NDEA-mediated elevation in the concentrations of oxidative stress biomarkers;malondialdehyde,conjugated dienes,lipid hydroperoxides,protein carbonyl and percentage DNA fragmentation were significantly(P<0.05)lowered by S.bicolor polyphenolic extract.Overall,the results obtained from this study revealed that the polyphenolic extract of S.bicolor grains enhanced the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in NDEA-treated rats.The polyphenols also prevented the peroxidation of lipid,oxidation of proteins as well as fragmentation of DNA component in the liver of rats and hence gave the evidence of possible prophylactic potentials of S.bicolor grains.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Effect of Sowing Rate on Agronomic Traits of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) in Southern Kyushu, Japan

Newly released sudangrass-type sorghum cv. “Tarzan” was bred for use as a bioenergy-resource feedstuff in Germany. Since the genotype was collected at a high altitudinal site in the Central Africa continent, its early growth is vigorous at low temperature. As vigorous growth at low temperature is derived from high tillering ability, the sowing rate of this genotype should be reduced from the ordinary rate for sorghum. Thus, in the present study, the optimal sowing rate of cv. “Tarzan” in southern Kyushu was determined by the effect of sowing rate at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g·m-2, designated as low (L), middle (M), and high (H) levels, respectively, on growth habit compared with the normal sudangrass cultivar “Roll-king II”. Early growth was retarded by heavy precipitation in June, after which the growth was comparable for the two genotypes. Dry matter yield of “Tarzan” increased with higher sowing rate;the H level yield was 1298 g·m-2, and the yield was not adversely affected by the humidity and heat in the summer growing season, compared with “Roll-king II”. This suggests that “Tarzan” can adapt to the humid, hot climate in southern Kyushu, and the optimum sowing rate of “Tarzan” should be as low as 1.0 - 1.5 g·m-2, which is less than one-fifth to one-third that of forage sudangrass grown in the region.

甜高粱Sorghum bicolor 13个不同品种的生物产量与汁液含糖量的初步评价

一、前言 高粱Sorghum bicolor原产于气候干热的低纬度地区,为短日照型G4-植物。它的抗逆（特别是抗旱）性能好,相对于水、肥、光照条件的生产潜力大。其栽培历史十分久远。由于高粱的种间杂交普遍,栽培品种繁多,以至于给分类上也造成一定困难。不同的作者常常使用着不同的学名。 甜高粱的特点主要是植株的茎杆节间部分含有较多的糖分（蔗糖、果糖等）。但具体一个品种的植株含糖量高低,即“甜”与“不甜”,是相对而言的,有许多品种是属于中间过渡类型。另外一个品种内的不同个体,同一植株的不同部位,含糖量也有差异。

Genome-wide identification,expression and functional analysis of sugar transporters in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.)

Sugar transporters are essential for osmotic process regulation,various signaling pathways and plant growth and development.Currently,few studies are available on the function of sugar transporters in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.).In this study,we performed a genome-wide survey of sugar transporters in sorghum.In total,98 sorghum sugar transporters(SSTs)were identified via BLASTP.These SSTs were classified into three families based on the phylogenetic and conserved domain analysis,including six sucrose transporters(SUTs),23 sugars will eventually be exported transporters(SWEETs),and 69 monosaccharide transporters(MSTs).The sorghum MSTs were further divided into seven subfamilies,including 24 STPs,23 PLTs,two VGTs,four INTs,three p Glc T/SBG1 s,five TMTs,and eight ERDs.Chromosomal localization of the SST genes showed that they were randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes,and substantial clustering was evident on the specific chromosomes.Twenty-seven SST genes from the families of SWEET,ERD,STP,and PLT were found to cluster in eight tandem repeat event regions.In total,22 SSTs comprising 11 paralogous pairs and accounting for 22.4%of all the genes were located on the duplicated blocks.The different subfamilies of SST proteins possessed the same conserved domain,but there were some differences in features of the motif and transmembrane helices(TMH).The publicly-accessible RNA-sequencing data and real-time PCR revealed that the SST genes exhibited distinctive tissue specific patterns.Functional studies showed that seven SSTs were mainly located on the cell membrane and membrane organelles,and 14 of the SSTs could transport different types of monosaccharides in yeast.These findings will help us to further elucidate their roles in the sorghum sugar transport and sugar signaling pathways.

Genetic Diversity in the Environmental Conditioning of Two Sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>L.) Hybrids

Sorghum metabolism continually adapts to environmental temperature as thermal patterns modulate diurnally and seasonally. The degree of adaptation to any given temperature may be difficult to determine from phenotypic responses of the plants. The present study was designed to see if the efficiency of quantum yield of photosystem II could be used as a measure of how well leaf tissue metabolism was able to withstand a prolonged respiratory demand caused by elevated temperatures. The efficiency of quantum yield values of Pioneer 84G62 and Northrup King KS585 commercial sorghum hybrids showed that when the hybrids were grown in a 28&deg;C/20&deg;C day/night cycle in the greenhouse or the field, Pioneer hybrid 84G62 withstood subsequent elevated thermal challenges better than Northrup King KS585. The same hybrids grown in a 39&deg;C/32&deg;C day/night cycle showed similar efficiency of quantum yield values when thermally challenged. Water-deficit stress increased the heat resistance of the tissue raising the efficiency of quantum yield of both lines to the same level. Upon recovery from the water deficit stress the differential efficiency of quantum yield values between the two lines re-appeared. The data provided in this study suggest a metabolic advantage of Pioneer 84G62 to environmental thermal challenges compared with the Northrup King KS585.

甜芦粟(Sorghum bicolor)总黄酮提取及抗炎活性研究

目的:分析崇明甜芦粟总黄酮及其抗炎作用研究,以期为崇明地方特色甜芦粟的进一步开发提供重要科学依据。方法:提取分离定量甜芦粟总黄酮,用Griess法考察总黄酮体外抗炎活性,用足趾肿胀模型考察总黄酮体内抗炎活性。结果:甜芦粟富含黄酮。甜芦粟总黄酮可抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7巨噬细胞产生NO,且呈浓度依赖性,而且其对RAW264.7巨噬细胞生长无明显的抑制作用。甜芦粟总黄酮提取液在造模后20~120min时间内可显著抑制角叉菜胶引起的足趾肿胀。结论:甜芦粟总黄酮具有较好的抗炎活性,且呈浓度依赖性,因而甜芦粟作为一个地方特色物种具有重要的应用和开发价值。

Optimum Protocol for Shoot Formation in karandafi Red Sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>(L.) Moench) through Somatic Embryogenesis Using Mature Embryo

In this study, an optimum protocol for shoot formation through somatic embryogenesis using mature embryo explants was developed. Calli were initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with varying concentration of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyl acetic acid (2,4-D) ranging from 1.5 mg/l-4.0 mg/l alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/l Kinetin (KN). Significance difference (p 0.05) was observed among the different concentrations of hormone used for callus induction. The highest percentage callus formation was obtained from the media fortified with 4 mg/l 2, 4-D for mature embryo obtained from imbibed seed while for the preconditioned mature embryo, the media supplemented with 2 m/l 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l kinetin (KN) recorded more percentage callus formation compared to what was obtained from the media supplemented with 2.5 mg/l2,4-D + 0.5 mg/l. More percentage shoot formation was obtained from the media supplemented with 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Average number of shoot per callus was also more in the media fortified with 1 mg/l BA (2.25) but this was not significantly different from what was obtained from the media fortified with 2 mg/l BA+ 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D at 5% level of significance.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation on Sorghum bicolor Growth at Different Phosphate Levels: A Greenhouse Study

In sub-Saharan Africa, Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an important cereal for both human being and animals. Unfortunately, its production is confronted to soils with deficiency of phosphorus. Traditional use of mineral phosphate on this culture fertilization is expensive and may cause contamination. It is thus necessary to seek more efficient and economic reasonable techniques to improve sorghum growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) constitute a reference for phosphorus improvement and plant nutrition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of AMF strains (Rhizophagus irregulare, Glomus aggregatum, G. mosseae) on growth of sorghum cultivated in greenhouse on Sangalkam soil (Senegal) sterilized with or without Tilemsi natural phosphate (PNT). The phosphorus can represent until 0.2% of the dry weight of the plant. Two fertilizers were used separately and together to doses of 20 g by strain, 100 mg and 200 mg of PNT. The experiment lasted for 120 d. Results showed that mycorrhizal colonization intensity varied between 40% and 80% for all treatments. AMF inoculation increased sorghum plant height and biomass, regardless of PNT amendment. The inoculation permits to bring strain of AMF that intervene efficiently in the transportation and the availability of phosphorus for the plant.

<i>In Vitro</i>Sickling Inhibitory Effects and Anti-Sickle Erythrocytes Hemolysis of <i>Dicliptera colorata</i>C. B. Clarke, <i>Euphorbia hirta</i>L. and <i>Sorghum bicolor</i>(L.) Moench

Diclipteracolorata C. B. Clarke, Euphorbia hirta L. and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench are reported among plant species used in Congolese traditional medicine to treat Sickle Cell Disease. These medicinal plants have been investigated for their inhibitory effect on the induced sickling process of red blood cells using Emmel’s test. Aqueous plant extracts showed good antisickling activity as revealed by the observed normal biconcave form of sickle red blood cells in anoxic conditions. The calculated radius of treated red blood cells by Euphorbia hirta L., Diclipteracolorata C. B. Clarke and Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench extracts are 3.31 ± 0.55;3.34 ± 0.53;3.17 ± 0.52, respectively. Euphorbia hirta L. is the most active with a normalization rate, more than 70%. The chemical screening performed on these plants showed the presence of anthocyanins which were then extracted. The test carried out with anthocyanin extracts showed that these phenolic compounds have a good antisickling activity and, additionally, possess an anti-hemolytic effect on SS blood. This suggests that the evidenced biological activity of these plants would be due to anthocyanins. The results hence obtained justify the use of these plants in Congolese traditional medicine.

PCR Amplification，Cloning and Sequencing of RbcL Coding Region in Mesophyll Cell and Bundle Sheath Cell of Sorghum（Sorghum bicolor L．）

ＰＣＲＡｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｌｏｎｉｎｇａｎｄＳｅｑｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｏｆＲｂｃＬＣｏｄｉｎｇＲｅｇｉｏｎｉｎＭｅｓｏｐｈｙｌｌＣｅｌｌａｎｄＢｕｎｄｌｅＳｈｅａｔｈＣｅｌｌｏｆＳｏｒｇｈｕｍ（ＳｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒＬ．）ＺＨＡＯＹｉｎ－ｓ...