To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and correspo...To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.展开更多
This study studied the characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soil surrounding a gangue coal heap in Chongqing,China by using absolute principal component scores-multiple...This study studied the characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soil surrounding a gangue coal heap in Chongqing,China by using absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression(APCSMLR)model and positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The applicability of the models was compared in the assessment of source apportionment.The results showed that the average contents of Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Ni,and Zn in the surface soil were 0.46,0.14,9.66,31.2,127,95.6,76.0,and 158 mg/kg,respectively.Combined with the spatial distribution and correlation analyses,the results of source apportionment were consistent for both the APCSMLR and PMF models.Cd,Hg,As,and Pb were mainly affected by the gangue heap accumulation,with respective contributions of 74.6%,79.4%,69.1%,and 67.2%based on the APCS-MLR model and respective contributions of 69.7%,60.7%,57.4%,and 41.9%based on the PMF model.Ni and Zn were mainly affected by industrial and agricultural activities,while Cr and Cu were mainly affected by natural factors.The results of the source apportionment were approximately consistent between the APCS-MLR and PMF models.The combined application of the two receptor models can make the results of source apportionment more comprehensive,accurate,and reliable.展开更多
The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential po...The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential pollution sources. In this study, 99 water samples were collected from a river in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province in eastern China, and these samples were analyzed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Cluster analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were conducted to qualitatively identify the potential sources of river water pollution in the study area. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression receptor model was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each source to water quality parameters. The results showed that all observed water quality indices met the quality criteria specified in the Chinese drinking water standards, except for pH, ρ(F-), ρ(SO42-), and ρ(As). The heat map showed that the frequent recharge of pollutants from the tributaries during the wet season was the main reason for the deterioration of water quality. Five sources of river water pollution were identified, and their contribution ratios in a descending order were as follows: the geogenic process (24%) > agricultural activities (21%) > poultry farming sources (17%) > domestic pollution (9%) > transportation pollution (5%). Therefore, controlling pollution from agricultural activities, strengthening the regulation of livestock farming, and improving the sewage network are the recommended strategies for improving the quality of surface water resources in this area.展开更多
During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) s...During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site,China,and in 2006,at a background site in Duolun (DL).The long-term monitoring data of elements,ions,and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements,nitrates,ammonium salts,and sulfates.These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of...展开更多
Source apportionment studies of TSP (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 100 μm) and PM10 (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm) have revealed that soil dus...Source apportionment studies of TSP (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 100 μm) and PM10 (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm) have revealed that soil dust is an important source of these particulates in China. In this study, the contamination of soil dust was assessed through the use of a geoaccumulation index (Igeo). The mass concentration profiles of 17 elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, and Pb) were established for urban soil dusts. Geochemical compositions of soils from 15 cities were used to represent background urban soil compositions. The results of this study indicated that a number of cities are severely polluted by particulates containing Ca, Cr, Ni, and Cu in both size fractions (TSP and PM10). Contamination with Zn, Pb, Co, and Br was moderate to severe (Igeo 〉 2). The Al and Fe concentrations were not high enough for them to be considered contaminants.展开更多
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds (VOCs...Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds (VOCs),which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi (Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area (36%) was much higher than that at the urban area (16%).We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.展开更多
During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon (TC...During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon (TC) and organic carbon (OC) contained in samples were analyzed. Seven contributive source types were identified and their contributions to ambient PM10 were estimated by chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Weak associations between the concentrations of organic carbon and element carbon (EC) were observed during the sampling periods, indicating that there was secondary organic aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere. An indirect method of "OC/EC minimum ratio" was applied to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The results showed that SOC contributed 26.2%, 32.4% and 18.0% of TC in spring, summer-fall and winter, respectively, and the annual average SOC concentration was 7.07 μg/m^3, accounting for 5.73% of the total mass in ambient PM10. The carbon species concentrations in ambient PM10 were recalculated by subtracting SOC concentrations from measured concentrations of TC and OC to increase the compatibility of source and receptor measurements for CMB model.展开更多
A total of 11 PM2.5 samples were collected from October 2003 to October 2004 at 8 sampling sites in Beijing city. The PM2.5 concentrations are all above the PM2.5 pollution standard (65 μg m^-3) established by Envi...A total of 11 PM2.5 samples were collected from October 2003 to October 2004 at 8 sampling sites in Beijing city. The PM2.5 concentrations are all above the PM2.5 pollution standard (65 μg m^-3) established by Environmental Protection Agency, USA (USEPA) in 1997 except for the Ming Tombs site. PM2.5 concentrations in winter are much higher than in summer. The 16 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants by USEPA in PM2.5 were completely identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with variable wavelength detector (VWD) and fluorescence detector (FLD) employed. The PM2.5 concentrations indicate that the pollution situation is still serious in Beijing. The sum of 16 PAHs concentrations ranged from 22.17 to 5366 ng m^-3. The concentrations of the heavier molecular weight PAHs have a different pollution trend from the lower PAHs. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to the difference in coal combustion emission and meteorological conditions. The source apportionment analysis suggests that PAHs from PM2.5 in Beijing city mainly come from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust emission. New measures about restricting coal combustion and vehicle exhaust must be established as soon as possible to improve the air pollution situation in Beijing city.展开更多
The sources and ecological risk from sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment in the Liaodong Bay were investigated from 2014 to 2015.The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 88.5 to 347.1 ng/g...The sources and ecological risk from sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment in the Liaodong Bay were investigated from 2014 to 2015.The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 88.5 to 347.1 ng/g,and the high value occurred in the central region of the Liaodong Bay.Cluster analysis identified two site clusters representing the coastal region affected by land-based pollution and the central region of the Liaodong Bay.Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression and diagnostic ratios suggested that PAHs contaminants originated from a mixture of combustion and petroleum sources,and the major was combustion sources.Based on sediment quality guideline,naphthalene,acenaphthylene,acenaphthene,phenanthrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene may occasionally cause adverse biological effects in some stations.The toxic equivalent concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs indicated low carcinogenic risk for the Liaodong Bay.The ecological risk and toxic pollution levels of PAHs were higher in the central region than in the coastal region along the Liaodong Bay.展开更多
Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment mon...Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).展开更多
Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention a...Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.展开更多
In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples...In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples and various pollution sources which were collected in January 2010 in Longyan with inductivity coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).Then chemical mass balance(CMB) model and factor analysis(FA) method were applied to comparatively study the inorganic components in the sources and receptor samples.The results of factor analysis show that the major sources were road dust,waste incineration and mixed sources which contained automobile exhaust,soil dust/secondary dust and coal dust during the daytime in Longyan City,China.There are two major sources of pollution which are soil dust and mixture sources of automobile exhaust and secondary dust during the night in Longyan.The results of CMB show that the major sources are secondary dust,automobile exhaust and road dust during the daytime in Longyan.The major sources are secondary dust,soil dust and automobile exhaust during the night in Longyan.The results of the two methods are similar to each other and the results will guide us to plan to control the PM10 pollution sources in Longyan.展开更多
The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and ju...The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and judged first. Based on the preliminary analysis of major sources of soil heavy metal pollution in soil,combined with relevant literatures on heavy metal pollution source of soil or sediment at home and abroad in recent years,application progress of isotope tracer technique,especially lead isotope tracer technique,in the study of heavy metal pollution sources in soils and sediments were reviewed. The key points of future isotope tracer technology in the field of heavy metal pollution source apportionment were prospected.展开更多
Black carbon(BC)is one of the short-lived air pollutants that contributes significantly to aerosol radiative forcing and global climate change.It is emitted by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,biofuels,and bi...Black carbon(BC)is one of the short-lived air pollutants that contributes significantly to aerosol radiative forcing and global climate change.It is emitted by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,biofuels,and biomass.Urban environments are quite complex and thus,the use of mobile jointly with fixed monitoring provides a better understanding of the dynamics of BC distribution in such areas.The present study addresses the measurement of BC concentration using real-time mobile and ambient monitoring in Barranquilla,an industrialized urban area of the Colombian Caribbean.A microaethalometer(MA200)and an aethalometer(AE33)were used for measuring the BC concentration.The absorption Ångström exponent(AAE)values were determined for the study area,for identifying the BC emission sources.The results of the ambient sampling show that vehicle traffic emissions prevail;however,the influence of biomass burning was also observed.The mean ambient BC concentration was found to be 1.04±1.03μg/m^(3) and varied between 0.5 and 4.0μg/m^(3).From the mobile measurements obtained in real traffic conditions on the road,a much higher average value of 16.1±16.5μg/m^(3) was measured.Many parts of the city showed BC concentrations higher than 20μg/m^(3).The spatial distribution of BC concentration shows that vehicle emissions and traffic jams,a consequence of road and transport infrastructure,are the factors that most affect the BC concentration.A comparison of results obtained from two aethalometers indicates that the concentrations measured by MA200 are 9%lower than those measured by AE33.The AAE obtained was found to vary between 1.1 and 1.6,indicating vehicular emissions as the most crucial source.In addition,it was observed that the BC concentration on working days was 2.5 times higher than on the weekends in the case of mobile monitoring and 1.5 times higher in the case of ambient monitoring.展开更多
Fireworks(FW)could significantly worsen air quality in short term during celebrations.Due to similar tracers with biomass burning(BB),the fast and precise qualification of FW and BB is still challenging.In this study,...Fireworks(FW)could significantly worsen air quality in short term during celebrations.Due to similar tracers with biomass burning(BB),the fast and precise qualification of FW and BB is still challenging.In this study,online bulk and single-particle measurements were combined to investigate the contributions of FW and BB to the overall mass concentrations of PM_(2.5)and specific chemical species by positive matrix factorization(PMF)during the Chinese New Year in Hong Kong in February 2013.With combined information,fresh/aged FW(abundant ^(140)K_(2)NO_(3)^(+)and ^(213)K_(3)SO_(4)^(+)formed from ^(113)K_(2)Cl^(+)discharged by fresh FW)can be extracted from the fresh/aged BB sources,in addition to the Second Aerosol,Vehicles+Road Dust,and Sea Salt factors.The contributions of FW and BB were investigated during three high particle matter episodes influenced by the pollution transported from the Pearl River Delta region.The fresh BB/FW contributed 39.2%and 19.6%to PM_(2.5)during the Lunar Chinese New Year case.However,the contributions of aged FW/BB enhanced in the last two episodes due to the aging process,evidenced by high contributions from secondary aerosols.Generally,the fresh BB/FW showed more significant contributions to nitrate(35.1%and15.0%,respectively)compared with sulfate(25.1%and 5.9%,respectively)and OC(14.8%and11.1%,respectively)on average.In comparison,the aged FW contributed more to sulfate(13.4%).Overall,combining online bulk and single-particle measurement data can combine both instruments’advantages and provide a new perspective for applying source apportionment of aerosols using PMF.展开更多
The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is signif...The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is significantly modified by humans.To understand the sulfur cycle in aquatic systems in arid environment,the chemical and sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)) of major rivers around the Badain Jaran Desert,northwestern China,were investigated.These rivers had averaged SO_(4)^(2-)content at 1336μmol/L,over 10times higher than the global average.The δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)values ranged from-5.3‰to+11.8‰and+1.6‰to+12.8‰,respectively.The end-member analysis and the inverse model showed that riverine sulfate was mainly derived from evaporites dissolution (0-87%),sulfide oxidation (13%-100%) and precipitation (0-33%),indicating heterogeneity in sulfur sources and behaviors along the river drainage with the lithology variations and climate gradients.Multiple isotopic tools combining with hydro-chemistry compositions could be applied to reveal sulfur cycle in arid environment.Based on the calculation,sulfide oxidation plays the primary role in the headwater and upstream in the Qilian-Mountains area,where sulfide is widely exposed.While the proportion of evaporites dissolution contributing to riverine sulfate is much higher in downstream in a drier environment.Besides,less precipitation and higher temperature can lead to more intensive evaporation,affecting the process of sulfide oxidation and enhancing the rates of evaporites dissolution and sulfate precipitation in the basin.展开更多
A series of emission reduction measures were conducted in Wuhan,Central China,to ensure good air quality during the 7th Military World Games(MWG)in October 2019.To better understand the implications for ozone(O_(3))po...A series of emission reduction measures were conducted in Wuhan,Central China,to ensure good air quality during the 7th Military World Games(MWG)in October 2019.To better understand the implications for ozone(O_(3))pollution control strategies,we applied integrated analysis approaches based on the de-weathered statistical model,parameterization methods,chemical box model,and positive matrix factorization model.During the MWG,concentrations of O_(3),NO_x,and volatile organic compound(VOCs),OFP(O_(3)formation potential),L_(OH)(OH radical loss rate)were 83μg/m^(3),43μg/m^(3),26 ppbv,188μg/m^(3),and 3.9 s^(-1),respectively,which were 26%,18%,3%,15%,and 13%lower than pre-MWG values and 6%,39%,30%,33%,and 50%lower than post-MWG values,respectively.After removing meteorological influence,O_(3)and its precursors during the MWG decreased largely compared with post-MWG values,and only O_(3),NO_(2),and oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs)declined compared with pre-MWG values,which revealed the emission reduction measures during the MWG played an important role for O_(3)decline.For six VOCs sources,the mass contributions of biomass burning and solvents usage during the MWG decreased largely compared with pre-MWG values.O_(3)production was sensitive to VOCs and the key species were aromatics,OVOCs,and alkenes,which originated mainly from solvents usage,biomass burning,industrial-related combustion,and vehicle exhaust.Decreasing O_(3)concentration during the strict control was mainly caused by OVOCs reduction due to biomass burning control.Generally,the O_(3)abatement strategies of Wuhan should be focused on the mitigation of high-reactivity VOCs.展开更多
Nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)are among the major components of brown carbon(BrC)in the atmosphere,causing negative impacts on regional climate,air quality,and ecological health.Due to the extensive origins,it is stil...Nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)are among the major components of brown carbon(BrC)in the atmosphere,causing negative impacts on regional climate,air quality,and ecological health.Due to the extensive origins,it is still a challenge to figure out the contributions and originating regions for different sources of atmospheric NACs.Here,field observations on fine particulate NACs were conducted at a coastal rural area in Qingdao,China in the winter of 2018 and 2019.The mean total concentrations of fine particulate nitro-aromatic compounds were 125.0±89.5 and 27.7±21.1 ng/m^(3)in the winter of 2018 and 2019,respectively.Among the measured eleven NACs,nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were the most abundant species.Variation characteristics and correlation analysis showed that humidity and anthropogenic primary emissions had significant influences on the NAC abundances.In this study,two tracing methods of the improved spatial concentration weighted trajectory(SCWT)model and the receptor model of positive matrix factorization(PMF)were combined to comprehensively understand the origins of NACs in fine particles at coastal Qingdao.Four major sources were identified,including coal combustion,biomass burning,vehicle exhaust,and secondary formation.Surprisingly,coal combustion was responsible for about half of the observed nitro-aromatic compounds,followed by biomass burning(~30%).The results by SCWT demonstrated that the coal combustion dominated NACs mainly originated from the Shandong peninsula and the areas to the north and southwest,while those dominated by biomass burning primarily came from local Qingdao and the areas to the west.展开更多
As a vital type of light-absorbing aerosol,brown carbon(BrC)presents inherent associations with atmospheric photochemistry and climate change.However,the understanding of the chemical and optical properties of BrC is ...As a vital type of light-absorbing aerosol,brown carbon(BrC)presents inherent associations with atmospheric photochemistry and climate change.However,the understanding of the chemical and optical properties of BrC is limited,especially in some resource-dependent cities with long heating periods in northwest China.This study showed that the annual average abundances of Water-soluble BrC(WS-BrC)were 9.33±7.42 and 8.69±6.29μg/m^(3)in Baotou and Wuhai and the concentrations,absorption coefficient(Abs_(365)),and mass absorption efficiency(MAE365)of WS-BrC presented significant seasonal patterns,with high values in the heating season and low values in the non-heating season;while showing opposite seasonal trends for the Absorption Angstr?m exponent(AAE_(300-400)).Comparatively,the levels of WS-BrC in developing regions(such as cities in Asia)were higher than those in developed regions(such as cities in Europe and Australia),indicating the significant differences in energy consumption in these regions.By combining fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM)spectra with the parallel factor(PARAFAC)model,humic-like(C1 and C2)and proteinlike(C3)substances were identified,and accounted for 61.40%±4.66%and 38.6%±3.78%at Baotou,and 60.33%±6.29%and 39.67%±4.17%at Wuhai,respectively.The results of source apportionment suggested that the potential source regions of WS-BrC varied in heating vs.non-heating seasons and that the properties of WS-BrC significantly depended on primary emissions(e.g.,combustion emissions)and secondary formation.展开更多
Industrial coking facilities are an important emission source for volatile organic compounds(VOCs).This study analyzed the atmospheric VOC characteristics within an industrial coking facility and its surrounding envir...Industrial coking facilities are an important emission source for volatile organic compounds(VOCs).This study analyzed the atmospheric VOC characteristics within an industrial coking facility and its surrounding environment.Average concentrations of total VOCs(TVOCs)in the surrounding residential activity areas(R1 and R2),the coking facility(CF)and the control area(CA)were determined to be 138.5,47.8,550.0,and 15.0μg/m^(3),respectively.The cold drum process and coking and quenching areas within the coking facility were identified as the main polluting processes.The spatial variation in VOCs composition was analyzed,showing that VOCs in the coking facility and surrounding areas were mainly dominated by aromatic compounds such as BTX(benzene,toluene,and xylenes)and naphthalene,with concentrations being negatively correlated with the distance from the coking facility(p<0.01).The sources of VOCs in different functional areas across the monitoring area were analyzed,finding that coking emissions accounted for 73.5%,33.3% and 27.7% of TVOCs in CF,R1 and R2,respectively.These results demonstrated that coking emissions had a significant impact on VOC concentrations in the areas surrounding coking facility.This study evaluates the spatial variation in exposure to VOCs,providing important information for the influence of VOCs concentration posed by coking facility to surrounding residents and the development of strategies for VOC abatement.展开更多
基金supported by Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements(No.2023KFKTB001)the Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(2022FY101800)+2 种基金the National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of IGGE(AS2023D01)the projects of the China Geological Survey(DD20230309 and DD20190305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42002105)。
文摘To understand the levels of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)contamination in soils and their effects on human health from different agricultural land use in Sanya,China.128 soil samples(64 topsoil samples and corresponding subsoil samples)were collected from the five representative land-use patterns.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),Atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS),and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES)were used to determine the content of PTEs(As,Cd,Hg,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Co,Mo,Sb,and V).Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to determine the source of PTEs.Geo-accumulation index(I_(geo)),hazard quotient(HQ),and total carcinogenic risk index(TR)were used to measure the PTEs contamination and its relative health impacts.Results showed that the average values of 12 PTEs in topsoil were higher than the Hainan soil geochemical baseline,showing different degrees of PTEs accumulation effect.The concentration of PTEs in the topsoil was lower than those in the subsoil except for Cd and Hg.The I_(geo)revealed that the major accumulated element in soils was As followed by Mo.Source apportionment suggested that parent materials and agricultural practices were the dominant factors for PTEs accumulation in the topsoil.Noncarcinogenic risks of soil samples from five land-use patterns presented a trend of paddy field>dry field>woodland>orchard>garden plot.However,the HQ values of 12 PTEs were less than the recommended limit of HQ=1,representing that there are no non-carcinogenic risks of PTEs for children and adults in the study area.The TR values are within 6.95×10^(-6)-1.38×10^(-5),which corresponds to the low level.Therefore the PTEs in the agricultural soil of the study area show little influence on the health status of the local population.
基金supported by Project of Chongqing Ecology and Environment Bureau(2021111)Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(cstc2022jxjl0005)。
文摘This study studied the characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soil surrounding a gangue coal heap in Chongqing,China by using absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression(APCSMLR)model and positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The applicability of the models was compared in the assessment of source apportionment.The results showed that the average contents of Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Ni,and Zn in the surface soil were 0.46,0.14,9.66,31.2,127,95.6,76.0,and 158 mg/kg,respectively.Combined with the spatial distribution and correlation analyses,the results of source apportionment were consistent for both the APCSMLR and PMF models.Cd,Hg,As,and Pb were mainly affected by the gangue heap accumulation,with respective contributions of 74.6%,79.4%,69.1%,and 67.2%based on the APCS-MLR model and respective contributions of 69.7%,60.7%,57.4%,and 41.9%based on the PMF model.Ni and Zn were mainly affected by industrial and agricultural activities,while Cr and Cu were mainly affected by natural factors.The results of the source apportionment were approximately consistent between the APCS-MLR and PMF models.The combined application of the two receptor models can make the results of source apportionment more comprehensive,accurate,and reliable.
基金supported by the 2021 Graduate Science Research Project of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.YJS20210375)the Natural Science Research Project of Universities in Anhui Province(Grant No.KJ2020ZD64)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(Grant No.2008085MD122)the Outstanding Young Talents in Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province(Grant No.ZD2021134)the Research Development Foundation of Suzhou University(Grant No.2021fzjj28).
文摘The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential pollution sources. In this study, 99 water samples were collected from a river in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province in eastern China, and these samples were analyzed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Cluster analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were conducted to qualitatively identify the potential sources of river water pollution in the study area. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression receptor model was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each source to water quality parameters. The results showed that all observed water quality indices met the quality criteria specified in the Chinese drinking water standards, except for pH, ρ(F-), ρ(SO42-), and ρ(As). The heat map showed that the frequent recharge of pollutants from the tributaries during the wet season was the main reason for the deterioration of water quality. Five sources of river water pollution were identified, and their contribution ratios in a descending order were as follows: the geogenic process (24%) > agricultural activities (21%) > poultry farming sources (17%) > domestic pollution (9%) > transportation pollution (5%). Therefore, controlling pollution from agricultural activities, strengthening the regulation of livestock farming, and improving the sewage network are the recommended strategies for improving the quality of surface water resources in this area.
基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No.20725723)
文摘During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site,China,and in 2006,at a background site in Duolun (DL).The long-term monitoring data of elements,ions,and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements,nitrates,ammonium salts,and sulfates.These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of...
文摘Source apportionment studies of TSP (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 100 μm) and PM10 (atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm) have revealed that soil dust is an important source of these particulates in China. In this study, the contamination of soil dust was assessed through the use of a geoaccumulation index (Igeo). The mass concentration profiles of 17 elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, and Pb) were established for urban soil dusts. Geochemical compositions of soils from 15 cities were used to represent background urban soil compositions. The results of this study indicated that a number of cities are severely polluted by particulates containing Ca, Cr, Ni, and Cu in both size fractions (TSP and PM10). Contamination with Zn, Pb, Co, and Br was moderate to severe (Igeo 〉 2). The Al and Fe concentrations were not high enough for them to be considered contaminants.
基金supported by the Tianjin Fundamental Research Program of the Tianjin Committee of Science and Technology (Grant No. 10JCYBJC050800)the National Special Science and Technology Program for Non-Profit Industry of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (Grant No. 200909022)+2 种基金the 973 Program (Grant No. 2011CB403402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 40875001)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant No. 2008Z011)
文摘Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds (VOCs),which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi (Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area (36%) was much higher than that at the urban area (16%).We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.
基金supported by the National Technology Supporting, Kaifeng Environmental Protec-tion Bureau, Henan Province, China
文摘During 2005, the filter samples of ambient PM10 from five sites and the source samples of particulate matter were collected in Kaifeng, Henan Province of China. Nineteen elements, water-soluble ions, total carbon (TC) and organic carbon (OC) contained in samples were analyzed. Seven contributive source types were identified and their contributions to ambient PM10 were estimated by chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Weak associations between the concentrations of organic carbon and element carbon (EC) were observed during the sampling periods, indicating that there was secondary organic aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere. An indirect method of "OC/EC minimum ratio" was applied to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The results showed that SOC contributed 26.2%, 32.4% and 18.0% of TC in spring, summer-fall and winter, respectively, and the annual average SOC concentration was 7.07 μg/m^3, accounting for 5.73% of the total mass in ambient PM10. The carbon species concentrations in ambient PM10 were recalculated by subtracting SOC concentrations from measured concentrations of TC and OC to increase the compatibility of source and receptor measurements for CMB model.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40475049) the Natural Sciences Foundation of Beijing city (Grant No. 8032012) are acknowledged.
文摘A total of 11 PM2.5 samples were collected from October 2003 to October 2004 at 8 sampling sites in Beijing city. The PM2.5 concentrations are all above the PM2.5 pollution standard (65 μg m^-3) established by Environmental Protection Agency, USA (USEPA) in 1997 except for the Ming Tombs site. PM2.5 concentrations in winter are much higher than in summer. The 16 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants by USEPA in PM2.5 were completely identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with variable wavelength detector (VWD) and fluorescence detector (FLD) employed. The PM2.5 concentrations indicate that the pollution situation is still serious in Beijing. The sum of 16 PAHs concentrations ranged from 22.17 to 5366 ng m^-3. The concentrations of the heavier molecular weight PAHs have a different pollution trend from the lower PAHs. Seasonal variations were mainly attributed to the difference in coal combustion emission and meteorological conditions. The source apportionment analysis suggests that PAHs from PM2.5 in Beijing city mainly come from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust emission. New measures about restricting coal combustion and vehicle exhaust must be established as soon as possible to improve the air pollution situation in Beijing city.
基金The Liaoning Province Natural Science Foundation under contract No.201602409the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No.201505019
文摘The sources and ecological risk from sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment in the Liaodong Bay were investigated from 2014 to 2015.The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 88.5 to 347.1 ng/g,and the high value occurred in the central region of the Liaodong Bay.Cluster analysis identified two site clusters representing the coastal region affected by land-based pollution and the central region of the Liaodong Bay.Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression and diagnostic ratios suggested that PAHs contaminants originated from a mixture of combustion and petroleum sources,and the major was combustion sources.Based on sediment quality guideline,naphthalene,acenaphthylene,acenaphthene,phenanthrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene may occasionally cause adverse biological effects in some stations.The toxic equivalent concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs indicated low carcinogenic risk for the Liaodong Bay.The ecological risk and toxic pollution levels of PAHs were higher in the central region than in the coastal region along the Liaodong Bay.
基金This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41907188)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.2019JQ-386)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M653658).
文摘Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).
基金supposed by Shandong Natural Science Foundation[Grant number:ZR2016GM03]Ministry of Education[Grant number:17YJA790054]
文摘Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.
基金Supported by the Natural Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB422207)the Fund of Eco-enviromental Impacts and Protection in Devoloping and Utilizing of Oil-shale Resources(No.OSR-01-06)
文摘In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night ambient air samples and various pollution sources which were collected in January 2010 in Longyan with inductivity coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).Then chemical mass balance(CMB) model and factor analysis(FA) method were applied to comparatively study the inorganic components in the sources and receptor samples.The results of factor analysis show that the major sources were road dust,waste incineration and mixed sources which contained automobile exhaust,soil dust/secondary dust and coal dust during the daytime in Longyan City,China.There are two major sources of pollution which are soil dust and mixture sources of automobile exhaust and secondary dust during the night in Longyan.The results of CMB show that the major sources are secondary dust,automobile exhaust and road dust during the daytime in Longyan.The major sources are secondary dust,soil dust and automobile exhaust during the night in Longyan.The results of the two methods are similar to each other and the results will guide us to plan to control the PM10 pollution sources in Longyan.
基金Supported by Research Project of Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Fujian Province(JAT170817)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of College Students(201712709011)
文摘The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and judged first. Based on the preliminary analysis of major sources of soil heavy metal pollution in soil,combined with relevant literatures on heavy metal pollution source of soil or sediment at home and abroad in recent years,application progress of isotope tracer technique,especially lead isotope tracer technique,in the study of heavy metal pollution sources in soils and sediments were reviewed. The key points of future isotope tracer technology in the field of heavy metal pollution source apportionment were prospected.
基金supported by the Department of Civil and Environmental of the Universidad de la Costathe Center for Environmental Technology Research(Centro de Investigación de Tecnologías Ambientales–CITA)+1 种基金the Environmental Management and Sustainability Research Group(Grupo de Investigación de Gestión y Sostenibilidad Ambiental–GESSA)partial financial support from Colciencias Colombia(Project 141180764164,Contract 815-2018)。
文摘Black carbon(BC)is one of the short-lived air pollutants that contributes significantly to aerosol radiative forcing and global climate change.It is emitted by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,biofuels,and biomass.Urban environments are quite complex and thus,the use of mobile jointly with fixed monitoring provides a better understanding of the dynamics of BC distribution in such areas.The present study addresses the measurement of BC concentration using real-time mobile and ambient monitoring in Barranquilla,an industrialized urban area of the Colombian Caribbean.A microaethalometer(MA200)and an aethalometer(AE33)were used for measuring the BC concentration.The absorption Ångström exponent(AAE)values were determined for the study area,for identifying the BC emission sources.The results of the ambient sampling show that vehicle traffic emissions prevail;however,the influence of biomass burning was also observed.The mean ambient BC concentration was found to be 1.04±1.03μg/m^(3) and varied between 0.5 and 4.0μg/m^(3).From the mobile measurements obtained in real traffic conditions on the road,a much higher average value of 16.1±16.5μg/m^(3) was measured.Many parts of the city showed BC concentrations higher than 20μg/m^(3).The spatial distribution of BC concentration shows that vehicle emissions and traffic jams,a consequence of road and transport infrastructure,are the factors that most affect the BC concentration.A comparison of results obtained from two aethalometers indicates that the concentrations measured by MA200 are 9%lower than those measured by AE33.The AAE obtained was found to vary between 1.1 and 1.6,indicating vehicular emissions as the most crucial source.In addition,it was observed that the BC concentration on working days was 2.5 times higher than on the weekends in the case of mobile monitoring and 1.5 times higher in the case of ambient monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41875155)Natural Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFA0607004)+1 种基金Environment and Conservation Fund/Woo Wheelock Green Fund (No.ECWW09EG04)Strategic Priority Research Program (B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.XDB05040502)。
文摘Fireworks(FW)could significantly worsen air quality in short term during celebrations.Due to similar tracers with biomass burning(BB),the fast and precise qualification of FW and BB is still challenging.In this study,online bulk and single-particle measurements were combined to investigate the contributions of FW and BB to the overall mass concentrations of PM_(2.5)and specific chemical species by positive matrix factorization(PMF)during the Chinese New Year in Hong Kong in February 2013.With combined information,fresh/aged FW(abundant ^(140)K_(2)NO_(3)^(+)and ^(213)K_(3)SO_(4)^(+)formed from ^(113)K_(2)Cl^(+)discharged by fresh FW)can be extracted from the fresh/aged BB sources,in addition to the Second Aerosol,Vehicles+Road Dust,and Sea Salt factors.The contributions of FW and BB were investigated during three high particle matter episodes influenced by the pollution transported from the Pearl River Delta region.The fresh BB/FW contributed 39.2%and 19.6%to PM_(2.5)during the Lunar Chinese New Year case.However,the contributions of aged FW/BB enhanced in the last two episodes due to the aging process,evidenced by high contributions from secondary aerosols.Generally,the fresh BB/FW showed more significant contributions to nitrate(35.1%and15.0%,respectively)compared with sulfate(25.1%and 5.9%,respectively)and OC(14.8%and11.1%,respectively)on average.In comparison,the aged FW contributed more to sulfate(13.4%).Overall,combining online bulk and single-particle measurement data can combine both instruments’advantages and provide a new perspective for applying source apportionment of aerosols using PMF.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB26000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFA0607700)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41730857 and 42273050)the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology&Geophysics,CAS (No. IGGCAS-202204)support from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No.2019067)。
文摘The fate of riverine sulfate ion (SO_(4)^(2-)) and its environmental effects in arid environment are difficult to evaluate due to its complicated sources and strongly coupled behaviors with water cycle which is significantly modified by humans.To understand the sulfur cycle in aquatic systems in arid environment,the chemical and sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)) of major rivers around the Badain Jaran Desert,northwestern China,were investigated.These rivers had averaged SO_(4)^(2-)content at 1336μmol/L,over 10times higher than the global average.The δ^(34)S_(SO4)and δ^(18)O_(SO4)values ranged from-5.3‰to+11.8‰and+1.6‰to+12.8‰,respectively.The end-member analysis and the inverse model showed that riverine sulfate was mainly derived from evaporites dissolution (0-87%),sulfide oxidation (13%-100%) and precipitation (0-33%),indicating heterogeneity in sulfur sources and behaviors along the river drainage with the lithology variations and climate gradients.Multiple isotopic tools combining with hydro-chemistry compositions could be applied to reveal sulfur cycle in arid environment.Based on the calculation,sulfide oxidation plays the primary role in the headwater and upstream in the Qilian-Mountains area,where sulfide is widely exposed.While the proportion of evaporites dissolution contributing to riverine sulfate is much higher in downstream in a drier environment.Besides,less precipitation and higher temperature can lead to more intensive evaporation,affecting the process of sulfide oxidation and enhancing the rates of evaporites dissolution and sulfate precipitation in the basin.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2022YFE0136100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41505133,41775162,and 42061130215)+1 种基金the Royal Society Newton Advanced Fellowship (No.NAFR1201354)the Beijing Major Science and Technology Project (No.Z211100004321006)。
文摘A series of emission reduction measures were conducted in Wuhan,Central China,to ensure good air quality during the 7th Military World Games(MWG)in October 2019.To better understand the implications for ozone(O_(3))pollution control strategies,we applied integrated analysis approaches based on the de-weathered statistical model,parameterization methods,chemical box model,and positive matrix factorization model.During the MWG,concentrations of O_(3),NO_x,and volatile organic compound(VOCs),OFP(O_(3)formation potential),L_(OH)(OH radical loss rate)were 83μg/m^(3),43μg/m^(3),26 ppbv,188μg/m^(3),and 3.9 s^(-1),respectively,which were 26%,18%,3%,15%,and 13%lower than pre-MWG values and 6%,39%,30%,33%,and 50%lower than post-MWG values,respectively.After removing meteorological influence,O_(3)and its precursors during the MWG decreased largely compared with post-MWG values,and only O_(3),NO_(2),and oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs)declined compared with pre-MWG values,which revealed the emission reduction measures during the MWG played an important role for O_(3)decline.For six VOCs sources,the mass contributions of biomass burning and solvents usage during the MWG decreased largely compared with pre-MWG values.O_(3)production was sensitive to VOCs and the key species were aromatics,OVOCs,and alkenes,which originated mainly from solvents usage,biomass burning,industrial-related combustion,and vehicle exhaust.Decreasing O_(3)concentration during the strict control was mainly caused by OVOCs reduction due to biomass burning control.Generally,the O_(3)abatement strategies of Wuhan should be focused on the mitigation of high-reactivity VOCs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.ZR2020YQ30)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42005089,41775118)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Program of Universities in Shandong Province (No.2019KJD007)received financial support from Shandong University (No.2020QNQT012)。
文摘Nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)are among the major components of brown carbon(BrC)in the atmosphere,causing negative impacts on regional climate,air quality,and ecological health.Due to the extensive origins,it is still a challenge to figure out the contributions and originating regions for different sources of atmospheric NACs.Here,field observations on fine particulate NACs were conducted at a coastal rural area in Qingdao,China in the winter of 2018 and 2019.The mean total concentrations of fine particulate nitro-aromatic compounds were 125.0±89.5 and 27.7±21.1 ng/m^(3)in the winter of 2018 and 2019,respectively.Among the measured eleven NACs,nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were the most abundant species.Variation characteristics and correlation analysis showed that humidity and anthropogenic primary emissions had significant influences on the NAC abundances.In this study,two tracing methods of the improved spatial concentration weighted trajectory(SCWT)model and the receptor model of positive matrix factorization(PMF)were combined to comprehensively understand the origins of NACs in fine particles at coastal Qingdao.Four major sources were identified,including coal combustion,biomass burning,vehicle exhaust,and secondary formation.Surprisingly,coal combustion was responsible for about half of the observed nitro-aromatic compounds,followed by biomass burning(~30%).The results by SCWT demonstrated that the coal combustion dominated NACs mainly originated from the Shandong peninsula and the areas to the north and southwest,while those dominated by biomass burning primarily came from local Qingdao and the areas to the west.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia,China(No.21800-5173909)the Science and Technology Major Project on Air Pollution Prevention and Prediction in Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos Cities Group of Inner Mongolia(No.2020ZD0013)+1 种基金the Young Scientific&Technological Leading Talent Program of Inner Mongolia(No.NJYT2022092)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Inner Mongolia(No.2019JQ05)。
文摘As a vital type of light-absorbing aerosol,brown carbon(BrC)presents inherent associations with atmospheric photochemistry and climate change.However,the understanding of the chemical and optical properties of BrC is limited,especially in some resource-dependent cities with long heating periods in northwest China.This study showed that the annual average abundances of Water-soluble BrC(WS-BrC)were 9.33±7.42 and 8.69±6.29μg/m^(3)in Baotou and Wuhai and the concentrations,absorption coefficient(Abs_(365)),and mass absorption efficiency(MAE365)of WS-BrC presented significant seasonal patterns,with high values in the heating season and low values in the non-heating season;while showing opposite seasonal trends for the Absorption Angstr?m exponent(AAE_(300-400)).Comparatively,the levels of WS-BrC in developing regions(such as cities in Asia)were higher than those in developed regions(such as cities in Europe and Australia),indicating the significant differences in energy consumption in these regions.By combining fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM)spectra with the parallel factor(PARAFAC)model,humic-like(C1 and C2)and proteinlike(C3)substances were identified,and accounted for 61.40%±4.66%and 38.6%±3.78%at Baotou,and 60.33%±6.29%and 39.67%±4.17%at Wuhai,respectively.The results of source apportionment suggested that the potential source regions of WS-BrC varied in heating vs.non-heating seasons and that the properties of WS-BrC significantly depended on primary emissions(e.g.,combustion emissions)and secondary formation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFC1804502 and 2019YFC1804503)the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2022B1515020051)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42077332)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.202201010149)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01Z032)。
文摘Industrial coking facilities are an important emission source for volatile organic compounds(VOCs).This study analyzed the atmospheric VOC characteristics within an industrial coking facility and its surrounding environment.Average concentrations of total VOCs(TVOCs)in the surrounding residential activity areas(R1 and R2),the coking facility(CF)and the control area(CA)were determined to be 138.5,47.8,550.0,and 15.0μg/m^(3),respectively.The cold drum process and coking and quenching areas within the coking facility were identified as the main polluting processes.The spatial variation in VOCs composition was analyzed,showing that VOCs in the coking facility and surrounding areas were mainly dominated by aromatic compounds such as BTX(benzene,toluene,and xylenes)and naphthalene,with concentrations being negatively correlated with the distance from the coking facility(p<0.01).The sources of VOCs in different functional areas across the monitoring area were analyzed,finding that coking emissions accounted for 73.5%,33.3% and 27.7% of TVOCs in CF,R1 and R2,respectively.These results demonstrated that coking emissions had a significant impact on VOC concentrations in the areas surrounding coking facility.This study evaluates the spatial variation in exposure to VOCs,providing important information for the influence of VOCs concentration posed by coking facility to surrounding residents and the development of strategies for VOC abatement.