Heterogeneous information phase space reconstruction and stability prediction of filling body–surrounding rock combination

Traditional research believes that the filling body can effectively control stress concentration while ignoring the problems of unknown stability and the complex and changeable stress distribution of the filling body–surrounding rock combination under high-stress conditions.Current monitoring data processing methods cannot fully consider the complexity of monitoring objects,the diversity of monitoring methods,and the dynamics of monitoring data.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a phase space reconstruction and stability prediction method to process heterogeneous information of backfill–surrounding rock combinations.The three-dimensional monitoring system of a large-area filling body–surrounding rock combination in Longshou Mine was constructed by using drilling stress,multipoint displacement meter,and inclinometer.Varied information,such as the stress and displacement of the filling body–surrounding rock combination,was continuously obtained.Combined with the average mutual information method and the false nearest neighbor point method,the phase space of the heterogeneous information of the filling body–surrounding rock combination was then constructed.In this paper,the distance between the phase point and its nearest point was used as the index evaluation distance to evaluate the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The evaluated distances(ED)revealed a high sensitivity to the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The new method was then applied to calculate the time series of historically ED for 12 measuring points located at Longshou Mine.The moments of mutation in these time series were at least 3 months ahead of the roadway return dates.In the ED prediction experiments,the autoregressive integrated moving average model showed a higher prediction accuracy than the deep learning models(long short-term memory and Transformer).Furthermore,the root-mean-square error distribution of the prediction results peaked at 0.26,thus outperforming the no-prediction method in 70%of the cases.

Effects of water intrusion and loading rate on mechanical properties of and crack propagation in coal–rock combinations

Tackling the problems of underground water storage in collieries in arid regions requires knowledge of the effect of water intrusion and loading rate on the mechanical properties of and crack development in coal–rock combinations. Fifty-four coal–rock combinations were prepared and split equally into groups containing different moisture contents(dry, natural moisture and saturated) to conduct acoustic emission testing under uniaxial compression with loading rates ranging from 0.1 mm/min to 0.6 mm/min. The results show that the peak stress and strength-softening modulus, elastic modulus, strain-softening modulus, and post-peak modulus partly decrease with increasing moisture content and loading rate. In contrast, peak strain increases with increasing moisture content and fluctuates with rising loading rate. More significantly, the relationship between stiffness and stress, combined with accumulated counts of acoustic emission, can be used to precisely predict all phases of crack propagation. This is helpful in studying the impact of moisture content and loading rate on crack propagation and accurately calculating mechanical properties. We also determined that the stress thresholds of crack closure, crack initiation, and crack damage do not vary with changes of moisture content and loading rate, constituting 15.22%, 32.20%, and 80.98% of peak stress, respectively. These outcomes assist in developing approaches to water storage in coal mines, determining the necessary width of waterproof coal–rock pillars, and methods of supporting water-enriched roadways, while also advances understanding the mechanical properties of coal–rock combinations and laws of crack propagation.

Combined blasting for protection of gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof

The deformation control of surrounding rock in gobside roadway with thick and hard roof poses a significant challenge to the safety and efficiency of coal mining.To address this issue,a novel approach combining directional and non-directional blasting techniques,known as combined blasting,was proposed.This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the proposed method in the 122108 working face in Caojiatan Coal Mine as the engineering background.The initial phase of the study involves physical model experiments to reveal the underlying mechanisms of combined blasting for protecting gob-side roadway with thick and hard roof.The results demonstrate that this approach effectively accelerates the collapse of thick and hard roofs,enhances the fragmentation and expansion coefficient of gangue,facilitates the filling of the goaf with gangue,and provides support to the overlying strata,thus reducing the subsidence of the overlying strata above the goaf.Additionally,the method involves cutting the main roof into shorter beams to decrease the stress and disrupt stress transmission pathways.Subsequent numerical simulations were conducted to corroborate the findings of the physical model experiments,thus validating the accuracy of the experimental results.Furthermore,field engineering experiments were performed,affirming the efficacy of the combined blasting method in mitigating the deformation of surrounding rock and achieving the desired protection of the gob-side roadway.

Surrounding Rock Control Technology of Strong Dynamic Pressure Roadway in Hudi Coal Industry

Aiming at the problems of large deformation and difficult maintenance of deep soft rock roadway under the influence of high ground stress and strong dynamic pressure, taking the surrounding rock control of 1105 lane in Hudi Coal Industry as an example, the deformation characteristics and surrounding rock control measures of deep soft rock roadway are analyzed and discussed by means of geological data analysis, roadway deformation monitoring, rock crack drilling and field test. The results show that the main causes of roadway deformation are high ground stress, synclinal tectonic stress, advance mining stress, roadway penetration and surrounding rock fissure development. Based on the deformation characteristics and mechanism of lane 1105, the supporting countermeasures of “roof synergic support, layered grouting, anchor cable beam support, closed hardening of roadway surface” are proposed, which can provide reference for the control of deep roadway surrounding rock under similar conditions.

Mapping of oil-source faults in reservoire-cap rock combinations without a source rock

Oil and gas exploration near faults in shallow strata is investigated in this study based on an analysis of oil-source faults in reservoire-cap rock combinations without a source rock.The oil-source faults were mapped by superimposition of the distribution area of oil-source faults and the leakage area of cap rocks.This method is applied to the mapping of oil-source faults for two sets of reservoire-cap rock combinations without a source rock in the Banqiao area of the Qikou Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China.Combination B is formed by a mudstone cap rock of the middle sub-member of the 1st member of the Shahejie Formation(E3s1 M)with its underlying reservoir,while Combination C is formed by a mudstone cap rock of the 2nd member of the Dongying Formation(E_(3)d_(2))with its underlying reservoir.The results show that the oil-source faults of Combination B are relatively better developed and mainly occur in the northeast and southeast,while those of Combination C are not as well developed and are only distributed at the southeastern edge of the study area with a small proportion in the north.These results are consistent with the fact that oil and gas are mainly distributed near oil-source faults,proving the method proposed is workable in determining the oil-source faults in reservoire-cap rock combinations without a source rock.

Mechanical performance of rock bolts under combined load conditions

Rock bolts are subjected to different loading conditions along their lengths such as axial,bending,and/or shear forces,which can cause failure at lower loads than those considered for design purposes.The common existing methodologies do not consider the actual loading of the rock bolts and assume it is only pure axial or pure shear.This study was conducted to investigate the un-grouted rock bolt performance under combined load conditions.Two loading regimes were evaluated:the effect of initial shear displacement on axial load capacity and displacement,and the effect of axial displacement on the shear load capacity.The first regime was also conducted for shear with a gap,when there is a spacing between the shear interfaces.The results of this study showed that the rock bolt can resist higher axial loads than shear under pure or combined load conditions.Under combined load conditions,the rock bolt capacity decreased significantly for both regimes.However,when applying the shear load with a gap,the rock bolt load capacity was not affected significantly.Also,the total bar deformation was improved for shear and axial.The findings of this study show the need to improve the rock bolt design considering the complex loading conditions in situ with/without a gap.

Experimental Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sprayed Concrete-Surrounding Rock Combined Body

To investigate the dynamic response problem of the double medium formed by the adherence of sprayed concrete and surrounding rock in the tunnel,a split Hopkinson pressure bar of 75 mm in diameter was adopted at the ages of 3,7 and 10 d.Experimental results showed that dynamic compressive strength and dynamic increase factors(DIF)of the combined bodies increase with the strain rate.With the growth of strain rate,the critical strain of the combined bodies first increases,then deceases.Furthermore,the combined bodies of 3 d reveal the plastic property and brittle property for 7 d and 10 d when the strain rate is over 80/s.The failure characteristic of the sprayed concrete changes from tearing strain damage to crushing damage as the growth of strain rate,and the failure characteristic of rock presents the tensile failure mode as demonstrated by the scanning electron microscope(SEM).

Failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body with a weak coal interlayer

Using an MTS 815 testing machine,the deformation and failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body containing a weak coal interlayer has been investigated and described in this paper.Uniaxial loading leads to the appearance of mixed cracks in the coal body which induce instability and lead to bursts in coal.If the mixed crack propagates at a sufficiently high speed to carry enough energy to damage the roof rock,then coal and rock bursts may occur-this is the main mechanism whereby coal bumps or coal and rock bursts occur after excavation unloading.With increasing confining pressure,the failure strength of a rock-coal-rock combined body gradually increases,and the failure mechanism of the coal interlayer also changes,from mixed crack damage under low confining pressures,to parallel crack damage under medium confining pressures,and finally to single shear crack damage or integral mixed section damage under high confining pressures.In general,it is shown that a weak coal interlayer changes the form of overall coal damage in a rock-coal-rock combined body and reduces the overall stability of a coal body.Therefore,the whole failure behavior of a rock-coal-rock combined body in large cutting height working faces is controlled by these mechanisms.

Determination of combined effect of ampli- fication and attenuation of soft rock site us- ing digital seismic data

In the paper, for the application of stochastic simulation of ground motion, we put forward a method to determine ″the combined effect of amplification and attenuation″ (combined effect for short) of soft rock site by using digital seismic data of moderate and small earthquakes. Our approach aims at solving the problem of the combined effect of soft rock site, which is difficult to determine in most regions of China because fewer measures were done for S-wave velocity structure. The combined effect of soft rock site can be determined by using the approach recom- mended by us. An example is given to discuss the practical application of the method.

重复冲击下砂岩的动态响应试验研究

高速动能水击压裂可借助聚能水锤效应实现强动载泄入性液压冲击,具有高峰值压力、高加载速率、重复多次渐进扩缝等优势,其中聚能流体贯入性冲击下岩石损伤-破裂的演化机制是该技术优化设计的核心问题。为此,采用岩石动态冲击损伤模拟试验装置,开展高速动能水击压裂破岩试验,分析不同加载速率、冲击次数、冲击组合等对岩石破裂形态的影响规律。结果表明:单次高速动能水击破岩中,随着加载速率的提高,岩石破坏依次呈现出近孔眼破碎损伤(8.5 MPa/ms)、微裂缝聚并串联成宏观裂纹(13.4 MPa/ms)、流体楔入形成脆性崩裂裂缝(15.5 MPa/ms)三种模式;在小峰值压力、低加载速率重复冲击下,岩石损伤破坏呈现近孔眼损伤(1~2次)-裂缝起裂扩展(3~5次)-应力挤压破碎(6~10次)三个阶段,随着冲击次数的增加,孔眼周围损伤加剧,形成3~40 mm(贯穿岩样)不等长的裂缝;“先低后高”组合加载速率冲击方式下,前期重复低速率冲击可在孔眼周围形成微裂纹损伤而又不会产生破碎压实,随后借助单次高加载速率聚能冲击,实现大体积高压流体在微裂纹内的快速楔入,激发多条径向深穿透裂缝,同时该组合冲击方法还可实现主裂缝两侧基质扩容增渗和相交分支缝网,实现改造效果的最大化。

高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破碎花岗岩试验研究

深部地层岩石硬度高、研磨性强、可钻性差,地质条件复杂、施工难度大,高压水射流辅助钻井可有效延长钻头寿命,提高钻进效率。采用室内试验与理论分析相结合的方法,开展了高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破碎花岗岩试验,分析了高压水射流辅助锥形PDC齿和常规PDC齿破碎花岗岩特性,揭示了射流压力、喷射距离、喷嘴直径及喷射角度等因素对锥形PDC齿破岩效果的影响规律。研究结果表明:在高压水射流辅助破岩条件下,锥形PDC齿与常规PDC齿的破岩比能分别降低了17.36%与19.63%;射流压力越大,射流辅助锥形PDC齿破岩效果越好;在研究条件下,喷距范围为5~10 mm可使水射流辅助锥形PDC齿破岩效果最佳;当喷嘴直径为2 mm时,切削力离散系数最小;喷射角度为30°时,锥形PDC齿切削力与破岩比能达到最小值;喷射角度为20°时,切削力离散系数最小,切削力最稳定。研究结果可为适用于深部硬岩钻井的锥形PDC钻头水力结构设计与优化提供理论支撑。

煤岩组合体冲击倾向性对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制

为揭示煤岩组合体冲击倾向性程度对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制,以不同冲击倾向性煤岩组合体为研究对象,在对煤岩组合试件进行冲击倾向性测定的基础上,采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以发生超低摩擦效应时的水平位移、动能、摩擦力为指标,探究煤岩组合体冲击倾向性与垂直应力波扰动频率、扰动振幅之间的关系特征。研究结果表明:(1)受扰动频率影响,弱、强冲击倾向煤岩组合体易发生超低摩擦效应的频率显著影响区分别为2.0~3.0,2.5~3.5 Hz,且随着冲击倾向性程度的增强,频率显著影响区逐渐右移。(2)相比于弱冲击倾向性煤岩组合体,强冲击倾向性煤岩组合体发生超低摩擦效应时水平位移、动能和摩擦力降幅较大,煤块易发生超低摩擦滑动。(3)随着煤岩组合体剩余能量指数的增大,冲击倾向性程度逐渐增强,动能呈指数规律增大,煤块越易发生超低摩擦滑动。研究结果可为超低摩擦型冲击地压的预测和防治提供参考。

综合物探方法在碎屑岩地区找水中的应用——以云南宣威大路边村为例

为探索地球物理方法在碎屑地区找水应用的有效性,文章以云南宣威大路边村为研究对象,选取高密度电阻率法、联合剖面法、音频大地电磁法对碎屑岩层进行找水研究。结果表明:三叠系上统飞仙关组(T1f)碎屑岩富水性中等,含水性较均匀;受地面场地狭窄限制,高密度电法及联合剖面法测线长度有限,探测深度较浅,受碎屑岩电阻率小的影响,其找水应用效果不佳,在可探测的深度范围内较难识别基岩裂隙等找水有效异常,需结合其他物探方法甄别异常;音频大地电磁法找水应用效果相对较好,具有较高的横向分辨率,可有效识别碎屑岩中的断裂破碎带及构造裂隙带,表现为相对低阻异常特征;视电阻率单支测深曲线能有效分辨不同深度的岩土层结构,具有较高的纵向分辨率,对裂隙破碎带有较好指示意义。在地面场地较为狭窄的碎屑岩地区开展找水工作,音频大地电磁法结合视电阻单支测深曲线能取得较好效果,以音频大地电磁法确定碎屑岩地区中的裂隙发育带位置,以视电阻单支测深曲线确定裂隙发育带的深度。

盐岩储气库稳定性评估模型与应用研究

为了解决盐岩储气库稳定性评估的模糊性和不确定性问题,降低事故发生的概率,提高判断准确度,将功效系数法引入盐岩储气库系统的评估与控制中,提出一种基于集成赋权-功效系数法的盐岩储气库稳定性评估模型。在所建评估体系下,运用反熵权法(AEW)、决策试验和评价试验法(DEMATEL)、改进组合数的有序加权平均C-OWA算子计算指标权重,三者优势互补,削弱了单一赋权方法的不足,并利用乘法合成原理获得综合权重。通过计算盐岩储气库的总功效系数值,评估整个系统的风险等级,最后利用实例,验证了模型的适用性与有效性。验证结果表明:该模型赋权方法可靠,计算结果贴近实际情况,能有效评估盐岩储气库的状态。

黔西南金矿砂岩动静组合加载岩石力学特性研究

为探究巷道开挖后围岩不同深度切向应力不同程度的增加对围岩动力学性能的影响,采用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)试验系统,对黔西南金矿砂岩试件在0,10,20,30,40MPa的轴压下进行动静组合加载试验,旨在分析砂岩在不同轴压下的力学行为、变形特征与能量演化规律。研究发现:动静组合加载试样应力-应变曲线分为压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性破坏和峰后阶段;轴压使得峰值应变逐渐增加,极限应变逐渐降低;动态弹性模量、动态抗压强度、应变率及各能量的演化规律均呈现以10MPa为转折点的变化规律。

玛湖凹陷风城组岩石力学参数自适应权重组合预测

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组岩性复杂,为准确预测其岩石力学参数,提出了一种自适应权重组合预测方法。首先分析、对比传统方法和不同机器学习算法(BP神经网络、XGBoost、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)、卷积神经网络(CNN)、决策树(CART)、长短时记忆神经(LSTM)网络等)的预测效果,传统方法难以准确预测岩石力学参数,而不同机器学习算法的预测效果不同,其中抗压强度、抗张强度和脆性指数预测的最优机器学习算法模型为SVM,弹性模量为BP,泊松比为RF,内聚力为XGBoost,内摩擦角和断裂韧性为LSTM网络;单一机器学习算法难以实现对多个岩石力学参数的同步准确预测。在此基础上,通过对不同岩石力学参数选取不同预测基模型,再根据基模型预测效果赋予权重并进行组合,以开展自适应权重组合预测。结果表明,该方法能够有效提升机器学习算法的预测精度和泛化性能,可实现复杂岩性地层多个岩石力学参数的同步准确预测。

循环水岩作用下煤岩组合体力学响应及劣化机制

煤矿地下水库的建立解决了我国西部干旱-半干旱生态脆弱区的缺水问题。地下水库不断进行着蓄水-抽水,地下水库水位的反复升降对水库坝体产生反复损伤作用,而半煤岩坝体、煤岩夹矸坝体为地下水库常见的坝体。基于此,设计进行了不同“干燥-饱和”循环次数的砂岩-煤组合体不同围压下的轴向压缩试验,分析循环浸水作用下煤岩组合体力学特性劣化规律和劣化机制。结果表明:(1)随着循环次数的增加,组合体的饱和含水率逐渐增大。饱和含水率与循环次数呈对数关系。(2)随着循环次数的增加,应力-应变曲线压密阶段增长,弹性阶段斜率减小,峰值应力降低,峰值应变增大,屈服阶段愈加明显,应力跌落变缓。(3)随着循环次数的增加,组合体抗压强度逐渐降低,循环1~3次,抗压强度劣化幅度较为明显。抗压强度阶段劣化度具有非均匀性。(4)循环1~5次,黏聚力下降了70.87%,内摩擦角下降了60.65%。(5)循环1~3次,组合体弹性模量下降了53.06%,变形模量下降了61.10%。(6)循环浸水作用下,试样微观裂纹逐渐发育,矿物颗粒由原来的棱角分明的多边形向浑圆形逐渐发展,大的矿物颗粒逐渐崩解为小颗粒,颗粒间胶结作用逐渐弱化,由紧凑致密结构向松散软弱结构转变。(7)循环浸水作用下,水岩发生反复的物理、化学、力学作用,对煤岩产生反复损伤,最终导致宏观力学特性的劣化。

大红山铁矿露天——地下联合开采岩移发展规律研究

地下开采产生的地表移动会影响邻近露天采场边坡的稳定性。以大红山铁矿露天—地下联合开采为例,采用微震、地表开裂观测等多种方法进行岩移监测和数据分析,探究了地下开采引起的岩体移动与地表开裂规律。首先,对历史监测数据进行了整理和分析,包括地表塌陷和裂缝的发育情况。其次,针对地下开采过程中的围岩变形特点,开展微震数据分析,获取了岩体损伤破坏信息。同时,结合矿山地质资料,统计数据得出了陷落角的变化范围。结果表明:大红山铁矿露天—地下联合开采,岩体移动发展阶段可划分为:冒落及地表贯通的岩移阶段、陷落区充分发展的岩移阶段、F2断层影响的陷落角非对称发育阶段、废石充填与深部开采下的岩移阶段。西北部陷落角发育范围为75°~81°、东南部陷落角发育范围为65°~82°。研究可为类似地质及工程条件矿山岩移发展规律分析提供一定参考。

柴达木盆地英雄岭页岩岩相特征及有利源储组合

柴达木盆地英雄岭页岩油具有良好的形成与富集条件,石油资源量可达44.5×10^(8) t,但英雄岭页岩油纵向分布厚度大(>1000m),页岩岩相及岩相组合变化较大,给页岩油的有效勘探开发带来了巨大挑战。以英雄岭页岩典型井柴2-4、柴906、柴12等12口井578m岩心为研究对象,开展岩石学、有机地球化学和储层特征分析。研究表明,英雄岭页岩混积特征明显,矿物组成以方解石、白云石和黏土矿物为主;沉积构造以厚度小于1cm的纹层为主。根据“二元”命名原则,可将研究区内页岩岩相划分为5类,包括纹层状灰云岩、纹层状云灰岩、层状灰云岩、层状云灰岩、纹层状黏土质页岩。通过对各类岩相有机地球化学和储集性能综合评价,认为纹层状云灰岩为最优烃源岩相类型,层状灰云岩为最优储层相类型,储集空间主要为白云石晶间孔。甜点综合评价结果和生产实践证实,层状灰云岩与纹层状云灰岩互层为最有利的源储组合模式,各甜点段平面上连通性较好,纵向上具有较强的非均质性。

小断面土石组合地质条件下TBM施工围岩可掘性分级识别

围岩可掘性分级以及识别研究对隧道掘进机(TBM)高效率施工及智能化控制意义重大。依托南水北调安阳市西部调水工程TBM施工实际数据,利用掘进性能综合指标单位贯入度推力(FPI)、单位贯入度扭矩(TPI)建立了小断面土石组合地质条件下TBM施工围岩可掘性分级标准;提出了PCA-RF模型对围岩可掘性分级进行识别,并与BP、SVR和RF模型进行了比较讨论。结果表明:①建立的小断面土石组合围岩TBM施工可掘性分级标准是适用的,克服了土石组合围岩下传统围岩分类方法的局限性;②小断面土石组合围岩TBM施工可掘性分级PCA-RF识别模型的识别准确率达到了98.3%,高于BP、SVR和RF模型,可以满足工程施工需要。