Phytoplankton community structure and environmental parameters in aquaculture areas of Daya Bay,South China Sea

Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton community structure were investigated in two aquaculture areas in Dapeng Cove of Daya Bay, South China Sea, between April 2005 and June 2006. Phytoplankton abundance ranged between 5.0 and 8877.5 cells/mL, with an average of 751.8 cells/mL. The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton were demonstrated by frequent oscillations, with recurrent high abundances from late spring to autumn and a peak stage in late winter. Diatoms were the predominant phytoplankton group, accounting for 93.21% of the total abundance. The next most abundant group was the dinoflagellates, which made up only 1.24% of total abundance. High concentrations of Alexandrium tamarense （Lebour） Balech with a maximum of 603.0 cells/mL were firstly recorded in this area known for high rates of paralytic shellfish poisoning （PSP） contamination. Temperatures and salinities were within the suitable values for the growth of phytoplankton, and were important in phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations. The operation of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station （DNPS） exerts influences on the phytoplankton community and resulted in the high abundances of toxic dinoflagellate species during the winter months. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） and dissolved silicate （DSi） were sufficient, and rarely limited for the growth of phytoplankton. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus （DIP） was the most necessary element for phytoplankton growth. The enriched environments accelerated the growth of small diatoms, and made for the shift in predominant species from large diatom Rhizosolenia spp. to chain-forming diatoms such as Skeletonema costatum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Thalassiosira subtilis.

Distribution of meiofaunal abundance in relation to environmental factors in Beibu Gulf,South China Sea

This study aims to explore the distribution of meiofaunal abundance in relation to environmental factors in the Beibu Gulf, a natural semi-enclosed part of the South China Sea, surrounded by China and Vietnam. Meiofauna and ten benthic environmental factors were determined at 27 sampling stations in the Beibu Gulf in four surveys during 2006 2007. The results show a clear geographical trend in meiofaunal abundance, water depth, salinity and clay content. The meiofaunal abundance and the clay content decreased, whereas the water depth and the salinity increased from the north to the south of the Gulf. The percentage of meiofaunal abundance in the 0 2 cm layer increased, whereas in the 2-5 cm and 5 10 cm layers it decreased from the north to the south of the Gulf. Correlation analysis show significant negative correlations between meiofaunal abundance and water depth, benthic temperature, salinity and pH, but significant positive correlations between meiofaunal abundance and dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and clay content.

Diatom assemblages in surface sediments from the South China Sea as environmental indicators

We studied diatom distribution from 62 samples from the uppermost 1 cm of sediment in the South China Sea (SCS), using grabs or box corers in three cruises between 2001-2007. Fifty six genera, 256 species and their varieties were identified. Dominating species included Coscinodiscus africanus, Coscinodiscus nodulifer, Cyclotella stylorum, Hemidiscus cuneiformis, Melosira sulcata, Nitzschia marina, Roperia tesselata, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Thalassiosira excentrica, and Thalassiothrix longissima. Most surface sediments in the SCS were rich in diatoms, except for a few coarse samples. Average diatom abundance in the study area was 104 607 valve/g. In terms of the abundance, ecology, and spatial distribution, seven diatom zones (Zones 1-7) were recognized. Zone 1 (northern continental shelf) is affected by warm currents, SCS northern branch of the Kuroshio, and northern coastal currents; Zone 2 (northwestern continental shelf) is affected by intense coastal currents; Zone 3 (Xisha Islands sea area) is a bathyal environment with transitional water masses; Zone 4 (sea basin) is a bathyal-to-deep sea with stable and uniform central water masses in a semi-enclosed marginal sea; Zone 5 (Nansha Islands marine area) is a pelagic environment with relatively high surface temperature; Zone 6 (northern Sunda Shelf) is a tropical shelf environment; and Zone 7 (northern Kalimantan Island shelf area) is affected by warm waters from the Indian Ocean and coastal waters. The data indicate that these diatom zones are closely related to topography, hydrodynamics, temperature, nutrients and especially the salinity. Better understanding of the relationship between diatom distribution and the oceanographic factors would help in the reconstruction of the SCS in the past.

Distribution of chlorophyll a, photosynthesis and their relations to the environmental factors in the Central South China Sea

Some studies have been made on the variation of primary productivity in the Central South ChinaSea. This paper studies comprehensively the characteristics of chlorophyll a distributions in time andspace and the primary productivity, as well their relations to the environmental factors.Materals and methods During the comprehensive investigation in the Central South China Sea from September 1983 toDecember 1984, the distributions of chlorophyll a and primary productivity were studied. Figure 1shows the sampling stations and their range of investigation.

南海海洋环境保护的法治保障研究

南海作为中国三大边缘海之一,以其特殊的地理位置和战略意义备受国际关注,随着蓝色海洋和经济转型的不断发展,南海海洋环境保护问题频发。文章在阐释南海海洋环境保护的重要性基础上,分析南海的国际国内地位以及相应的法律规定,通过海洋污染、海洋保护区的国内外法律规制方面展开讨论南海现存的海洋环境保护的法治现状,从国际、国内双视角分析现存南海海洋环境保护的法治问题,主张在国际上实现区域协同合作、制定环境保护法规,在国内建立环境保护专门性机构、加强具体法律规制以及协调划分职权范围等方面探讨南海海洋环境保护的法治保障路径,促进南海海洋环境良性发展,实现海洋蓝色经济高质量转型。

生态文明制度视阈下推进南海海洋资源循环利用路径研究

南海拥有中国最广阔的海洋国土,海洋资源非常丰富。南海海洋资源开发须践行绿水青山就是金山银山的生态文明理念,推进南海海洋资源高效循环利用。当前,中国南海海洋资源开发利用主要呈现以下特征:一是南海海洋资源总量丰富,但开发效益不高,海岸带和近岸海域开发强度偏大;二是南海海域海岸线生态退化,半封闭型海湾及近岸海域生态环境压力较大;三是高密度养殖和过度捕捞导致近岸海域海洋生物多样性降低,海洋资源可持续利用面临挑战;四是溢油、危险化学品泄漏等事故防范形势严峻,海洋环境风险防控水平亟须提升。对此,本文提出如下建议:一是加快完善南海海洋资源循环高效利用的制度安排,积极探索促进生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的海洋生态文明实现模式;二是坚决做到节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主,依法依规推进南海海洋资源循环高效利用;三是确保最严格的海洋生态环境保护制度落实到位,大力推进南海海洋污染防治和生态资源修复;四是建立统一高效的南海海洋生态环境监管体系。

基于结构方程模型分析海洋环境因子对南海鸢乌贼的影响

为探究鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)资源变化与海洋环境因子的关系,基于2019—2020年南海围网捕捞鸢乌贼的电子渔捞日志数据,首先分析了鸢乌贼资源的月间变动特征,之后利用结构方程模型解析海洋环境因子对其资源时空分布的影响。结果表明:围网月间的平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort,CPUE)变化趋势基本一致,年平均CPUE则为2020年大于2019年。南海鸢乌贼渔汛期为3—4月,高产区域集中在112°E—117°E、8°N—12°N,渔汛期CPUE呈现向东和向北偏移的趋势。海洋环境对鸢乌贼资源分布的综合影响系数为0.38,而海表盐度和光合有效辐射在海洋环境上的载荷量分别为0.87和0.82,两者是影响鸢乌贼资源分布的重要环境因子。所用结构方程模型为量化海洋环境因子与鸢乌贼资源分布之间的复杂关系提供了新的研究思路,可为鸢乌贼资源可持续利用和管理提供参考依据。

The corrosion behavior of Mg-Nd binary alloys in the harsh marine environment

The corrosion behavior of Mg-Nd binary alloys in the harsh South China Sea environment was researched by scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis.In order to explain the corrosion mechanism,corrosion resistance was analyzed by weight loss rate and electrochemical measurement in the laboratory.With a continuous enlargement of Nd-content,Mg 12 Nd phases increased and multiplied.The weight loss rate of Mg-0.5Nd alloy was 0.0436 mg·cm^(-2)·y^(-1)(0.0837 mm·y^(-1)),whereas that of Mg-1.5Nd alloy was 0.0294 mg·cm^(-2)·y^(-1)(0.0517 mm·y^(-1))during the exposure corrosion in the South China Sea site.The mechanical strength of Mg-1.5Nd alloy was 148 MPa before the exposure in the harsh marine environment,while the residual mechanical strength was merely about 94 MPa after the exposure test.Both Mg-1.5Nd alloy and Mg-1.0Nd alloy occurred the brittle fracture,which resulted that the elongation was nearly equal to zero.The self-corrosion current density demonstrated that degradation rate of Mg-Nd binary alloys was as follows:Mg-0.5Nd>Mg-1.0Nd>Mg-1.5Nd.For the South China Sea corrosion site,a large amount of sea salts exited in the atmospheric environment.Due to the heavy rainfall and high humidity,sodium chloride in the atmospheric environment dissolved,more serious electrochemical corrosion occurred on the surface of Mg-Nd binary alloys.

南海岛礁自动气象检测设备环境适应性设计初探

本文探讨了一种南海岛礁气象自动检测设备的环境适应性设计方法。该方法综合考虑了热带海洋气候下的强风、高温、高湿、高盐雾等环境因素影响,主要包含支柱与支架、机箱机柜、紧固件、传感器、印制电路板的选材、紧固、密封、连接等设计方式,可有效的提升相关设备在热带岛礁使用环境中的适应性与寿命。

Radiolarian record to paleoecological environment change events over the past 1.2 MaBP in the southern South China Sea

This note studies the Radiolarian fossil groups since 1.2 MaBP in ODP leg 184 site 1143, the southern South China Sea (SCS). The result shows that radiolarian abundance experienced a significant variation: before 0.9 MaBP it remained at the extremely low level, but increased with low extent between 0.9-0.65 Ma, which corresponded to the Mid-Pleistocene Transition stage, and it increased rapidly after 0.65 MaBP. During the whole process, the average abundance became higher and higher in each stage, and showed regularly periodic fluctuations. The obvious increase after 0.65 MaBP is inferred to result from the enhanced up-welling in this region, which was induced by the intensified monsoon circulation after the 'Mid-Pleistocene Transition'. An outstanding result of the spectral analyses is that a long oscillation of - 0.2 Ma cycle was found in the records of radiolarian abundance and complex diversity, which corresponds well to the result of other paleoceanographic indexes. This probably indicated a

基于MaxEnt模型的南海鸢乌贼栖息地季节性分布及关键环境因子选择研究

为了解南海鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)栖息地的时空分布特征及关键环境因子的选择过程,根据2014—2017年1—12月南海鸢乌贼渔业数据和环境数据构建最大熵模型,分析了鸢乌贼栖息地季节性分布,量化了不同因子对栖息地变化的贡献率,筛选关键环境因子并厘清其季节性变化规律。其中环境数据包括海表面温度(SST)、叶绿素(Chla)、海面高度(SSH)、海面盐度(SSS)、混合层深度(MLD)以及不同水层水温(Temp_50 m、Temp_100 m、Temp_150 m、Temp_200 m和Temp_300 m)。结果表明,南海鸢乌贼的栖息地具有显著的季节性变化特征,其适宜栖息地面积春夏季高,秋冬季相对减少。不同季节环境因子对鸢乌贼栖息地的贡献具有显著差异,具体表现为:春季关键环境因子为Temp_50 m、Chla和MLD;夏季为SST、Temp_100 m和Chla;秋季为SST、MLD和Chla;冬季为Temp_50 m、SST和MLD。整体来看,0~100 m水层的温度、MLD和Chla对南海鸢乌贼栖息地的影响最大。此外,各关键环境因子具有明显的季节和空间变动规律。研究表明,最大熵模型可以用来模拟鸢乌贼栖息地的季节性分布,且探究其分布模式需要考虑不同环境因子影响的差异。

春季中华哲水蚤在不同海湾或河口对环境的适应性

为探究南黄海和东海不同海域春季中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)分布主要受何种环境因子影响及对各环境因子的响应差异,利用2020年春季南黄海海州湾至长江口以北海域和东海长江口海域、三门湾邻近海域、福建中部近岸海域调查数据,基于广义可加非线性模型(GAMs)分析了中华哲水蚤与环境因子的关系。结果表明:海州湾至长江口以北海域中华哲水蚤主要受温度、溶解氧、化学需氧量、Chl a、pH和氨氮的影响。其密度随着温度的增加呈一个波谷曲线变动,温度在14℃时密度最低;随着溶解氧的增加其密度呈一个波谷曲线变动,溶解氧含量在10 mg/L时中华哲水蚤密度最低;随化学需氧量增加其密度波动变化;随着Chl a浓度的增加其密度先下降再呈波动上升;随着pH的增加中华哲水蚤密度逐渐降低;随着氨氮浓度的增加中华哲水蚤密度逐渐增加。长江口海域中华哲水蚤主要受盐度、水深、化学需氧量和活性磷酸盐影响,随盐度和水深的增加其密度逐渐增加;随化学需氧量和活性磷酸盐浓度增加其密度逐渐降低。三门湾邻近海域中华哲水蚤主要受盐度、pH和透明度影响,随盐度的增加其密度逐渐增加;随pH的增加其密度逐渐降低;随透明度的增加其密度先降低后增加,透明度在1.2 m左右其密度最低。福建中部近岸海域中华哲水蚤主要受水深、透明度、温度和溶解氧影响,随水深的增加,其密度逐渐增加;随透明度的增加其密度波动增加;随温度和溶解氧的增加其密度逐渐降低。

晚更新世以来南海中央海盆沉积物的磁学特征:对物源和东亚季风演化的指示

南海沉积物记录了丰富的高原隆升剥蚀、古海洋、东亚季风和区域构造演化信息,是研究东亚季风和古环境演化的理想材料.但是,由于南海沉积环境复杂,物质来源多样,使得沉积物定年和环境气候探讨的难度加大.为此,本文选取南海中央海盆的SCS-01钻孔作为研究对象,建立其准确的年代框架,综合利用磁学和地球化学分析方法,探讨沉积物物源及其对东亚季风演化的指示.首先,通过对沉积物样品的岩石磁学特征分析,表明沉积物的主要载磁矿物为低矫顽力的假单畴磁铁矿,载磁矿物颗粒大小均一、含量变化小,基本符合建立地磁场相对古强度(Relative Paleointensity,RPI)曲线的"均一性"标准.在此基础上利用磁化率和非磁滞剩磁对天然剩磁进行归一化处理得到RPI,将钻孔的RPI曲线与全球或区域的标准RPI曲线(Sint-200,NAPIS-75和SCS-PIS)进行比较,得到了6个年龄控制点,并结合AMS-^(14)C测年结果,建立了南海中央海盆75 ka以来的时间框架.SCS-01钻孔的RPI记录和其他全球性观测结果的一致性表明,南海的沉积物记录了全球尺度的地磁场古强度行为模式.综合稀土元素和沉积物记录的磁学信息对沉积物的来源进行探讨,结果表明SCS-01钻孔的沉积物主要来源于台湾地区,少量来自吕宋岛区域,这为进一步全面了解南海各区域的沉积物物源分布提供了数据支撑.另外,SCS-01钻孔的环境磁学记录可以较好地反映75 ka以来东亚季风在冰期-间冰期的变化,为该钻孔地区千年尺度上的气候变化提供可靠指标.

碳中和目标下的南海生态环境治理与中国的政策选择

南海是全球蓝碳资源最丰富的区域之一,南海生态环境治理对南海周边各国实现碳中和目标具有重要意义。在全球碳中和背景下,开展南海生态环境治理区域性国际合作具有切实的必要性和可行性。当前,南海生态环境治理区域性国际合作仍存在很多问题。南海生态环境治理离不开中国的参与和贡献,中国将以多种角色参与南海生态环境治理区域性国际合作,与南海各国达成更多共识,推动南海区域海洋生态环境治理合作的深入开展。

不同时间尺度多源时序数据的FEEMD分解比较研究

中国南海东北部海区的叶绿素a浓度及相关环境因子受多尺度物理强迫影响,具有非线性非平稳态特征,对该区域的数据进行分解存在一定困难.该文利用一种自适应、非线性、非平稳态的FEEMD方法对研究区8 d尺度和月尺度长时序叶绿素a浓度及相关环境因子数据进行分解,结果发现:1)FEEMD有效避免了EMD和EEMD的高频模态混叠问题;2)FEEMD的运行速度比EMD和EEMD快10倍以上;3)基于8天和月尺度数据分解出的21年数据总趋势一致;4)相较于月尺度数据,8天尺度数据能分解出更多具有实际物理意义的高频模态,计算这些高频模态的周期发现基于8天尺度数据能分解出短至约2个月、4个月(季节)、6个月的周期;5)8天尺度叶绿素a浓度数据能分解出长达5年左右周期,其他相关环境因子可分解出10~14年超长周期,而月尺度数据一般只能分解出年尺度周期.该文研究结果表明,FEEMD方法可在环境复杂、动态度高、因子多变的区域进行长时间序列数据分解,并能取得理想效果,能为复杂环境条件下多因子间驱动关系研究提供借鉴.

南海西北部16 kaBP以来沉积物的环境磁学特征及其物源指示意义

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,对东亚季风和全球气候变化具有敏感的响应,然而目前对南海沉积物的物源分析仍存在众多争议。对南海琼东南盆地SCS-02孔的沉积物样品进行了系统的磁学分析,旨在通过环境磁学参数追踪沉积物的来源。结果表明,SCS-02岩芯的磁性矿物主要为磁铁矿和赤铁矿。自16 kaBP以来,磁性矿物的粒径和成分发生了系统变化,指示了沉积物源-汇过程的改变。15.5~16 kaBP期间,磁化率较高,粒径较粗,矫顽力也较高。海平面比现今低100多米,莺歌海出露于海平面以上,古红河口距研究区较近,红河的物质可以较容易到达沉积区,因此该时期红河贡献较大,珠江和台湾贡献较小。7.5~15.5 kaBP期间,随着海平面的迅速上升,磁性矿物组成和粒度发生了变化,总的磁性矿物含量减少,磁铁矿的含量逐渐增加,粒度变细,表明随着海平面的升高,珠江和台湾的贡献有所增加。7.5 kaBP以来,现代的海陆格局基本形成,磁性矿物组成和粒度变化较稳定,沉积物主要来源于红河和珠江。因此,环境磁学参数可以指示南海西北部沉积物的源-汇变化,为海平面变化和气候演化研究提供有效参考。

地中海模式对构建南海海域环境合作保护机制的启示

地中海环境保护合作模式是区域海洋环境保护中的成功范例之一,南海与地中海在地理环境以及人文政治环境方面有较多相似之处,借鉴其成功经验,有助于推动南海海域环境保护合作机制的建立。南海海域因缺乏具有法律约束力的区域性公约、组织机构重叠以及周边各国合作意愿不强导致的海洋环境保护合作效果不佳的问题,可借鉴地中海模式,通过设立“综合-分立”的法律框架,建立科学合理的组织机构,在贯彻“认知共同体”理念下吸引各方广泛参与,保障南海海域环境保护合作的顺利开展。

大亚湾春季卡盾藻种群动态及其赤潮成因分析

研究了2000年春季大亚湾古老卡盾藻/海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella antique/marina)种群动态及其与环境因子的关系。卡盾藻是一种沿岸分布的有害赤潮针孢藻,2000年春在大亚湾海域高密度高频率出现,最高细胞密度为129cells/mL。大亚湾合适的水温、盐度及丰富的营养盐含量为卡盾藻的生长提供了良好的环境条件,而较低的Si∶N及持续的阴雨天气抑制了小型硅藻的生长,使卡盾藻在浮游植物种群竞争中占据一定地位。孢囊萌发被认为是水体中卡盾藻营养细胞及其赤潮发生的种源,但孢囊需经过4个月以上、11℃以下低温处理后方可成熟和萌发,大亚湾冬季水温,不能满足卡盾藻孢囊休眠成熟的需要。作者推测,2000年春大亚湾高密度卡盾藻营养细胞的种源可能来源于由船舶压舱水所带来的成熟孢囊。

2004年夏季中国南海北部的浮游植物

报道了2004年夏季南海北部18个大面测站浮游植物的调查结果。应用Utermhl方法初步鉴定出浮游植物4门74属159种,平均细胞丰度为(115.05±438.89)×103个/L(n=91),其中硅藻在物种丰富度和细胞丰度上占绝对优势;其次为甲藻。主要优势种为柔弱伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschiadelicatissima、旋链角毛藻Chaetoceroscurvisetus、皇冠角毛藻Chaetocerosdiadema、具齿原甲藻Prorocentrumdentatum和冰河拟星杆藻Asterionellopsisglacialis。调查区浮游植物表层细胞丰度的平面分布从沿岸向外海迅速减少,高值区分布在广东沿岸和珠江口附近海域。同1999年同期资料相比,浮游植物细胞丰度增加1倍,但平面分布趋势相同。调查区浮游植物垂直分布总体特征是由水体表层到底层,细胞丰度逐渐减少。细胞丰度密集区位于水体表层,但是只有S2断面出现了次表层最大值现象,其垂直剖面分布同叶绿素a、铵盐、溶解氧以及盐度密切相关。整个调查区浮游植物的多样性程度是低的。