International Cooperation in Adaptation to Climate Change: Foreign Agendas or Local Necessities?

The paper aims to analyze climate change adaptation projects funded from international cooperation in Veracruz, which is a Mexican state. They used 5 criteria based on international, national and local dimensions as well as their relation to climate adaptation. From this evaluation, they were able to determine that the results were particularly negative. Mostly, because the objectives set by donor countries are scarcely related to the objectives and priorities of recipient countries, in this case developing countries, which are the most vulnerable to climate change. This provides insight into international collaborative projects in developing states and their impact on the socioeconomic, environmental and vulnerable ecosystems.

Competition gives way to cooperation:rethinking Sino-Indian relations in climate change negotiations

In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.

Climate Change Responsibility and China’s Endeavor

The problem of climate change is a global challenge.It is closely associated with social development and human survival,and it has a significant impact to all countries on energy development,economic competitiveness,technological innovation,and way of life.In recent years,with the rapid economic development in China,there is a rumor that the rapid growth of China's carbon dioxide emission offset the efforts of the international community in reducing emissions,and China should bear the international responsibility corresponding to its significant role in greenhouse gas emission,which obviously are unfair and not objective.As this paper reveals,"China environment responsibility" that is the socalled "China environment threat" or theories,China has made a positive contribution to addressing the climate change in the past and China will still be the backbone on the protection of global climate in the future.

Uncovering the Real Challenges in the Fight against Climate Change

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. There are 17 SDGs in all, these on the one hand, are based on the idea that economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability are all essential for a healthy and sustainable world, and on the other hand, they provide a framework for governments, businesses, and civil society to work together to achieve common goals. And they are a reminder that we all have a responsibility to protect our planet and its people. One of the most pressing and urgent goals is SDG 13 - Climate Action. Climate change is a global challenge that affects the entire world, urgent action is needed to combat climate change and its impacts. The rapid rise of the fight against climate change reflects an increased interest among specialists. This research deals rigorously with a wide range of dilemmas, which have arisen over time. The research aims to reveal new actions, in order to combat current and future climate change obstacles. The main goal is to bring out the quality of policies and programs in the field of climate change. The results of this research should provide new directions in the development of new policies and programs, in order to help governments, businesses and civil society work together to achieve common goals. The results obtained by specialists, should be a reminder that we all have a responsibility to protect our planet and its people.

The Dynamic Knowledge Loop:Inter- and Transdisciplinary Cooperation and Adaptation of Climate Change Knowledge

The‘‘dynamic knowledge loop’’explores processes of knowledge generation,knowledge exchange,and social learning in inter-and transdisciplinary cooperation and relates them to adaptive capacity.Adaptive capacity building can reduce vulnerabilities and enhance the resilience of urban regions towards the impacts of climate change.We use a mix of empirical methods and apply the dynamic knowledge loop as an innovative analytical tool.The added value of inter-and transdisciplinary cooperation concerning knowledge generation and facilitation of social learning is discussed by applying the dynamic knowledge loop to research about a scenario-planning process and a participatory mapping exercise in the urban region of Rostock,Germany.The results demonstrate that the scenario planning process allowed for a consideration of complex interrelations that have the potential for an integration of different influences,perspectives,and knowledge forms.Scenario planning facilitated social learning by creating a platform for integration and exchange of different epistemologies and for considering alternative futures.The participatory mapping exercise demonstrated the scientific value of the integration of local knowledge as well.Building upon these results,we stress the importance of knowledge generation,knowledge exchange,and social learning to build up adaptive capacity through different forms of cooperation between science and practice.

From concept to action: a united, holistic and One Health approach to respond to the climate change crisis

It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the planet,which is seriously affecting the planetary health including human health.Adapting climate change should not only be a slogan,but requires a united,holistic action and a paradigm shift from crisis response to an ambitious and integrated approach immediately.Recognizing the urgent needs to tackle the risk connection between climate change and One Health,the four key messages and recommendations that with the intent to guide further research and to promote international cooperation to achieve a more climate-resilient world are provided.

China in the Global Response to Climate Change

China has a huge national interest in the success of the international effort to hold human-induced increases in temperature to 1.5 degrees-and therefore in global net emissions falling to net zero by 2050.China is essential to the success of the global effort-as a supplier of competitively priced equipment for the zero emissions world economy and as the world's largest current source of greenhouse gas emissions.Success is more likely for China and the world with international specialization in goods production for the zero emissions economy.This will require open international trade,with China supplying equipment and drawing zero emissions semi-processed goods from abroad.Success is more likely and will be achieved at a lower cost if there is close cooperation across national boundaries.

Exploring U.S.-China climate cooperation through linked carbon markets

Emissions trading systems(ETSs)are a widely used policy tool for driving emissions reductions and serve as an avenue for international climate cooperation.Following the recent global agreement on carbon market standards at COP26,this study explores linked ETSs as an avenue for the U.S.and China to cooperate on climate action.The emissions,energy,and economic effects of linked ETSs are analyzed through the China-in-Global Energy Model(C-GEM),a multi-regional,computable general equilibrium model.Assuming the development of national economy-wide ETSs,two scenarios are developed linking China and the U.S.:1)a bilateral U.S.-China ETS linkage 2)a multilateral ETS linkage that includes China,the U.S.,and nations in Southeast Asia.Results indicate that emissions and energy consumption outcomes would be similar in the bilateral and multilateral scenarios.However,economic outcomes are more favorable in the multilateral linkage scenario.When China and the U.S.engage in bilateral ETS linkage,China predominantly benefits from additional support for domestic decarbonization while the U.S.benefits from increased GDP compared to without ETS linkage.Adding Southeast Asia to establish multilateral linkage improves GDP outcomes for all participants,reducing adverse effects on China's GDP while boosting GDP for the U.S.and Southeast Asia.For policymakers considering the design and implementation of international ETSs,this study presents updated modeling on the effects of ETS linkage on each country as well as the economic benefits of expanding participation to additional regions.

船舶碳减排国外政策制度管理经验研究

本文研究分析了欧盟、美国、挪威和日本在船舶碳减排方面的政策框架、技术创新、绿色能源应用、国际合作和环保港口建设等方面的举措。研究发现,国外国家在法规要求、技术创新和国际合作方面都取得了显著进展,电动船舶技术、氢燃料电池技术等清洁能源的应用也逐渐成为趋势。然而,各国仍面临技术成本、能源基础设施建设、国际标准协调等共同挑战。最后,研究提出了中国在船舶碳减排领域的启示和建议,强调了政策完善、技术创新、国际合作和港口环保设施建设的重要性,以推动中国航运业的绿色、低碳、可持续发展。

应对气候变化单边贸易措施的协调治理路径探析

由于应对气候变化单边贸易措施涉及贸易和气候的关系问题,《联合国气候变化框架公约》和WTO分别在立法和司法层面采取了行动并取得了一些进展。但二者在规制与气候变化有关的单边贸易措施时有着各自的局限性,加之二者的规制实践存在着程序和规则方面的差异,导致无法形成一致且有效的治理效果。因此,通过正式的机构合作和具体的制度协调有助于弥合差异并为有效规制与气候变化有关的单边贸易措施作出贡献。

人类命运共同体视域下当代中国气候外交及其战略选择

科技的进步与全球化进程的推进让人类社会进入前所未有的新阶段,同时人类社会面临以气候变化为典型代表的非传统安全问题。气候问题已经成为人类面临的影响范围最大、影响程度最深远的全球性问题,亟待治理。全球气候治理离不开大国的气候外交活动。作为负责任大国,中国气候外交在人类命运共同体理念的影响下经历了外交目标与外交方式的调整,并始终坚持“共同但有区别责任”原则、多边主义原则与合作共赢原则,为全球气候治理提供了中国智慧,推动了全球气候善治。当前全球气候治理面临着气候问题的特点与国家利益之间的矛盾、观念分歧与共有观念缺失导致的各国对气候变化的认知差异以及气候问题本身与全球气候治理的复杂性等挑战。作为负责任大国,中国必须在人类命运共同体理念指导下坚持合作共赢与真正的多边主义原则,从国内、国际两个层面共同展现中国在全球气候治理中的责任与担当,积极推动完善全球气候治理的顶层设计,弥合气候机制间的分歧,推动气候机制间协同治理,为建设清洁美丽的世界作出中国贡献。

全球气候治理空档期的领导力——基于中法气候合作的分析

由于美西方持续打压中国,传统的中、美、欧三边和中美、中欧双边气候合作的领导模式不复存在,全球气候治理进入领导力的空档期。虽然美欧在应对气候变化问题上合作紧密,但由于缺少对发展中国家权利维护的公平性和解决其具体问题的实效性,美欧只是具备了全球气候治理领域的领导地位,却无法获得领导力。中国与法国发挥独立自主的优良外交传统,打破中西方政治隔阂,在全球气候治理领导的空档期加强全方位气候合作。虽然中法两国的国力不及美国,但两国都在低碳经济领域具有优势,并且两国都与发展国家关系密切,能够在全球气候治理中维护公平性,帮助其解决应对气候变化过程中的具体发展问题。因此,中法气候合作在全球气候治理的空档期不仅具备了领导地位,而且获得了领导力。目前,中法气候合作领导力主要集中在优化全球气候融资机制、中法双边气候合作项目、在发展中国家,特别是非洲国家的第三方市场合作方面,有关合作为促进全球气候治理的整体发展发挥了积极作用。

通往《巴黎协定》之路

2015年12月12日在法国巴黎召开的联合国气候变化大会上通过了全球应对气候变化协议,即《巴黎协定》,并于2016年11月4日正式生效。这是人类历史上应对气候变化的重要国际法律文件,奠定了2020年后全球气候治理格局,反映了各方希望通过合作,采取共同行动,应对气候变化,保护地球环境,实现可持续发展的一致愿望。这一成果来之不易,经历了艰辛曲折的谈判、博弈历程。本文回顾了这一进程中的重要节点,分析了其中所遇到的难点问题,包括不同国家、地区或集团的诉求和立场,目的是加深对《巴黎协定》重要性的认识,并理解这一成果的重要价值。

中国气候对外援助:一项制度分析

气候对外援助是中国南南合作的新兴领域,也是参与全球气候治理的重要方式。中国的气候对外援助制度根植于中国特色社会主义制度,其内部形成了以组织性制度、引导性制度与规制性制度为核心的“三维结构”。中国的气候对外援助面临大国政治经济角力升级、全球经济下行压力增大、全球气候治理模式转型等新形势,需要以完善的气候援助制度贡献大国气候外交、保障气候资源供给、应对全球气候威胁。但气候对外援助制度仍然存在短板与不足,需要从组织性制度、引导性制度、规制性制度等不同维度予以优化。气候对外援助制度理论分析和制度优化方案可以为对外援助其他具体领域提供制度理论进路或方案选择,也可为完善对外援助制度提供制度经验。

“双碳”背景下美印清洁能源合作研究

随着全球气候危机的不断加剧,实现碳达峰和碳中和(简称“双碳”)目标已成为世界各国共同面临的重大挑战。这一目标不仅关系到全球气候变化的应对,也对各国的经济、社会和环境发展产生深远影响。美印作为全球重要的碳排放国和能源消耗大国,不仅承担着带头减少碳排放的重要责任,而且面临着能源转型的巨大压力。近年来,为应对气候变化危机,维护国家能源安全,加速产业转型和经济发展,提升与中国在全球清洁能源市场的竞争力,美国和印度积极推动在清洁能源领域的合作,表现出高层互动频率高、经济投入持续增多、技术合作不断深化,以及与美国为首的“小多边”内部清洁能源合作提升等一系列新动向。美印清洁能源合作对双边产业结构的升级、全球清洁能源产业链格局,以及国际地缘局势等方面产生了不同程度的影响。尽管美印清洁能源合作呈现明显的上升趋势,但依旧面临着战略目标和发展阶段不同、政策导向不稳定、缺乏战略互信、资金储备和投资能力不足等制约因素。中国作为美印加强清洁能源合作的重要针对国,应准确评估可能对中国产生的各种影响,提前做好战略部署,提升应对各种挑战的能力。

拜登政府重启美国对华气候合作及其限度

拜登政府高度重视气候变化问题,其上任后着手重启在特朗普政府时期陷入停滞的美国对华气候合作。为此,拜登政府“内外兼修”,在国内重振气候治理政策议程,在国际上恢复履行全球气候治理义务,进而推动重启与中国的气候合作。拜登政府重启美国对华气候合作是拜登总统个人及其政策团队的气候理念使然,受到民主党气候立场传统、党内进步派施压、利益集团推动等国内政治因素驱动,同时也服务于其总体对华政策。但重启却始终难以摆脱美国对华战略竞争的范式束缚,面临对华更加强硬的共和党不断掣肘、中美围绕全球气候治理责任分摊的立场差异难以弥合以及气候优先还是遏华优先的两难选择等多重因素制约。

美国、德国、日本气候援助比较研究及其对中国南南气候合作的借鉴

在应对气候变化领域推动和深化与其他发展中国家的合作是中国气候外交工作的重要内容,对于维护中国和发展中国家的整体利益,树立中国负责任的大国形象等都具有重要意义。本文深入分析比较了美国、德国和日本开展的气候援助,总结归纳了三国的重点经验,并在此基础上讨论了国际气候援助的历史演进以及2012年后的发展趋势。本文最后结合研究发现以及中国的现实国情提出了几点政策建议,以期为中国今后深化和加强气候变化领域的对外援助和南南合作提供决策参考。

应对气候变化需以生态文明理念构建全球技术合作体系

气候变化是人类发展过程中遇到的最大全球性环境问题,也是最大的外部性问题。IPCC报告显示,实现本世纪末温度升高不超过2度的目标,需要全球经济和能源系统深度的低碳转型,并在本世纪下半叶达到温室气体的净零排放。应对气候变化因此面临着前所未有的技术创新与合作需求。2015年底达成的《巴黎协定》提出了落实技术开发与转让的长期愿景,主张对气候变化领域的技术创新给予政策和资金支持,使发展中国家在技术周期的早期阶段就能够获取必要的技术,从而为实现全球应对气候变化提供保障。然而,基于工业文明的传统技术创新与合作模式难以满足保护全球气候的技术需求。减缓与适应技术是气候变化挑战下全球命运共同体的公共财富。为保证其足够的供应,必须超越追求私人利益最大化的狭隘,基于生态文明理念构建全球应对气候变化的新型技术合作体系。其核心是:实现多赢的合作目标,遵循"生态人"的合作原则,体现协同的合作内容,基于互信的合作形式,鼓励多元主体的参与,促进合作成果的分享。中国作为新兴发展中大国,对应对气候变化技术国际合作有多元的利益需求。为有效落实《巴黎协定》,亟需以加速国际合作为契机,积极谋划中国应对气候变化技术对外合作的总体方略和具体行动,有针对性地制定与发达国家、其他发展中国家及欠发达国家间优势互补的合作计划,探索并引导"南-北-南"三方技术合作等新形式。

气候地球工程的政治影响

气候地球工程是应对气候变化的科学项目,却由于政治力量的介入而难有进展。气候地球工程相关的科学研究需要国际制度框架进行支撑:达成全球共识,签订新的国际条约;建立新的国际机构,进行有效监督和管理。现有的国际环境法对气候地球工程的约束既缺乏体系性又缺乏有效性,大规模的商业化气候地球工程项目扰乱了正常的科研秩序,使生态环境面临严重的风险。气候地球工程的实施关系各国的切身利益,将演变成各国之间的利益博弈。气候地球工程可能使某些国家的节能减排意愿和决心有所动摇。气候地球工程的成本尚无法确定,国家间、不同世代间的成本分担问题仍然无法解决。气候地球工程可能成为战争利器,还有可能引发包括饥荒、疾病在内的各类灾害,造成经济危机,甚至引发区域性战争,进而威胁国家安全。

气候变化的经济学:一个文献综述

随着哥本哈根会议的召开,气候变化问题日益成为全世界关注的热点。经济学家对气候变化问题的关注始于上世纪80年代,他们尝试以经济学的视角和方法研究气候变化的特征,寻求控制全球变暖的解决之道。已有的研究成果主要分为三类:气候变化的外部性研究、代际公平的研究以及国际公平的研究。从这几个方面出发,对气候变化经济学的研究成果进行系统归纳和评述,将为我国的相关研究和气候政策的制定提供有益的借鉴。