Insights into some large-scale landslides in southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(SMQTP)is of a typical large landslide-prone area due to intense tectonic activity,deeply incised valleys,high geostress and frequent earthquakes.To gain insights into large landslides in southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,an area covering 3.34×105 km2 that extends 80e150 km on both sides of the Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridors(G318)was used to examine the spatial distribution and corresponding characteristics of landslides.The results showed that the study area contains at least 629 large landslides that are mainly concentrated on 7 zones(zones IeVII).Zones IeVII are in the southern section of the Longmenshan fault zone(with no large river)and sections with Dadu River,Jinsha River,Lancang River,Nujiang River and Yarlung Zangbo River.There are more landslides in the Jinsha River section(totaling 186 landslides)than the other sections.According to the updated Varnes classification,408 large landslides(64.9%)were recognized and divided into 4 major types,i.e.flows(275 cases),slides(58 cases),topples(44 cases)and slope deformations(31 cases).Flows,which consist of rock avalanches and iceerock avalanches,are the most common landslide type.Large landslide triggers(178 events,28.3%)are also recognized,and earthquakes may be the most common trigger.Due to the limited data,these landslide type classifications and landslide triggers are perhaps immature,and further systematic analysis is needed.

Seismic Strain Energy Release of Active Faults in the Southeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Using the methods of the Gutenberg magnitude energy empirical formula and the Benioff seismic strain energy release curve,we make a systematic study on seismic strain energy release of historical earthquakes in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since 1500.This paper provides a periodic table of the earthquake strain energy release in the fault zones and the fault block areas.The study shows that seismic strain energy release is strong in the east and south,and weak in the west and north.The overall seismic strain energy release of the Yushu-Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system is consistent with the quasi-periodic pattern.The seismic cycle of some fault zones and fault block areas shows synchronization to a certain extent.The risk cannot be ignored in the current large release period of seismic strain energy in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Local seismic risk analysis shows that seismic risk is very high on the Anninghe-Zemuhe and Xiaojiang fault zones.These dangerous zones need follow-up research.In future,it is necessary to combine different research methods to improve the reliability of seismic risk assessment.

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in China's Mainland and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block＇s interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional （3D） P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north-south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by low- velocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan-Dian and Songpan-Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan-Ganzi Block and the sub-block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80-120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background for the area＇s strong earthquake activity.

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:40Ar/39Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shear- zone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new 40Ar/39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained 40Ar/39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonic- magmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in large- scale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.

3D v_P and v_S models of southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from joint inversion of body-wave arrival times and surface-wave dispersion data

A new 3D velocity model of the crust and upper mantle in the southeastern （SE） margin of the Tibetan plateau was obtained by joint inversion of body- and sur- face-wave data. For the body-wave data, we used 7190 events recorded by 102 stations in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The surface-wave data consist of Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves obtained from ambient noise cross-correlation analysis recorded by a dense array in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The joint inversion clearly improves the Vs model because it is constrained by both data types. The results show that at around 10 km depth there are two low-velocity anomalies embedded within three high-velocity bodies along the Longmenshan fault system. These high-velocity bodies correspond well with the Precambrian massifs, and the two located to the northeast of 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake are associated with high fault slip areas during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The aftershock gap between 2013 Lushan earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is associated with low-velocity anomalies, which also acts as a barrier zone for ruptures of two earthquakes. Generally large earthquakes （M 〉 5） in the region occurring from 2008 to 2015 are located around the high-velocity zones, indicating that they may act as asperities for these large earthquakes. Joint inversion results also clearly show that there exist low-velocity or weak zones in the mid-lower crust, which are not evenly distributed beneath the SE margin of Tibetan plateau.

Electrical Structure and Fault Features of Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the Western Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Evidence from the Magnetotelluric Survey along Zhada-Quanshui Lake Profile

The magnetotelluric （MT） survey along the Zhada （札达）-Quanshui （泉水） Lake profile on the western margin of the Qinghai （青海）-Tibet plateau shows that the study area is divided into three tectonic provinces by the Yalung Tsangpo and Bangong （班公）-Nujiang （怒江） sutures. From south to north these are the Himalayan terrane, Gangdise terrane, and Qiangtang （羌塘） terrane. For the study area, there are widespread high-conductivity layers in the mid and lower crust, the top layers of which fluctuate intensively. The high-conductivity layer within the Gangdise terrane is deeper than those within the Qiangtang terrane and the Himalaya terrane, and the deepest high-conductivity layer is to the south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture. The top surface of the high-conductivity layer in the south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is about 20 km lower than that in the north of it. The high-conductivity layer within the Gangdise terrane dips toward north and there are two high-conductivity layers within the crust of the southern Qiangtang terrane. In the upper crust along the profile, there are groups of lateral electrical gradient zones or distortion zones of different scales and occurrence indicating the distribution of faults and sutures along the profile. According to the electrical structure, the structural characteristics and space distribution of the Yalung Tsangpo suture, Bangong.Nujiang suture, and the major faults of Longmucuo （龙木错） and Geerzangbu are inferred.

New Discovery of Holocene Activity along the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault in Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its Neotectonic Significance

Objective The lateral extrusion eastward of the Tibetan Plateau leads to the formation of the Sichuan–Yunnan block, which is the most representative active block in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, characterized by strong and frequent seismicity(Li Ping et al., 1975; Zhang Peizhen et al., 2003; Li Yong et al., 2017). Its eastern boundary is composed of sinistral faults including the Xianshuihe, Xiaojiang faults, etc., and the western

New insights of the Cenozoic Rotational Deformation of Crustal Blocks on the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its Tectonic Implications

Objective The lateral extrusion of southeastern edge of the crustal materials around the Tibetan Plateau since the Oligocene is believed to be one of the main inducements of-1300 km latitudinal crustal convergence in the Tibetan Plateau, since the collision of India and Eurasia in the Paleogene. Two end-member models were used to describe the process of lateral extrusion of crustal material on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The ＂tectonic escape＂ model suggests the Indochina Block, Chuandian Fragment and Shan-Thai Block have experienced lateral extrusion along strike-slip fault systems, and the ＂crustal flow＂ model suggests that the upper crust has undergone southeastward escape in the form of ductile deformation, driven by viscous lower crustal flow channels. In addition, the GPS observations surrounding the Tibetan Plateau indicate that crustal materials currently experience clockwise rotation around the Eastern Himalaya syntaxis. This work conducted paleomagnetic studies in the Cretaceous and Paleogene red-beds along the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau,

Formation and Evolution of the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic Ruo'ergai Basin,Northeastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Middle Triassic Ladinian-Upper Triassic Norian series in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Ruo’ergai basin of Songpan area is characterized of large thick shallow marine-deep marine fine grained clastic.The strata are regionally unconformable between each adjacent two of the Middle-Late Triassic fine grained clastic,the Jurassic coal-containing clastic,the Cretaceous-Paleogene variegated coarse clastic。

Crustal Structure of the Chuan-Dian Block Revealed by Deep Seismic Sounding and its Implications for the Outward Expansion of the East Tibetan Plateau

The Chuan-Dian Block(CDB)is located in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau,with a complex geological structure and active regional faults.The present tectonic condition with strong crustal deformation is closely related to the ongoing collision of the India and Eurasia plates since 65 Ma.The study of the crustal structure of this area is key to revealing the evolution and deep geodynamics of the lateral collision zone of the Tibetan Plateau.Deep seismic sounding is the most efficient method with which to unravel the velocity structure of the whole crust.Since the 1980s,19 deep seismic sounding profiles have been captured within the CDB area.In this study,we systematically integrate the research results of the 19 profiles in this area,then image the 3D crustal velocity,by sampling with a 5 km spacing and 2D/3D Kriging interpolation.The results show the following.(1)The Moho depth in the study area deepens from 30 km in the south to 66 km in the north,whereas there is no apparent variation from west to east.The Pn wave velocity is higher in stable tectonic units,such as 7.95 km/s in the Lanping-Simao block and 7.94 km/s in the western margin of the Yangtze block,than in active or mobile tectonic units,such as 7.81 km/s in the Baoshan block,7.72 km/s in the Tengchong block and 7.82 km/s in the Zhongdian block.(2)The crustal nature of the Tengchong block,the northern Lanping-Simao block and the Zhongdian block reflects a type of orogenic belt,having relatively strong tectonic activities,whereas the crustal nature of the central Lanping-Simao block and the western margin of the Yangtze block represents a type of platform.The different features of the upper-middle crust velocity,Moho depth and Pn wave velocity to both sides of the Red River fault zone and the Xianshuihe fault zone,reflect that they are clearly ultra-crustal.(3)Based on the distribution of the low velocity zones in the crust,the crustal material of the Tibetan Plateau is flowing in a NW–SE direction to the north of 26°N and to the west of 101°E,then diverting to flowing eastwards to the east of 101°E.

Discovery of rhyolitic tuffaceous slate in the southwestern margin of Yangtze Craton:Zircon U-Pb ages(2491 Ma)and tectonic-thermal events

The Mesoproterozoic Dongchuan Group that is widely exposed in Yimen area,central Yunnan Province is a series of sedimentary sort of low-grade metamorphic rocks interbedded with volcanic rocks,which are closely related to the early tectonic evolution of the Earth.However,its formation era,sedimentary filling sequence,and geotectonic characteristics have always been in dispute.In this study,several rhyolitic tuffaceous slate interlayers with a centimeter-level thickness were found in the previously determined Heishan Formation of the Dongchuan Group located to the western part of Yimen-Luoci fault zone.This paper focuses on the study of the rhyolitic tuffaceous slate in Qifulangqing Village,Tongchang Township,Yimen County.LA-ICP-MS zircon dating was conducted,achieving the crystallization age of magma of 2491±15 Ma and the metamorphic ages of about 2.3 Ga,2.0 Ga,and 1.8 Ga for the first time.Meanwhile,according to in-situ Hf isotope analysis,the zirconεHf(t)values were determined to range from−3.0 to 7.6,with an average of 2.7.Furthermore,the first-stage Hf model age(TDM1)was determined to be 2513−2916 Ma,indicating that the provenance of the rhyolitic tuffaceous slate is the depleted mantle or juvenile crust between the Middle Mesoarchean and the Late Neoarchean.Therefore,it is believed that the strata of the slate were deposited in the Late Neoarchean,instead of the Mesoproterozoic as determined by previous researchers.Accordingly,it is not appropriate to group the strata into the Mesoproterozoic Dongchuan Group.Instead,they should be classified as the Maolu Formation of the Neoarchean Puduhe Group given the lithologic association and regional information.Furthermore,the magma ages of 2491±15 Ma are highly consistent with the eras of the large-scale Late Neoarchean orogenic magmatic activities on the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton,and thus reflect the orogenic process consisting of subduction and collision from Late Neoarchean to Early Paleoproterozoic.The magmatic activities during this period were possibly caused by the convergence of the supercontinent Kenorland.Meanwhile,the metamorphic ages of 2.3 Ga,2.0 Ga,and 1.8 Ga are highly consistent with three metamorphic ages of 2.36 Ga,1.95 Ga,and 1.85 Ga of the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton,indicating that the strata experienced Paleoproterozoic tectonic-thermal events.The study area is located on the eastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and thus was possibly re-transformed by magmatism subjected to the subduction of the Meso-Tethys Ocean during the Early Cretaceous.The discoveries made in this study will provide strong petrological and chronological evidence for analyzing the early crustal evolution of the Yangtze block.

青藏高原东南缘地震活动与地壳运动所反映的块体特征及其动力来源

通过分析青藏高原东南缘活动断裂带的活动特征和GPS资料显示的现今地壳形变场,辅以历史地震及地表破裂、震源机制解类型等资料,将青藏高原东南缘地区分成了11个次级块体.其中包括了西秦岭次级块体、阿坝次级块体、龙门山次级块体、藏东次级块体、雅江次级块体,香格里拉次级块体、滇中次级块体、保山次级块体、景谷次级块体、勐腊次级块体和西盟次级块体;并利用这些次级块体内的GPS站点速率计算出了这些块体现今运动情况及各块体之间断裂的滑动速率,分析认为各次级块体均受到了一种来自其相邻块体的主要应力作用而发生了旋转,其中保山次级块体、藏东次级块体、雅江次级块体、香格里拉次级块体、滇中次级块体的旋转尤为显著;同样,相邻块体之间的边界断裂带也呈现了相应的挤压或拉张活动特征,而藏东次级块体与雅江次级块体、雅江次级块体与滇中次级块体之间的挤压最为明显.利用上述结果,本文讨论了该地区的现今地壳形变特征,认为刚性块体的挤出作用与重力滑塌作用并存于该区域内,下地壳"管道流"的拖曳作用是该地区刚性块体挤出作用和重力滑塌的主要原因,另外缅甸板块相对于自身的逆时针旋转作用在其北部引起的拉张作用也是重要因素之一.

青藏高原东南缘大理地区近地层微气象特征及能量交换分析

利用2008年1月-2010年2月青藏高原东南缘大理站的长期观测资料,初步分析了该地区近地层基本气象要素、辐射通量和湍流通量的日变化和季节变化。结果表明,各参数均表现出显著的日循环结构和干、湿季变化特征。近地层的风速、气温和动量通量等均在早晨最小、午后最大;相对湿度、地表温度等均是湿季高于干季。近地层2m高度处的盛行风向,白天以东东南风和东风为主,夜间以静风和偏西风为主,并且盛行风向转变与日出、日落时间有较好的对应关系。地表辐射四分量最高值出现在正午,最低值出现在日出前。除向上短波辐射通量干季大于湿季外,其他辐射分量都是湿季大于干季。地表反照率表现出非对称的"U"形分布,早晨最大、傍晚次之及中午最小。早晚地表反照率差异可能是由于露水、东西两面山体不同程度遮挡以及云的影响造成的。感热、潜热通量全年有相似的日变化过程,变化幅度随季节变化,但潜热通量明显大于感热通量,表明地气热量交换中,感热作用小,潜热输送占主导地位。感热通量一天之中约在20:00出现最小值,这主要是由于风速减弱和地气温差回升影响热量交换系数造成的。地面对大气的加热作用明显,主要是以潜热方式加热大气;地面全年均为大气热源,白天表现为强热源,夜间则表现为较弱的冷源。

川西理塘断裂带的空间展布与第四纪左旋走滑活动的遥感影像标志

遥感技术具有宏观性、直观性、时效性以及不受其他外部因素制约的特点,在活动断裂的研究中具有很大的优势。文章在系统总结活动断裂的遥感影像标志的基础上,综合利用Landsat ETM、ALOS、Google earth及ASTER GDEM(ASTER全球数字高程模型)等影像资料,结合前人研究成果及关键地段的野外实地考察,对展布于青藏高原东南缘之藏东-川西高原地区的理塘左旋走滑活动断裂带进行了详细分析与研究,结果显示该断裂带整体呈不连续的北西-南东向弧形展布,全长可达400km左右。根据该断裂的几何展布对其进行分段,自北西向南东可分五段,依次为:卡贡断裂、章德断裂、毛垭坝断裂、理塘断裂及康嘎-德巫断裂。综合分析不同断裂段的影像特征、错断地貌特征及现代地震活动情况表明,整条断裂带南段的毛垭坝-理塘-德巫断裂段的影像特征最明显、最连续,活动性明显较北段显著,这一特征可能暗示青藏高原内部物质向东挤出的速率有自西向东加快的趋势。

青藏高原东南缘气象要素Anusplin和Cokriging空间插值对比分析

选取地形起伏度巨大的青藏高原东南缘为研究区,利用该研究区96个气象站点,结合高程数据,分别采用Cokriging和Anusplin空间插值方法,获取2010年250 m分辨率的年均温度和年累计降水插值曲面。并采用交叉验证方法对比Anusplin与Cokriging插值精度,分析了误差的空间分布特征,重点对比两种插值曲面差异较大的区域精度优劣,评价两种方法在复杂地区的适用性。结果表明,Anusplin在复杂地表的插值表现优于Cokriging,其中Anusplin气温插值的均方差仅为0.82℃,而Cokriging的均方差为1.45℃;两者的降水插值精度基本一致,但Anusplin在气象要素空间异质性大的区域优于Cokriging。因此,与Cokriging相比,Anusplin更适合青藏高原东南缘复杂地表气象要素空间插值。

青藏高原东南缘构造旋转的古地磁学证据

本文在总结青藏高原东南缘近年来地质研究进展的基础上,从古地磁学的角度讨论其新生代以来的构造运动特征.结果表明:相对稳定的欧亚大陆,新生代以来山泰地块发生了约20°～80°顺时针旋转,局部地区旋转量甚至高达135°,且中部地区的旋转量明显高于南北地区;印支地块经历了～30°的顺时针旋转;川滇地块的顺时针旋转量沿102°E经度线由南向北由30°逐渐减小;另一方面,古地磁数据还揭示出山泰地块新生代以来发生了～8°的南向滑移运动.旋转量随时间的变化表明主要构造旋转发生在始新世与中中新世之间,与哀牢山—红河断裂的左行走滑时间相一致.这表明青藏高原东南缘的新生代构造运动具有差异性和复杂性,现今国际流行的挤出逃逸、地壳缩短增厚及下地壳流模式均有其局限性.值得注意的是,青藏高原东南缘可靠的新生代古地磁数据在时空分布上的严重不足,制约了我们对印度与欧亚大陆碰撞在青藏高原东南缘的运动学响应过程的深入探讨和正确理解.因此,进一步对该地区新生代地层开展深入细致的古地磁学等综合研究,无疑具有重要的科学意义.

青藏高原东南缘及邻区近年来地震b值特征

基于青藏高原东南缘空间数据库及系统建立成果的基础上,综合整理青藏高原东南缘地区的1980—2013年地震信息、地震地质资料及国家基础地理信息,通过Arcgis软件及其脚本编写应用,利用空间模型初步实现了区域内1980—2013年地震活动信息的地统计分析。依据区域地震b值与地壳内部应力分布状态的负相关原理,利用b值进行大面积空间与时间扫描方法对青藏高原东南缘当前应力分布特点进行研究。以2°×2°为单元网格将研究区分为若干区,分别对其进行分时间、分单元b值计算,针对重点低b值区形成时空曲线总结大地震发生前b值曲线的时空规律,并结合之前划出的地震围空区对本区地震危险性进行综合性的中长期预测,结果表明:1汶川地震、芦山地震验证大震发生前后b值时间曲线会有水平—负增长—正增长—负增长—水平的曲线变化;2地震震级越大b值负增长的低值危险区形成时间越早,持续时间越久;3汶川大地震前川北出现大面积低b值异常区;4目前b值低值区持续时间较长的区域有:东喜马拉雅构造结、玉树—甘孜断裂、安宁河断裂—则木河断裂—鲜水河断裂—小江断裂和畹町断裂—南汀河断裂,澜沧断裂—景洪断裂与地震空区危险性预测有较多重叠。

青藏高原东南缘地震各向异性及其深部构造意义

青藏东南缘是青藏高原物质东流的通道,为了更全面了解复杂的岩石圈结构和强烈的变形特征,本文介绍了青藏东南缘岩石圈各向异性的形态,综合其他研究者得到的该区域壳幔各向异性结果,增加了部分新的资料,更新了青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性图像,探讨了区域深部构造意义.基于近场小震、远震和背景噪声资料计算结果,青藏东南缘地震各向异性展现出独特的区域空间分布和垂向层次性分布形态,展现了3个主要特征.(1)青藏东南缘上地壳各向异性与地表变形测量结果相符,快剪切波偏振方向(即快波方向)呈现与地表运动特征一致的发散性,与主压应力方向一致,但受到地质构造的影响.(2)青藏东南缘下地壳方位各向异性展现了更好的方向一致性,但方位各向异性程度相对较弱,在红河断裂带西北端部和小江断裂带下方有两个下地壳低速区,其方位各向异性程度与上地壳相当.(3)青藏东南缘岩石圈方位各向异性,呈现南、北分区特征,南北分界线大致在26°20′N,快波方向在北部近似为NS方向,在南部近似为EW方向.本文推测:(1)在26°20′N北侧的上地幔有较厚的高速体,高速体南侧边缘呈现出近EW走向的直立墙形构造,其南侧软弱的上地幔物质在EW方向上流动,导致了岩石圈方位各向异性特征在空间发生突然的变化,快波方向由北部的NS变为南部的EW方向;(2)小江断裂带是现今的华南地块的地壳西边界,但岩石圈尺度的方位各向异性展现出的趋势性表明,华南地块的上地幔物质越过了小江断裂带到达其西侧,揭示了华南地块与青藏地块接触碰撞造成的岩石圈物质变形和上地幔软流圈物质运移的深部图像.地震各向异性能揭示区域深部构造与介质变形的信息,不同观测资料的综合分析有助于获得更清晰的各向异性三维图像.

青藏高原东南缘晚第三纪盐源构造逸出盆地的沉积特征与构造控制

晚第三纪盐源盆地位于夹持于鲜水河断裂与红河断裂之间的川滇块体的东南缘 ,并夹于木里弧与盐源弧形构造之间 ,为东西向展布并向南东凸出的弧形盆地 ,盆地中充填了巨厚的同构造期的磨拉石 ,是一个由顶底不整合面限制的构造层序 ,具有总体先向上变细后向上变粗变浅的完整沉积旋回 ;盆地自南而北的充填样式总体显示为冲积扇 (水下扇 )—深湖—湖沼—河流冲积平原 ,为一个南厚北薄楔形盆地 ,沉积特征表明该盆地具有单断张性盆地的充填特征 ,盆地的性质属构造逸出盆地。其成因机制为在印亚碰撞导致大陆块体侧向挤出作用过程中 ,川滇块体向南东挤出作用使该区由原来的挤压状态下逆冲系统转变为引张状态下的向南东的构造逃逸系统 ,从而在川滇块体内形成晚第三纪盐源盆地 ,盆地的长轴垂直于川滇块体南东向挤出方向。因此 ,晚第三纪盐源盆地是大陆块体侧向挤出作用的沉积响应 ,沉积物的时代研究表明川滇块体这次挤出构造事件出现的时间为晚中新世—上新世 ,其与 Tapponnier(1986 )

青藏高原东南缘丽江—剑川地区地应力测量与地震危险性

为获得川滇块体腹地现今的地应力场,分析边界断裂发生地震活动的危险性,进而探讨块体运动的动力学特征,2010—2011年,在青藏高原东南缘丽江—小金河断裂带西南段的丽江—剑川地区,开展2个300m钻孔水压致裂地应力测量。地应力测量结果揭示了研究区地壳浅表层现今主应力的分布规律。结合研究区部分中强震震源机制解及20世纪80年代地应力结果,分析了跨度近30a后该区构造应力场的变化特征,进而探讨了其动力学指示意义。依据断层滑动摩擦准则,讨论了丽江—剑川地区现今地震活动危险性。