The evolution of shale reservoirs is mainly related to two functions:mechanical compaction controlled by ground stress and chemical compaction controlled by thermal effect.Thermal simulation experiments were conducted...The evolution of shale reservoirs is mainly related to two functions:mechanical compaction controlled by ground stress and chemical compaction controlled by thermal effect.Thermal simulation experiments were conducted to simulate the chemical compaction of marine-continental transitional shale,and X-ray diffraction(XRD),CO2 adsorption,N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection(MIP)were then used to characterize shale diagenesis and porosity.Moreover,simulations of mechanical compaction adhering to mathematical models were performed,and a shale compaction model was proposed considering clay content and kaolinite proportions.The advantage of this model is that the change in shale compressibility,which is caused by the transformation of clay minerals during thermal evolution,may be considered.The combination of the thermal simulation and compaction model may depict the interactions between chemical and mechanical compaction.Such interactions may then express the pore evolution of shale in actual conditions of formation.Accordingly,the obtained results demonstrated that shales having low kaolinite possess higher porosity at the same burial depth and clay mineral content,proving that other clay minerals such as illite-smectite mixed layers(I/S)and illite are conducive to the development of pores.Shales possessing a high clay mineral content have a higher porosity in shallow layers(<3500 m)and a lower porosity in deep layers(>3500 m).Both the amount and location of the increase in porosity differ at different geothermal gradients.High geothermal gradients favor the preservation of high porosity in shale at an appropriate Ro.The pore evolution of the marine-continental transitional shale is divided into five stages.Stage 2 possesses an Ro of 1.0%-1.6%and has high porosity along with a high specific surface area.Stage 3 has an Ro of 1.6%-2.0%and contains a higher porosity with a low specific surface area.Finally,Stage 4 has an Ro of 2.0%-2.9%with a low porosity and high specific surface area.展开更多
The Yuxi （豫西） fold-thrust fracture belt is part of the gigantic fold-thrust fracture belt that extends NW in the southern North China plate. The contents of major elements of tectonites were analyzed by ICP-AES. T...The Yuxi （豫西） fold-thrust fracture belt is part of the gigantic fold-thrust fracture belt that extends NW in the southern North China plate. The contents of major elements of tectonites were analyzed by ICP-AES. The analysis of chemical compositions and new stress minerals indicates： extending from the surrounding country rocks to the center of the fracture belt, the Fe2O3 content gradually increases while the FeO content gradually decreases; regular increase, decrease or peak changes are shown for chemical compositions like SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, FeO, loss on ignition, TIO：, K2O, Na2 O, etc.. New stress minerals are developed for the south branch and few for the north branch. The characteristics of chemical compositions and new stress minerals of the thrust fracture demonstrate that the fracture belt has undergone a process from a closed reducing environmental system to a relatively open. oxidizing environmental system, andcompressive fractures have resulted from compression in the late stages of evolution, and the dynamothermal metamorphism and thrusting intensities are different between the south and north branches of the belt, which is strong for the south branch but relatively weak for the north branch.展开更多
The Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in North China is mainly composed of a mixed shallow-marine carbonate and terrigenous clastic deposits.Its basal limestones have been constrained in the late Pennsylvanian to Early...The Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in North China is mainly composed of a mixed shallow-marine carbonate and terrigenous clastic deposits.Its basal limestones have been constrained in the late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian.To further constrain the age of the lowest Taiyuan Formation,we obtained two genera and 16 species of conodonts from the bottom limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in two sections in Henan Province,southern North China.The fauna includes Idiognathodus hebeiensis,Streptognathodus isolatus,S.elongatus,S.cf.longus,S.acuminatus,S.cf.recreatus,S.cf.cristellaris,S.bellus,S.invaginatus,S.wabaunsensis,S.glenisteri,S.conjunctus,S.binodosus,S.fuchengensis,S.nodulinearis,and S.sp.A genus of Streptognathodus dominated conodont assemblage with some Idiognathodus elements.It indicates a late Gzhelian(latest Pennsylvanian)age for the lowest Taiyuan Formation in southern North China.This is consistent with recently published high-precision zircon U-Pb ages from ash layers.Based on conodont biostratigraphy,the basal limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in Henan Province(southern North China)can be correlated with the upper part of Miaogou limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in Shanxi Province(northern North China).This correlation might reflect a significant sea-level rise in North China,possibly corresponding to a deglaciation event at the Permo-Carboniferous transition.展开更多
The late Cenozoic geomorphic features and geochronologic data of the Zhingfang River catchment in the Yuntaishan World Geopark are studied. Several quarternary geochronologic methods, including electron spin resonance...The late Cenozoic geomorphic features and geochronologic data of the Zhingfang River catchment in the Yuntaishan World Geopark are studied. Several quarternary geochronologic methods, including electron spin resonance （ESR）, optically stimulated luminescence （OSL）, thermo-luminescence （TL） and U-series are presented in this paper. The results suggest that there are two planation surfaces, named as the Taihang surface which is a peneplain of Taihang stage formed during Oligocene or Oligocene to early-middle Miocene period, and Tang-hien surface which is a mature wide valley of Tang-hien stage formed during late Miocene-Pliocene or Piiocene-early Pleistocene period and probably ended prior to 2.2-2.6 Ma based on ESR dating. After the Tang-hien stage, the incision and aggradation of the river formed six stream terraces with heights of 3-5 m, 8-12 m, 22-24 m, 28-38 m, 50-62 m and 80-85 m above the river bottom, respectively. The dating results of the alluvium sediments suggest that these terraces were formed during Holocene, 20-23 ka B.P., 110-120 ka B.P., 200-240 ka B.P., 840-1200 ka B.P. or ~450 ka B.P. and 1600-1800 ka B.P. or -1100 ka B.P., respectively. These results indicate that episodic incision of the river, which controls the formation of the scenery in the Yuntaishan World Geopark, was mainly influenced by the periodic dry-wet climate change during late Cenozoic mountain uplift.展开更多
Objective Indosinian magmatic rocks mainly locate in west Qinling Orogen, which are, however, extremely rare in east Qingling Orogen （Lu Xinxiang, 2000; Zhang Guowei et al., 2001; Guo Xianqing et al., 2017）. The Zh...Objective Indosinian magmatic rocks mainly locate in west Qinling Orogen, which are, however, extremely rare in east Qingling Orogen （Lu Xinxiang, 2000; Zhang Guowei et al., 2001; Guo Xianqing et al., 2017）. The Zhifang Huangzhuang （ZH） area in south Songxian County is located in the southern margin of the North China Craton （Fig. l a）, which is an important lndosinian alkaline magmatic occurrence including 32 syenite bodies and syenitic dykes in east Qinling Orogen. There are five syenite bodes in the ZH area, i.e., the Lang＇aogou, Mogou, Longtou, Jiaogou and Wusanggou from west to east （Fig. l b）.展开更多
1 Introduction Voluminous Mesozoic magmatic rocks containing abundant Au-Mo polymetallic mineralization resources are developed in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong’ershan district of the southern margin of the North China Crato...1 Introduction Voluminous Mesozoic magmatic rocks containing abundant Au-Mo polymetallic mineralization resources are developed in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong’ershan district of the southern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).展开更多
1 Introduction The Wulong glomerophyric diorite porphyry has an extremely peculiar texture with plagioclase phenocrysts clustered as flower-like glomerocrysts(Figs.1a&b),which is never discovered elsewhere of the ...1 Introduction The Wulong glomerophyric diorite porphyry has an extremely peculiar texture with plagioclase phenocrysts clustered as flower-like glomerocrysts(Figs.1a&b),which is never discovered elsewhere of the world.The展开更多
The Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group is composed of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks and minor sedimentary rocks,distributed along the southern margin of the North China craton(NCC).It is a key marker for regional
Gold is commonly associated with arsenic in As-rich pyrite or arsenopyrite in a variety types of gold deposit,such as sediment-hosted gold deposits,epithermal Au-Ag deposits,Au-rich VMS deposits,and mesothermal lode g...Gold is commonly associated with arsenic in As-rich pyrite or arsenopyrite in a variety types of gold deposit,such as sediment-hosted gold deposits,epithermal Au-Ag deposits,Au-rich VMS deposits,and mesothermal lode gold deposits(Ciobanu and Cook,2002;Pals et al.展开更多
An extreme rainstorm hit southern China during 13–17 December 2013, with a record-breaking daily rainfall rate, large spatial extent, and unusually long persistence. We examined what induced this heavy rainfall proce...An extreme rainstorm hit southern China during 13–17 December 2013, with a record-breaking daily rainfall rate, large spatial extent, and unusually long persistence. We examined what induced this heavy rainfall process, based on observed rainfall data and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data through composite and diagnostic methods. The results showed that a Rossby waveguide within the subtropical westerly jet caused the event. The Rossby wave originated from strong cold air intrusion into the subtropical westerly jet over the eastern Mediterranean. With the enhancement and northward shift of the Middle East westerly jet, the Rossby wave propagated slowly eastward and deepened the India–Burma trough, which transported a large amount of moisture from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea to southern China. Strong divergence in the upper troposphere, caused by the enhancement of the East Asian westerly jet, also favored the heavy rainfall process over Southeast China. In addition, the Rossby wave was associated with a negative-to-positive phase shift and enhancement of the North Atlantic Oscillation, but convergence in the eastern Mediterranean played the key role in the eastward propagation of the Rossby wave within the subtropical westerly jet.展开更多
Soft-sediment deformation structures are abundant in the Cambrian Zhushadong and Mantou formations of the Dengfeng area, Henan Province, China. Soft-sediment deformation structures of the Zhushadong Formation consist ...Soft-sediment deformation structures are abundant in the Cambrian Zhushadong and Mantou formations of the Dengfeng area, Henan Province, China. Soft-sediment deformation structures of the Zhushadong Formation consist of fluidized deformation, synsedimentary faults, seismo-folds and plastic deformation; the Mantou Formation is dominated by small-scale horst faults, intruded dikes, fluidized veins, and seismo-cracks. These structures are demonstrated to be earthquake-related by analysis of trigger mechanisms, and may indicate the activity of the Qinling tectonic belt during the early Cambrian. Furthermore, the assemblages of soft-sediment deformation structures altered with time： large-scale, intense deformation in the Zhushadong Formation alters to small-scale, weak deformation in the Mantou Formation. This striking feature may have been caused by changes in hypocentral depth from deep-focus to shallow-focus earthquakes, indicating that the Qinling tectonic belt developed from the subduction of the Shangdan Ocean to the extension of the Erlangping back-arc basin. This study suggests that soft-sediment deformation structures can be used to reveal the activity of a tectonic belt, and, more importantly, changes in deformation assemblages can track the evolution of a tectonic belt.展开更多
文摘The evolution of shale reservoirs is mainly related to two functions:mechanical compaction controlled by ground stress and chemical compaction controlled by thermal effect.Thermal simulation experiments were conducted to simulate the chemical compaction of marine-continental transitional shale,and X-ray diffraction(XRD),CO2 adsorption,N2 adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection(MIP)were then used to characterize shale diagenesis and porosity.Moreover,simulations of mechanical compaction adhering to mathematical models were performed,and a shale compaction model was proposed considering clay content and kaolinite proportions.The advantage of this model is that the change in shale compressibility,which is caused by the transformation of clay minerals during thermal evolution,may be considered.The combination of the thermal simulation and compaction model may depict the interactions between chemical and mechanical compaction.Such interactions may then express the pore evolution of shale in actual conditions of formation.Accordingly,the obtained results demonstrated that shales having low kaolinite possess higher porosity at the same burial depth and clay mineral content,proving that other clay minerals such as illite-smectite mixed layers(I/S)and illite are conducive to the development of pores.Shales possessing a high clay mineral content have a higher porosity in shallow layers(<3500 m)and a lower porosity in deep layers(>3500 m).Both the amount and location of the increase in porosity differ at different geothermal gradients.High geothermal gradients favor the preservation of high porosity in shale at an appropriate Ro.The pore evolution of the marine-continental transitional shale is divided into five stages.Stage 2 possesses an Ro of 1.0%-1.6%and has high porosity along with a high specific surface area.Stage 3 has an Ro of 1.6%-2.0%and contains a higher porosity with a low specific surface area.Finally,Stage 4 has an Ro of 2.0%-2.9%with a low porosity and high specific surface area.
基金This paper is supported by the Key Basic Research Project funded by theChinese Academy of Sciences (No . KZCX2-SW-117) .
文摘The Yuxi （豫西） fold-thrust fracture belt is part of the gigantic fold-thrust fracture belt that extends NW in the southern North China plate. The contents of major elements of tectonites were analyzed by ICP-AES. The analysis of chemical compositions and new stress minerals indicates： extending from the surrounding country rocks to the center of the fracture belt, the Fe2O3 content gradually increases while the FeO content gradually decreases; regular increase, decrease or peak changes are shown for chemical compositions like SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, FeO, loss on ignition, TIO：, K2O, Na2 O, etc.. New stress minerals are developed for the south branch and few for the north branch. The characteristics of chemical compositions and new stress minerals of the thrust fracture demonstrate that the fracture belt has undergone a process from a closed reducing environmental system to a relatively open. oxidizing environmental system, andcompressive fractures have resulted from compression in the late stages of evolution, and the dynamothermal metamorphism and thrusting intensities are different between the south and north branches of the belt, which is strong for the south branch but relatively weak for the north branch.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41572078,41872106,42072013)the BGEG and GPMR laboratory funds(Nos.GKZ18Y660,GPMR201609)。
文摘The Late Paleozoic Taiyuan Formation in North China is mainly composed of a mixed shallow-marine carbonate and terrigenous clastic deposits.Its basal limestones have been constrained in the late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian.To further constrain the age of the lowest Taiyuan Formation,we obtained two genera and 16 species of conodonts from the bottom limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in two sections in Henan Province,southern North China.The fauna includes Idiognathodus hebeiensis,Streptognathodus isolatus,S.elongatus,S.cf.longus,S.acuminatus,S.cf.recreatus,S.cf.cristellaris,S.bellus,S.invaginatus,S.wabaunsensis,S.glenisteri,S.conjunctus,S.binodosus,S.fuchengensis,S.nodulinearis,and S.sp.A genus of Streptognathodus dominated conodont assemblage with some Idiognathodus elements.It indicates a late Gzhelian(latest Pennsylvanian)age for the lowest Taiyuan Formation in southern North China.This is consistent with recently published high-precision zircon U-Pb ages from ash layers.Based on conodont biostratigraphy,the basal limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in Henan Province(southern North China)can be correlated with the upper part of Miaogou limestones of the Taiyuan Formation in Shanxi Province(northern North China).This correlation might reflect a significant sea-level rise in North China,possibly corresponding to a deglaciation event at the Permo-Carboniferous transition.
基金the work of "Study of the geo-scientific settings of geo-tourist landscapes in Yuntaishan World Geopark",and supported by the Department of International Cooperation of Ministry of Science and Technology of China. (Grant No. 2006DFA21320)the Science Foundation of institute of geomechanics, CAGS (Grant No. DZLXJK200706) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40501006)
文摘The late Cenozoic geomorphic features and geochronologic data of the Zhingfang River catchment in the Yuntaishan World Geopark are studied. Several quarternary geochronologic methods, including electron spin resonance （ESR）, optically stimulated luminescence （OSL）, thermo-luminescence （TL） and U-series are presented in this paper. The results suggest that there are two planation surfaces, named as the Taihang surface which is a peneplain of Taihang stage formed during Oligocene or Oligocene to early-middle Miocene period, and Tang-hien surface which is a mature wide valley of Tang-hien stage formed during late Miocene-Pliocene or Piiocene-early Pleistocene period and probably ended prior to 2.2-2.6 Ma based on ESR dating. After the Tang-hien stage, the incision and aggradation of the river formed six stream terraces with heights of 3-5 m, 8-12 m, 22-24 m, 28-38 m, 50-62 m and 80-85 m above the river bottom, respectively. The dating results of the alluvium sediments suggest that these terraces were formed during Holocene, 20-23 ka B.P., 110-120 ka B.P., 200-240 ka B.P., 840-1200 ka B.P. or ~450 ka B.P. and 1600-1800 ka B.P. or -1100 ka B.P., respectively. These results indicate that episodic incision of the river, which controls the formation of the scenery in the Yuntaishan World Geopark, was mainly influenced by the periodic dry-wet climate change during late Cenozoic mountain uplift.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(grant No.U1504405)
文摘Objective Indosinian magmatic rocks mainly locate in west Qinling Orogen, which are, however, extremely rare in east Qingling Orogen （Lu Xinxiang, 2000; Zhang Guowei et al., 2001; Guo Xianqing et al., 2017）. The Zhifang Huangzhuang （ZH） area in south Songxian County is located in the southern margin of the North China Craton （Fig. l a）, which is an important lndosinian alkaline magmatic occurrence including 32 syenite bodies and syenitic dykes in east Qinling Orogen. There are five syenite bodes in the ZH area, i.e., the Lang＇aogou, Mogou, Longtou, Jiaogou and Wusanggou from west to east （Fig. l b）.
基金supported by the NSFC (41373039)the DREAM project of MOST, China (2016YFC0600403)
文摘1 Introduction Voluminous Mesozoic magmatic rocks containing abundant Au-Mo polymetallic mineralization resources are developed in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong’ershan district of the southern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41502046,41530211 and 41272079)
文摘1 Introduction The Wulong glomerophyric diorite porphyry has an extremely peculiar texture with plagioclase phenocrysts clustered as flower-like glomerocrysts(Figs.1a&b),which is never discovered elsewhere of the world.The
文摘The Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group is composed of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks and minor sedimentary rocks,distributed along the southern margin of the North China craton(NCC).It is a key marker for regional
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 9081400440821061)the 111 Project(B07039)
文摘Gold is commonly associated with arsenic in As-rich pyrite or arsenopyrite in a variety types of gold deposit,such as sediment-hosted gold deposits,epithermal Au-Ag deposits,Au-rich VMS deposits,and mesothermal lode gold deposits(Ciobanu and Cook,2002;Pals et al.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos. 41276002 and 41130859)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB955603 and 2013CB956201)+1 种基金the NSFC–Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers (Grant No. U1406401)the Fund for Open Research Programs of the Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster (Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology), Ministry of Education (KLME1301)
文摘An extreme rainstorm hit southern China during 13–17 December 2013, with a record-breaking daily rainfall rate, large spatial extent, and unusually long persistence. We examined what induced this heavy rainfall process, based on observed rainfall data and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data through composite and diagnostic methods. The results showed that a Rossby waveguide within the subtropical westerly jet caused the event. The Rossby wave originated from strong cold air intrusion into the subtropical westerly jet over the eastern Mediterranean. With the enhancement and northward shift of the Middle East westerly jet, the Rossby wave propagated slowly eastward and deepened the India–Burma trough, which transported a large amount of moisture from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea to southern China. Strong divergence in the upper troposphere, caused by the enhancement of the East Asian westerly jet, also favored the heavy rainfall process over Southeast China. In addition, the Rossby wave was associated with a negative-to-positive phase shift and enhancement of the North Atlantic Oscillation, but convergence in the eastern Mediterranean played the key role in the eastward propagation of the Rossby wave within the subtropical westerly jet.
基金granted by the doctor foundation of Henan Polytechnic University(NO:B2013-076)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NO:4147208341440016)
文摘Soft-sediment deformation structures are abundant in the Cambrian Zhushadong and Mantou formations of the Dengfeng area, Henan Province, China. Soft-sediment deformation structures of the Zhushadong Formation consist of fluidized deformation, synsedimentary faults, seismo-folds and plastic deformation; the Mantou Formation is dominated by small-scale horst faults, intruded dikes, fluidized veins, and seismo-cracks. These structures are demonstrated to be earthquake-related by analysis of trigger mechanisms, and may indicate the activity of the Qinling tectonic belt during the early Cambrian. Furthermore, the assemblages of soft-sediment deformation structures altered with time： large-scale, intense deformation in the Zhushadong Formation alters to small-scale, weak deformation in the Mantou Formation. This striking feature may have been caused by changes in hypocentral depth from deep-focus to shallow-focus earthquakes, indicating that the Qinling tectonic belt developed from the subduction of the Shangdan Ocean to the extension of the Erlangping back-arc basin. This study suggests that soft-sediment deformation structures can be used to reveal the activity of a tectonic belt, and, more importantly, changes in deformation assemblages can track the evolution of a tectonic belt.
