Association of Gghrelin Polymorphisms with Metabolic Syndrome in Han Nationality Chinese

Objective To investigate the association of ghrelin gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in Han Nationality Chinese. Methods A total of 240 patients with metabolic syndrome and 427 adults aged above forty years were recruited. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results The allelic frequency of the Leu72Met polymorphism was 17.3% in the patient group and 11.9% in the control group （x^2=7.36, P=0.007）. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent among carriers of the Met72 variant （43.8 vs 33.1%, age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio=1.57, P=0.01）. No Arg51Gln variants were found in our study subjects. Conclusion Rather than being associated with its individual components, Leu72Met polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome in the Han Nationality Chinese. Arg51Gln polymorphism is rare in the Han Nationality Chinese.

Association of single nucleotide polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene start codon and the suscepbility to prostate cancer in Han nationality in Hubei, China

Aim: To investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene start codon in the Han nationality in Hubei and its relationship to the susceptibility to prostate cancel (PCa). Methods: The VDR genotypes were determined by poly-merase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 80 patients with PCa and 96 normal male controls from the Han nationality in Hubei, using endonuclease Fok. Direct sequencing was done in part of the PCR products. Results: The frequency distribution of Fok I alleles in this cohort all followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The distribution of genotypes and alleles had no significant difference between PCa patients and the controls (P>0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between Fok I polymorphism of VDR gene start codon and PCa in the Han nationality in Hubei.

Study on the Relationship between 5-HttLPR Gene and BDNF Gene Polymorphism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Li and Han Nationality of Hainan Province

Objective: To investigate the correlation between 5-HTTLPR (5-and serotonin transporter linked polymer region) gene polymorphism and BDNF (brain derived neural factor) gene polymorphism and PTSD (post traumatic stress disorders) in Li and Han nationalities in Hainan Province. Methods: 167 Hainan Li PTSD patients, 141 Hainan Han PTSD patients and 158 healthy volunteers (control group) were investigated by ETI, caps, Toh, WCST, TMT and WAIS-RC. The polymorphisms of rs6265 locus of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF genes were detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and page (polycylamide gel electrophoresis), and the correlation with PTSD was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of PTSD. Results: The ETI score, total PTSD score and TMT time of Li PTSD patients were significantly higher than those of Han PTSD patients (P < 0.01). The comprehension, picture filling, picture arrangement, operation IQ and total IQ of WAIS-RC were significantly lower than those of Han PTSD patients (P < 0.01);The numbers of errors, TMT and Toh in WCST were significantly lower than those in Han PTSD patients (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the distribution of 5-HTTLPR genotype and allele between Li PTSD patients and control group (P > 0.05). SS genotype of 5-HTTLPR and (GA + AA) genotype of rs6265 locus may increase the risk of PTSD in Hainan Han population. AA and GA + AA genotypes at rs6265 locus may increase the risk of PTSD in Li population (P < 0.05). Among Li PTSD patients, the ETI score, PTSD total score, TMT time, Toh planning time and execution time of AA genotype at rs6265 locus were significantly higher than those of GG genotype;the total scores of comprehension and operation IQ, and Toh in WAIS-RC were significantly lower than those in GG genotype (P < 0.05). Among Han PTSD patients, the ETI score, PTSD total score and TMT time of SS genotype of 5-HTTLPR were significantly higher than those of LL genotype, and the comprehension, arithmetic and block diagram in WAIS-RC were significantly lower than those of LL genotype;The ETI score, PTSD total score and TMT time of patients with (GA + AA) genotype at rs6265 locus were also significantly higher than those of patients with GG genotype. The comprehension and block diagram in WAIS-RC were significantly lower than those of patients with GG genotype. The number of WCST errors in patients with AA genotype was significantly higher than those of patients with GG genotype, and the operational IQ in WAIS-RC was significantly lower than those of patients with GG genotype (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The LL genotype of 5-HTTLPR and the GG genotype of rs6265 locus are related to PTSD of Li and Han nationalities in Hainan, which are important protective factors for PTSD of Li and Han nationalities in Hainan.

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

Comparison on Detection Results of Pathogen Nucleic Acids for Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Lung Infection Infants Between Uighur Nationality and Han Nationality

Objective:To analyze the detection results of pathogen nucleic acids for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)of lung infection infants from Uighur nationality and Han nationality.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the 318 infants with lung infection who were admitted to the hospital from April 2018 to April 2019.According to their nationality,they were divided into Uighur nationality group(190 cases)and Han nationality group(128 cases).The BALF specimens were collected to test pathogen nucleic acid.The distribution and positive rates of[respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus(ADV),influenza virus A(IFA),influenza virus B(IFB),parainfluenza virus type 1(PIV I),parainfluenza virus type 2(PIV II),parainfluenza virus type 3(PIV III)],bacteria(Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae,staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,klebsiella pneumoniae),Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)and Chlamydia pneumoniae(CP)in both groups were observed and compared.Results:The virus detection for RSV,ADV and PIV III were on the top three in BALF from the children in both groups.The total positive rate of virus examination in Uighur nationality group was higher than that in Han nationality group(P<0.05).BALF in both groups was mainly on Streptococcus pneumoniae.The total positive rate of bacteria,MP and detection rate of chlamydia were higher in Uighur nationality group were higher than those in Han nationality group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The pathogen nucleic acid examination for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in infants with lung viral infection is in the majority,mainly on RSV virus infection.The positive rates of virus,bacteria,MP and CP of children in Uighur nationality are high than those in Han nationality.

赖型钩体pCX7探针Southern杂交分析不同血清群型钩体DNA

用赖型０１７株钩体ＤＮＡ基因库中筛选出的重组克隆ｐＣＸ７制备重组质粒，再以￣（３２）Ｐ标记为探针，对１１个血清群的１８株问号钩体、双曲钩体ＰａｔｏｃＩ株和细螺旋体ｉｌｌｉｎｉ３０５５株ＤＮＡＳｏｕｔｈ－ｅｒｎ杂交。放射自显影结果显示：双曲钩体ＰａｔｏｃＩ株和细螺旋体ｉｌｌｉｎｉ３０５５株ＤＮＡ未获杂交阳性区带；ｊａｖａｎｉｃａ（爪哇）、ｍａｎｈａｏ２（曼耗２）和ｒａｎａｒｕｍ（蛙）三个低毒力血清型的问号状钩体ＤＮＡ亦为阴性；１５株问号状钩体ＤＮＡ均出现了杂交信号，而且不同群型钩体ＤＮＡ杂交带型明显不同，赖型钩体０１７株（强毒株）与６０１株（弱毒株）杂交带型也有细微差别。作者认为，以ｐＣＸ７探针进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交可望作为钩体分类和鉴定的工具或参考。

Health-related behaviors in children of ethnic minorities and Han nationality in China

Objective:The purpose of this study was to understand the health-related behaviors in children of ethnic minorities and Han nationality so as to provide a basis for formulating a health promotion plan,reasonably allocating health resources,and improving health conditions of the entire population of children.Methods:The selection and processing of study subjects,as well as health-related behaviors,were based on the 2009 Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)data.A total of 867 children were involved in this study,including 762 Han children and 105 minority children.Comparative analysis was conducted on the reported ratio of health-related behaviors,including society and family variation,as well as dietary habit variation,and health condition scores.Results:A comparison on health-related behaviors between ethnic minority and Han children indicated the following:with respect to society and family variation,statistical significance(P<0.05)existed between the two groups in health-related behaviors influenced by parents who did or did not stay at home,level of education,and medical insurance status;and with respect to dietary habit variation,statistical significance(P<0.05)existed in the differences of dietary habits between the two groups.Moreover,differences in the weight-forage Z score(WAZ),weight-forheight Z score(WHZ),and body mass index-for-age Z score(BAZ)between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Health-related behavioral norms and health conditions of ethnic minority children should be further improved.Increased health awareness of families with children and health care system development should be stressed to elevate the health level of the entire population of children in China.

Genetics analysis of haptoglobin gene in Fujian Han nationality

To study the genetic features(characteristics)of haptoglobin gene,four different age groups of Fujian Han people were investigated.The phenotypes of the hap-toglobin of four different groups were analyzed by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The frequency of Hp^(1) in the population of Fujian Han nationality accounted for 0.340,among which children,youths,middle aged and elder groups were 0.307,0.338,0.363 and 0.383,respect-ively.The Hp^(0-0)phenotype frequency was 0.026 in which the four age groups accounted for 0.032,0.046,0.014 and 0.014,respectively.The frequency of Hp^(1)gene is rising with increasing age.The frequency of Hp^(0-0)phenotype is highest in the middle aged group and then tends to drop with increasing age.

Land tenure and landscape change:a comparison of public-private lands in the southern High Plains

Introduction:Long-term drought in the southern Great Plains increases the vulnerability of coupled human-environment systems at a variety of scales.Developing better understandings of the dynamics at regional scales will become increasingly important as long-established land-use regimes break down in the face of climate change,resource depletion,and evolving governance.To demonstrate differential vulnerability during drought periods,this study hypothesized that observed increases in woody vegetation in grasslands would vary across land-tenure regimes.We argue that differences in State Trust Land governance,in part,lead to differential land management practices that contribute to landscape change.Methods:The study area encompasses adjacent counties,Cimarron County in Oklahoma and Union County in New Mexico,with similar climate variability and agricultural economies.We analyzed National Land Cover Database(NLCD)land-cover maps from 1992 and 2011 to assess changes in landscape composition and structure between 1992 and 2011.Results:During both years under consideration,each county in the study region,across various land-tenure regimes,was dominated by herbaceous vegetation.However,there were changes in both composition and structure across the whole study area,in particular losses of herbaceous vegetation and increases in woody vegetation.The greatest gains in woody vegetation occurred in State Trust Lands of Cimarron County.Overall,the data suggest a fragmentation of herbaceous vegetation and a coalescing of shrubland patches.Conclusions:Research about the influence of land tenure on land management decisions,specifically the role of State Trust Land leases in overgrazing,informs the broader context of drought management in the southern Great Plains.Recommendations include continued research to highlight the specific mechanisms of land-tenure governance that drive landscape change.

Stature Estimation from Body Dimensions in Han Population of Southern China

Stature estimation is widely used for individual identification in forensic field.Previous studies have proposed several regression equations derived from a single population for this purpose.However,this may not be suitable for other populations because of different hereditary and environmental conditions.In this study,stature estimation equations for southern China Han population have been provided.The study was conducted on a sample population of 121 men and women aged 18–25 years.A total of 19 parameters,including stature,head,torso,and parts of upper limbs and lower limbs,were measured according to standard anthropometric procedures.Herein,the anterior superior spine–malleolus medialis line showed the highest correlation coefficient(r=0.817)and was the most reliable predictor(R^(2)=0.667)in men,while the best predictor for women was total leg length(R^(2)=0.746)with the highest correlation coefficient(r=0.863).The regression analysis results via multiple predictors showed a high accuracy in stature estimation.Moreover,the analysis of multiple regression predictors showed that the dimensions of lower limbs were more reliable for stature estimation compared to head,torso,and upper limb measurements.This study provided equations of stature estimation for southern China Han population which can be useful in cases of dismembered body.

Variation of head and facial morphological characteristics with increased age of Han in Southern China

We investigated 13940 (6735 male, 7250 female) adult head and facial physical attributes from 19 different Han ethnic groups in 10 southern-China provinces, and calculated 12 head and facial indexes. Indexes were used to analyze the variation of head and facial morphological characteristics with increased age. Results showed that as age increases: (1) Head breadth, minimum frontal breadth, face breadth, interocular breadth, external biocular breadth, lip height, lip thickness, head circumference, auricular height, length-breadth head index, length-height head index, and lip-index values decline significantly in a linear fashion. (2) Nose breadth, mouth breadth, morphological facial height, upper-lip height, physiognomic ear length, physiognomic ear breadth, visor skin-fold, and vertical head-facial index values significantly increase in a linear fashion.

一份珍贵的学术遗产:1950年代民族问题大讨论再审视

1950年代关于民族问题的大讨论,开启了中国史学界以马克思主义理论为指导研究民族问题的热潮。当时学习的重点是斯大林关于形成民族的四个要素。斯大林强调依照这四个要素衡量,在资本主义出现之前,不可能出现民族,民族只能是资本主义时代的产物。范文澜注意到斯大林论断的适用性问题,著文指出中、欧历史情况不同。欧洲历史进入资本主义时代才有了民族国家,而古代中国早在秦汉时期就已经有了“持久的相当巩固的整体”的王朝国家,“汉民族有它自己的发展过程,并不因为有了资本主义才开始形成民族”。围绕汉民族形成时间问题所展开的大讨论实际上是在马克思主义理论指导下成规模地研讨中华民族形成问题的嚆矢。这场大讨论的丰富成果是一份珍贵的学术遗产。

汉晋南朝买地券镇墓功能探析——以砖质买地券为中心

汉晋南朝买地券书写模式的转变,经历了东汉初、汉末吴晋、南朝三个演变阶段,其镇墓功能也随着书写模式的转变而发生改变。东汉初年初兴之际的买地券,书写模式更接近实用买卖契约,但其随葬明器的性质和买卖契约的书写格式,决定了它本身所具备的镇墓属性。这种镇墓属性是买地券作为“冥契”的固有属性,其存在与否与券文中宗教神仙色彩的有无强弱无关。汉末吴晋时期,买地券诸要项日渐完备,宗教神仙色彩日益浓厚,并出现了程式化演变趋势,但买地券的镇墓方式并未发生改变,其镇墓功能亦并未实现根本性的增强。汉末出现的糅杂了解注文内容的特殊买地券,不代表这一时期买地券演变的主流趋势。南朝时期由于道教的深入影响,一系列厌镇神仙鬼吏、慰抚亡魂、护佑生人的宗教语言出现在买地券文之中,至南梁时期,这种新式的券文书写模式已成为南朝各地买地券文的主流。南朝买地券书写模式的转变拓展了买地券的镇墓方式,增强了买地券的镇墓功能。

从“远夷”到“中华民族”共识的演变——《旅行杂志》中的云南边疆民族认知变迁

在以《旅行杂志》涉滇内容为切入点的探讨中,可以看到从“远夷”到“中华民族”共识的演变及内地对云南边疆民族认知变迁。近代中国,“华夷”观与“中华民族”说并存。民国以后,尤其抗战后“中华民族”说渐被认同,但“华夷”观仍有影响。新中国建立后,“劳动者”“建设者”取代“华夷”,认同基准重构。《旅行杂志》不同时期对云南民族形象呈现不同,抗战前是“远夷”,抗战时是“典范”,建国后是“劳动者”“建设者”。形象差异源于接触程度和观念转变。中华民族形成过程中各民族共同开拓疆域、缔造国家、书写历史、创造文化、培育精神,《旅行杂志》从一个微观视角反映了其凝聚融合过程。

汉魏六朝北地傅氏籍贯考察——以《宋书·傅弘之传》的载述为中心

魏晋南北朝是一个特殊的时代,关于世族籍贯的认定,不能只是简单地考察地理沿革和家族迁徙等表层问题,而应综合考量家族认同、国家认同、历史认同等诸多层面的历史信息。北地傅氏虽然自汉末以来寄寓关中冯翊境内,此后又流寓江南,但其姓望所系与文化根脉仍在河陇地区(义渠、灵州、泥阳)。其亦文亦武、刚直尚气的家族风尚,正是秦汉以来河陇地区风声气俗的本色呈现。如果将汉末以来北地傅氏的籍贯确定在今陕西耀县境内,不仅与北地傅氏家族兴起于河陇边塞、流离迁徙中仍然情系河陇故土的历史事实不符,而且与门阀制度背景下“寄寓他所”“仍冠旧邦”的时代风气不合,显然不是合理公允的结论。