Research on ground fissure origins and mechanisms in Hebei Plain,P.R.China

Ground fissure hazards frequently emerge in Hebei Plain, which damage roads, dams, buildings and farmland. The paper reviews and analyses current state of knowledge and research into ground fissure and geological environment in Hebei Plain. It is shown that the level of research and investigation is in some aspects insufficient. Knowledge is lacking in the use of corresponding geological concept models for specific ground fissures, three-dimensional numerical simulations of ground fissures caused by pumping through soil with pre-existing fractures, numerical simulations of ground fissures caused by dislocation in intersection faults, and the failure criterion and the constitutive relationship of rock and soil. Furthermore, we put forward geological concept models for ground fissure formation following the dislocation of a buried intersection fault, over-exploitation of groundwater and its compound origin mechanisms in order to provide scientific evidence for the quantitative analysis.

The upper and middle crustal velocity structure of the northern part of Hebei plain inferred from short period surface wave dispersion

Based on short period Rayleigh wave data recorded by Beliing Seismic Telemetered Network, the dispersion curves of Raleigh wave phase velocity, with period from 2 s to 1 8 s, are calculated by means of two-station method, for 5 paths across the earthquake zone located in the Beijing graben and the Hebei plain. According to the dispersion features, the upper and middle crustal S wave velocity structures are respectively obtained for the northern segment of Beijing graben and the northern part of Hebei plain. The results show that there is an obvious interface at the depth of g kin in the Beijing graben, the velocity varies little with depth in the middle crust, and there is a low-velocity-zone, with a thickness of 5 km and a buried depth of 14.6 km, in the middle crust of the Hebei plain.

Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain

Based on three typical mediums(sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that:(1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation.(2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest.(3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately.(4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.

Distribution and evolution features of salinized soil in Hebei Plain

In order to study the distribution and evolution features of saline soil, the correlations between the groundwater depth, salinity and salinization of soil are examined through analyzing the hydrometeorological data and distribution maps of saline soil, groundwater depth and salinity in 1957 and 2005. The results show that the area of salinization has generally decreased. The area of salinization decreases with the increasing groundwater depth, and the dynamic evolution characteristics appeared between the groundwater depth and area of salinization. The area of heavy salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is > 5 g/L, the area of moderate salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is between 2-5 g/L, the area of light salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is 1-2 g/L and the area of non-salinization is greatest when the groundwater salinity is <1 g/L. The area of heavy salinization was characterized with groundwater depth <2.5 m and salinity >1.8 g/L. The area of non-salinization was characterized with groundwater depth >4.0 m and salinity 0.2-1.5 g/L.

Experimental study on unsaturated soil water diffusivity in different soils in Hebei Piedmont Plain

Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm^3/cm^3,λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm^3/cm^3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function .

Terrestrial water storage variation in Hebei plain area of China,based on ground surface gravimetry

Variation of terrestrial water storage in the Hebei plain area from March 2010 to June 2014 was studied using ground gravimetry combined with vertical displacement data from the Global Navigation Satellite System.Results show that observed gravity variation in this area increased continuously,basically reflecting a trend toward land subsidence.With the effect of this subsidence removed,a dominantnegative change in gravity variation was evident,reflecting an average rate of decrease in terrestrial water in this area of 0.10±0.053 m/y,and this is equivalent to a volume of 81.5±43.2×108 m^(3)and is consistent with the spatial distribution of groundwater change from measured hydrologic data.These results can be an essential reference and supplement for the study of terrestrial water variation in the Hebei plain area,and indicate that ground surface gravimetry can be used as an important mean for studying changes in terrestrial water.

Genesis of Sr Isotopes in Groundwater of Hebei Plain

To analyze the genesis of Sr isotopes in groundwater of Hebei plain, time-accumulative effect of ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio was studied. It is shown that ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio increases with the increasing age and depth of groundwater and has a positive correlation to 4Heexc and a negative correlation to δ^18O and δD.The groundwater is divided into three groups to discuss the relation between ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio and Sr^2＋ content： ① moderate Sr^2＋ content and higher ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio （water Ⅰ）; ② lower Sr^2＋ content and higher ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio （water Ⅱ）; and ③ higher Sr^2＋ content and lower ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio （water Ⅲ）, that is hot water. On the basis of integrated analysis, it was considered that ① the radiogenic Sr in the Quaternary groundwater （Q4-Q1） originates from weathering of silicate rich in Na and Rb, mainly from plagioclase; ② the radiogenic Sr of hot water in Huanghua port is attributed to carbonate dissolution, with lower ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio and higher Sr/Na ratio; ③ the recharge area is laterally recharged by the groundwater flowing through igneous and metamorphic rocks, with moderate ^87Sr/^86Sr ratio. However, the formation mechanism of Sr isotopes in Tertiary groundwater needs further studies.

京津冀平原非常规水资源利用前景分析及其生态环境效应

[研究目的]京津冀平原水资源严重短缺,供需矛盾十分突出,加大非常规水资源利用力度,形成多元供水格局,可有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,对支撑京津冀协同发展区社会经济协调发展和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。[研究方法]文章系统开展非常规水资源供水方向、开发利用模式和供水规模分类数据统计,依据各省(直辖市)非常规水资源供水规划及配置目标,分析其开发利用前景及其生态环境效应。[研究结果]该区非常规水资源主要包括微咸水、再生水、淡化海水、雨洪水,其中微咸水主要分布于中东部平原的天津、沧州、衡水等地,供水前景为5.43×10^(8)m^(3);再生水利用以北京、天津等大中型及工业城市为主,供水前景为34.22×10^(8)m^(3);淡化海水利用以天津等滨海城市为主,供水前景为4.19×10^(8)m^(3);雨洪水利用较分散。[结论](1)微咸水用于农业灌溉存在土壤盐渍化风险,需加强水盐调控。(2)再生水用于河流生态补水,沿线地表水富营养化,地下水体未受到明显污染;地下水浅埋区开展再生水灌溉,会增加硝酸盐污染风险;建议将高风险的新兴污染物纳入再生水利用监控体系。(3)海水淡化尾液浓盐水、冷却热水可能改变天然海洋生态系统的分布、构成与多样性,应予以关注。(4)雨洪水利用可降低污水入河的水质风险,但过度利用可能影响区域生态系统的稳定性,建议城市区适度扩大利用。

京津冀平原浅层地下水漏斗演变规律与影响因素

为研究华北地区河湖生态补水对地下水漏斗演变的影响,以京津冀平原浅层地下水漏斗2003年至2022年的相对变化作为识别目标,从气象因素、地形因素、人为因素和含水层水力学特性4个方面进行考虑,选取8个具体指标构建特征变量数据集,使用逻辑回归(logistic regression, LR)、支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)和随机森林(random forest, RF)方法建立漏斗演变识别模型,并利用敏感度、特异度和决定系数R^(2)对拟合效果进行对比评价,结果显示随机森林为最优模型。进而利用模型分析研究区地下水漏斗演变规律,阐明具体因素对漏斗演变的影响作用。研究表明:京津冀平原区浅层地下水漏斗在2010年之前整体呈扩张趋势,之后在部分地区呈现缩减和消失的态势。河湖补水前,地下水漏斗发展主要受开采影响,其重要度约50%;2018年后河湖补水对抑制漏斗扩张发挥了较为明显的作用,重要度达16%。从发展过程来看,地下水开采依然是控制京津冀平原浅层地下水漏斗变化最重要的因素。对比宁柏隆和高蠡清两个典型浅层地下水漏斗的发展变化可知,河道生态补水对宁柏隆漏斗变化的贡献率接近10%,而对高蠡清漏斗变化影响的重要度仅为1%,因此持续的河流生态补水对宁柏隆漏斗水位恢复会产生积极影响,而对于高蠡清漏斗则需要以水源置换压减农业灌溉地下水量为关键手段实现水位恢复。

冀南平原“7·27”局地大暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用FY-4A气象卫星及天气雷达遥感产品,并借助地面及探空资料,对2019年7月27日冀南平原一次局地大暴雨过程进行中尺度时空演化特征分析。结果表明,本次过程是在副热带高压外围,受高空槽以及低层切变线影响生成的局地大暴雨天气。降水系统内的对流组织主要经历了“新生发展—合并加强—降水维持—移出消散”的演化过程。本次冀南平原地区大暴雨的成因主要包括:两个初期发展的对流系统的合并加强,前期外围对流活动提供了充沛的水汽环境,强对流系统形成了低层旋转辐合、高层辐散的中尺度垂直环流结构,中低层辐合中心空间位置基本一致,有利于水汽供应并维持云中液滴的高效增长。研究结果对冀南平原局地强降水的临近预报预警提供了科学依据。

河北平原蒙古栎斑衣蜡蝉的发生及防治

蒙古栎具有较高的生态、经济、社会价值,在河北平原培育蒙古栎具有重要的意义。但斑衣蜡蝉对蒙古栎危害日趋严重。为促进蒙古栎健康生长和生产推广,本文调查记录了斑衣蜡蝉的危害特点、形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、发生因素,结合斑衣蜡蝉的生物学特性和以往防治经验,从农业防治、物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、植物检疫和加强防虫宣传等方面总结了科学防治蒙古栎上斑衣蜡蝉的有效措施,以期为有效防治斑衣蜡蝉和促进蒙古栎健康生长提供参考。

河北省平原区2018—2021年地下水动态变化研究

为了科学推进地下水超采治理,掌握河北省平原区地下水动态变化情况,以河北省平原区地下水自动监测站监测数据为基础,时间段为2018—2021年,以14个地市行政区浅、深层地下水动态变化和地下水超采为研究内容,分析了地下水位变化影响的因素,提出了缓解河北省平原区地下水水位下降的建议,为河北省平原区地下水综合治理提供支撑。

南水北调工程运行对河北省地下水位变化的影响研究

为探讨南水北调工程对河北省平原区地下水位变化的影响,收集和分析不同时期的地下水位数据。研究结果显示:南水北调工程投入运行后,河北省地下水埋深整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势;不同地区和不同水文条件下的地下水位变化与南水北调工程之间存在显著差异。综上所述,南水北调工程对河北省地下水位的影响是复杂而多样化的,确定南水北调工程对河北地下水位的恢复是积极的,研究结果对合理管理和保护河北省地下水资源具有重要意义。

滨海平原区深层高氟地下水富集机理:以滦河三角洲为例

河北滨海平原区深层含水层存在高氟地下水,严重威胁居民用水安全。为查明其富集机理,本研究在现场采集69个深层地下水样品,对比分析低氟和高氟地下水的水化学和同位素特征。结果表明,高氟地下水主要存在于HCO_(3)-Na型地下水中,而低氟地下水化学类型以HCO_(3)-Ca·Na为主。PHREEQC饱和指数计算结果表明,地下水中萤石多为不饱和状态,方解石多为过饱和状态,这说明Ca^(2+)形成方解石沉淀有助于萤石的溶解,后者是地下水中F-的主要来源。线性回归结果表明,深层地下水Ca^(2+)和Na+之间发生阳离子交换作用,这一过程能够减少地下水中Ca^(2+)含量,进一步促进CaF2溶解。深层地下水中F-与pH和HCO_(3)-有较好的正相关性,表明微碱性环境和高含量HCO_(3)-有利于F-发生解吸附。此外,深层地下水中F-和Li含量呈显著的正相关,说明研究区地热水的混合作用可能直接影响深层地下水F-的富集。对比深层地下水与海水的水化学和同位素特征,发现研究区深层地下水氟富集不受海水入侵影响。

冀中南平原区近地面PM_(2.5)遥感反演

为揭示冀中南平原区近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度时空变化规律,以空间分辨率为1 km的MAIAC AOD数据为主要估算因子,经AOD补值、垂直校正及湿度校正后,对近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度进行估算分析.结果表明:MAIAC AOD经缺值修复、垂直校正和湿度校正后,能够显著提升近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度估算精度及时空覆盖度;冀中南平原区PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度空间分布差异性显著,其中高值区主要分布在以石家庄、定州及保定为中心的太行山山前平原区,低值区主要分布在东部平原区;研究区PM_(2.5)质量浓度存在显著季节性差异,冬季最高,其次为秋季和春季,夏季最低.该研究能得出冀中南平原区时空全覆盖的近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度估算结果,为该区域与PM_(2.5)污染相关的健康风险及空气质量评价提供了科学依据.

地下水浅埋区层状土壤结构对包气带硝态氮累积和淋失的影响

农业过量施肥造成包气带硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)累积与地下水NO_(3)^(-)-N污染加剧,明确非均质层状土壤结构对NO_(3)^(-)-N迁移过程的影响对防止地下水硝酸盐污染具有重要意义。华北低平原区非均质层状土壤结构分布广泛,地下水埋藏浅,NO_(3)^(-)-N淋滤路径短,是地下水污染的敏感区域。本研究选择位于河北省沧州市南皮县的3个非均质层状土壤结构剖面(P1:含多个薄黏壤土夹层的无施肥草地;P2:含多个薄黏壤土夹层的农田;P3:含140 cm厚黏壤土夹层的农田)和1个对照剖面(P4:相对均质的粉壤土农田),研究层状土壤结构以及农业施肥对包气带NO_(3)^(-)-N累积与淋失规律的影响。结果表明,NO_(3)^(-)-N累积分布层位与黏壤土层深度和厚度相关,3个非均质层状土壤剖面NO_(3)^(-)-N含量均高于相对均质粉壤土剖面,且非均质农田中P3剖面NO_(3)^(-)-N含量峰值(238 mg∙L^(-1))和累积层厚度(100~250 cm)均最大。2018年雨季8—9月含黏壤土夹层剖面NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失量:P3(319.2 kg∙hm^(-2))<P1(383.9 kg∙hm^(-2))<P2(554.7 kg∙hm^(-2)),说明在雨季含厚黏壤土夹层剖面对包气带NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失的阻控效果显著优于含多个薄黏壤土夹层的剖面(P<0.05)。受层状沉积结构和地下水浅埋深的影响,P2浅层地下水NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度的超标率与平均增长速率(93%和2.14 mg∙L^(-1)∙d^(-1))显著高于P4(21%和0.53 mg∙L^(-1)∙d^(-1))(P<0.05)。研究明确了层状土壤剖面对NO_(3)^(-)-N运移具有阻滞作用且黏壤土夹层越厚阻滞作用越强,地下水NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度受包气带层状土壤结构和地下水埋深二者的综合控制。研究结果可为地下水浅埋区地下水硝酸盐污染防治提供科学依据。

河北泃河流域第四纪沉积相对土壤有机碳库的影响

成土母质是影响土壤有机碳储量的重要因素之一。以河北省三河市泃河流域为研究对象,根据全新统沉积环境特征,将研究区成土母质划分为冲洪积相沉积母质、冲积相沉积母质和湖沼积相淤积母质,探讨不同成土母质区土壤的有机碳密度变化及其影响机制。单因素方差分析显示,不同成土母质中土壤有机碳密度存在显著差异,呈冲积相<冲洪积相<湖沼积相变化趋势。对比不同成土母质的土壤质地、养分特征及理化性质,表明土壤通过影响植被的生长发育、土壤动植物、微生物活性、有机碳固存机制等,对土壤有机碳储量发挥直接或间接作用。研究区由冲积相→冲洪积相→湖沼积相,沉积环境发生显著变化,土壤粘粒组分增多,促进与土壤有机碳有关的有机-无机复合体的形成,降低微生物对土壤有机碳的分解;土壤含水率和养分含量增加,利于植被生长,提升土壤微生物活性,其代谢产物及死亡残体作为土壤有机碳的碳源,提高了土壤有机碳储量。该研究成果为流域土壤有机碳的保护利用提供技术支撑。

冀东平原区地热水质量及环境健康风险评价

为了研究冀东平原区地热水水质状况及水中化学物质对人体健康产生的危害程度,根据11件地热水化学样品分析数据,分别对冀东平原区地热水质量及环境健康风险进行评价。结果表明:冀东平原区地热水综合质量总体较差;地热水污染物质通过饮用水途径对人体产生的总健康风险在5.77×10^(-9)~1.50×10^(-6)a^(-1)之间,平均为3.47×10^(-7)a^(-1),整体来看,总健康风险等级为极小,但也有部分区域为较低等级;致癌健康风险等级大部分区域为极小,少部分区域为较低等级,非致癌物质所致的健康风险极小。

冀东平原地面沉降影响因素及易发性评价——以唐山市平原区为例

为了解冀东平原地区地面沉降机理,揭示诱发地面沉降的主要影响因素,以唐山市平原区为研究对象,通过分析研究区地面沉降现状、第四系地层性质及地下水位埋深等因素,系统解释了引起地面沉降的主要因素,并借助综合危险性指数法进行了地面沉降易发性评价。结果表明:①研究区地面沉降自北向南逐渐增强,沉降严重地区分布于沿海地带;研究区地面沉降高易发区面积1859.74 km^(2),占比为22.30%,中易发区面积为2699.34 km^(2),占比为32.36%,低易发区面积3781.92 km^(2),占比为45.34%。②影响地面沉降的内部因素为第四系地层厚度、地下水主要开采层黏性土厚度,外部影响因素为浅层、深层地下水位埋深。研究成果可为提高地面沉降灾害的监测与预警能力提供科学依据。

冀中平原典型奶牛舍环境质量状况研究

选择冀中平原地区3类典型奶牛舍,对春季(无应激期)、夏季(热应激期)、冬季(冷应激期)各舍内外温热环境及其他环境质量状况评价指标进行检测,研究不同建筑结构奶牛舍环境质量状况,指导该地区奶牛舍设计改造和环境改善。结果表明,相同试验期内,各舍外环境温度、相对湿度和THI均无显著差异(P>0.05);舍2温度均为最高(P<0.05)。春季、夏季各舍相对湿度均无显著差异(P>0.05),冬季舍1最低(P<0.05)。春季各舍THI无显著差异(P>0.05),夏季舍2最高(P<0.05),冬季舍3最低(P<0.05)。春季、夏季各舍PM 2.5、PM 10含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),冬季舍2最高(P<0.05)。相同试验期内,舍2屋顶温度、地面温度、NH 3、CO 2、空气中细菌含量均显著高于其他舍(P<0.05);各舍风速、噪音强度、人工光照强度均无显著差异(P>0.05),自然光照强度为舍3>舍1>舍2(P<0.05)。冀中平原地区奶牛舍的设计、改造及管理应注意兼顾夏季的防暑降温、冬季防寒保暖和通风换气,改善牛舍内环境质量。