The Shuiyindong deposit is one of the largest (more than 100 tonnes of Au) and highest grade (more than 7×10-6-10×10-6), strata-bound Carlintype gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China. The dep...The Shuiyindong deposit is one of the largest (more than 100 tonnes of Au) and highest grade (more than 7×10-6-10×10-6), strata-bound Carlintype gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China. The deposit is controlled by both structure and favorable lithology. It is situated near the axis of the striking Huijiabao anticline and is hosted in bioclastic limestone of the Permian Longtan Formation. Gold mineralization occurred under low temperature with Th of 220℃± and is closely associated with decarbonation, silicification, sulfidation and dolomitization. The deposit has a characteristic elemental assemblage of Au-As-Hg-Tl. Studies of geochemistry and isotope compositions indicated that the ore-bearing materials and fluids of the gold deposit mainly originated from a plutonic source, and possess a mixing feature with the strata matter during transportation from mantle to crust. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz from the gold deposit are rich in volatile flux, indicating that metallogenic fluid is an overpres-sured one. The activity and geothermal state of the Earth's crust in the long period of time are favorable for the formation of overpressured fluids in a large area, and extensive structures would drive the fluids into ore-forming sys-tem and make gold deposits formed. The complexity of structural movement in the upper crust of southwestern Guizhou Province resulted in complicated gold mineralization. Through metallogenic prognosis and exploration, the proven reserves of the deposit increased by tens of tonnes of Au and the deposit has become a super-large strata-bound Carlin-type gold deposit.展开更多
A large number of the Carlin-type gold deposits occur in the Longtan Formation in southwestern Guizhou Province.The Long-tan Formation contains abundant basalt,tuff and siliceous rocks.All rocks of the Longtan Formati...A large number of the Carlin-type gold deposits occur in the Longtan Formation in southwestern Guizhou Province.The Long-tan Formation contains abundant basalt,tuff and siliceous rocks.All rocks of the Longtan Formation are enriched in gold,which were deposited in a limited platform environment in the transition zone from marine to continental.The process of sedimentation was accompanied by the eruption of Emeishan basalt and hydrothermal deposition controlled by co-sedimentary submarine deep faults in the west,which led to the formation of a peculiar gold-bearing formation with coal series strata.This formation controlled the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province.In response to the remobilization of the Emei mantle plume during the Yanshanian period,As,Au and other ore-forming materials were continuously extracted by deeply circulating waters from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams,thereafter forming ore-forming hydrothermal solutions.When these elements were transported in the coal seams,large amounts of As,Au and other elements were enriched in pyrite within the coal seams,thus forming high-As coal and Carlin-type gold deposits in the Longtan Formation coal series strata.展开更多
The Emei mantle plume activity lasted for a long period of time ranging from the whole Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic. The large-scale Emeishan basalt eruption marked the summit period of mafic magmatic activity between E...The Emei mantle plume activity lasted for a long period of time ranging from the whole Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic. The large-scale Emeishan basalt eruption marked the summit period of mafic magmatic activity between Early and Late Permian. Lots of Au, As, Hg, Sb and other trace elements, in the form of extreme dispersion, found their way into coal seams of the Longtan Formation in the transitional zone between platform facies and slope facies at the margin of the platform around the areas of Xingyi, Anlong, Xingren and Zhenfeng in southwestern Guizhou Province. During the Yanshanian Emei mantle plume activity, large amounts of ore-forming elements such as As, Au, Hg, Sb, etc. were extracted from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams by hydrothermal solutions, followed by their mobilization and transport. When the hydrothermal solutions passed through the coal measures of the Longtan Formation, the element As was enriched locally to form high-As coal.; The intensive Emei plume activity provided the material source of As and dynamic source for the formation of high-As coal in southwestern Guizhou Province.展开更多
METAL minerals precipitate generally from ore-forming fluid. It is suggested that organic mat-ter in ore-forming fluid is one of the best media which show the role of organic matter in oregenesis. Because mineralizing...METAL minerals precipitate generally from ore-forming fluid. It is suggested that organic mat-ter in ore-forming fluid is one of the best media which show the role of organic matter in oregenesis. Because mineralizing temperatures of many ore deposits exceeded the stable rangesof liquid hydrocarbons, only light hydrocarbons were preserved well in inclusions. Thus,展开更多
The dual geochemical character of paragenesis and fractionation between gold, arsenic and antimony in micro-disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou is discussed in terms of spatial distribution of independe...The dual geochemical character of paragenesis and fractionation between gold, arsenic and antimony in micro-disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou is discussed in terms of spatial distribution of independent deposits, lateral and vertical enrichment, mineralization stage and factor and correlation analyses. Thermodynamic calculations of solubility and speciation of gold and antimony minerals indicate that gold is transported in hydrothermal solution as Au(HS) 2and antimony is mainly as Sb(OH)30 although HSb2S4 may be of increasing importance in acidenvironment at low temperatures during the late stage of mineralization. Changes in physico-chemical conditions hold the key to the association and fractionation between gold and antimony. Gold and antimony response differently to physicochemical variations because they are distinct from each other in soluble speciation and mineral solubility, leading to precipitation at different times and localities during hydrothermal evolution.展开更多
Based on the organic geochemical studies on two typical Carlin-type deposits in southwestern Guizhou, as well as the comparison between the two deposits in terms of geological background,igneous rock, paleo-oilfield, ...Based on the organic geochemical studies on two typical Carlin-type deposits in southwestern Guizhou, as well as the comparison between the two deposits in terms of geological background,igneous rock, paleo-oilfield, lithofacies and paleogeographical and geochemical features, two kinds of Carlin-type deposit were proposed: Lannigou Type and Getang Type. The former includes Lannigou,Banqi and Yata gold deposits. These deposits are hosted by turbidite, geographically situated in the southwest of the mineralized district, and related genetically to paleo-oilfields. The latter includes Getang, Zimudang and Dachang gold (mercury and thallium) deposits, situated geographically in the northwest of the mineralized district where Emeishan basalt commonly occurs. These deposits are associated with reduction of coaly organic matter.展开更多
Fluid inclusions in quartz from the Lannigou and Yata Carlin\|type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma\|mass spectrometry for their trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Pt,...Fluid inclusions in quartz from the Lannigou and Yata Carlin\|type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma\|mass spectrometry for their trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Pt, etc.). The results show that quartz fluid inclusions entrapped at different ore\|forming stages contain higher Co, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn. It has been found for the first time that the ore\|forming fluids responsible for the Carlin\|type gold deposits are rich in Pt. From this it can be concluded that basic volcanic rocks seem to be one of the important sources of ore\|forming materials for the Carlin\|type gold deposits.展开更多
Several Au deposits in Guizhou Province,southwest China,described as being similar to the highly productive Carlin-type gold deposits in northern Nevada.USA,were examined to identify similarities and differences betwe...Several Au deposits in Guizhou Province,southwest China,described as being similar to the highly productive Carlin-type gold deposits in northern Nevada.USA,were examined to identify similarities and differences between the two districts.Samples were collected along transects from lowto high-grade rock,where possible,and fram stockpiles at the Shuiyindong,Zimudang,Taipingdong,Yata and Jinfeng(formerly Lannigou)deposits.Methods used to examine ore and alteration minerals included hand-sample description:reflectance spectroscopy using an ASD Terraspec spectrometer;analyses of hand samples by carbonate staining with Alizaren red and potassium ferricyanide;transmitted and reflected light petrography;chemical analyses,mineral identification,and imaging using a JEOL.JSM-5610 scanning electron microscope:and quantitative chemical analyses using a JEOL JXA-8900 electron probe microanalyzer.Geochemical analyses of hand samples for 52 elements were done by ALS Chemex.Results indicate both similarities and differences between the two districts.Both districts have similar geologic histories.and deposits at both locations appear to have formed as a result of similar tectonic events.though the district in southwest China lacks evidence of eoeval felsic igneous activity;however,the ore-stage minerals and the fluids that produced the minerals and deposits have some significant differences.The Nevada deposits were dominated by fluid-rock reaction in which host rock Fe was sulfidized to form Au-bearing pyrite.Although ore fluids sulfidized host rock Fe in the Cuizhou deposits.the timing of Fe metasomatism is unknown,so whether the deposits formed in response to sulfidation or pyritization is unclear.Fluid-rock reaction between an acidic,aqueous fluid and highly reactive calcareous rocks in Nevada caused extensive decarbonatization of host rocks,jasperoid replacemerit of carbonate minerals,and alteration of silty rock components to illite and kaolinite.In Guizhou,CO2-bearing ore fluids with temperatures and pressures approaching 100℃ and 500 bars greater than temperatures and pressures detemained for ore fluids in the Nevada deposits,deposited Aubearing pyrite.In examined Guizhou deposits these fluids carbonatized host rocks and farmed both replacement and open-space-filling ore.The fluids,which may have been immiscible,were sufficiently overpressured to fracture wall rocks and to create significant open space filled by vein quartz.While deposit architecture,tectonic setting,and host rocks in Guizhou are quite similar to northern Nevada,ore and alteration minerals suggest that ore-forming processes in examined Guizhou deposits have important similarities to processes associated with formation of orogenic Au systems.The Guizhou deposits display characteristics of both Carlin-type and orogenic systems,perhaps indicating formation at conditions somewhat intermediate to conditions for Carlin-type deposits and orogenic systems.展开更多
The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics o...The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4±N2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260℃)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H2O–NaCl±CO2±CH4,with low temperature(120–200℃)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO2and CH4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ^13C,d D,and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ^34S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.展开更多
基金supported jointly by the State Science and Technology Supporting Program (2006BAB01A13)the self-research project funded by the State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry (Ore Deposit Special Research Project 2008.3-2)Guizhou Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resource Exploration and Development [Qian Di Kuang Ke (2009) No. 11]
文摘The Shuiyindong deposit is one of the largest (more than 100 tonnes of Au) and highest grade (more than 7×10-6-10×10-6), strata-bound Carlintype gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China. The deposit is controlled by both structure and favorable lithology. It is situated near the axis of the striking Huijiabao anticline and is hosted in bioclastic limestone of the Permian Longtan Formation. Gold mineralization occurred under low temperature with Th of 220℃± and is closely associated with decarbonation, silicification, sulfidation and dolomitization. The deposit has a characteristic elemental assemblage of Au-As-Hg-Tl. Studies of geochemistry and isotope compositions indicated that the ore-bearing materials and fluids of the gold deposit mainly originated from a plutonic source, and possess a mixing feature with the strata matter during transportation from mantle to crust. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz from the gold deposit are rich in volatile flux, indicating that metallogenic fluid is an overpres-sured one. The activity and geothermal state of the Earth's crust in the long period of time are favorable for the formation of overpressured fluids in a large area, and extensive structures would drive the fluids into ore-forming sys-tem and make gold deposits formed. The complexity of structural movement in the upper crust of southwestern Guizhou Province resulted in complicated gold mineralization. Through metallogenic prognosis and exploration, the proven reserves of the deposit increased by tens of tonnes of Au and the deposit has become a super-large strata-bound Carlin-type gold deposit.
文摘A large number of the Carlin-type gold deposits occur in the Longtan Formation in southwestern Guizhou Province.The Long-tan Formation contains abundant basalt,tuff and siliceous rocks.All rocks of the Longtan Formation are enriched in gold,which were deposited in a limited platform environment in the transition zone from marine to continental.The process of sedimentation was accompanied by the eruption of Emeishan basalt and hydrothermal deposition controlled by co-sedimentary submarine deep faults in the west,which led to the formation of a peculiar gold-bearing formation with coal series strata.This formation controlled the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province.In response to the remobilization of the Emei mantle plume during the Yanshanian period,As,Au and other ore-forming materials were continuously extracted by deeply circulating waters from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams,thereafter forming ore-forming hydrothermal solutions.When these elements were transported in the coal seams,large amounts of As,Au and other elements were enriched in pyrite within the coal seams,thus forming high-As coal and Carlin-type gold deposits in the Longtan Formation coal series strata.
文摘The Emei mantle plume activity lasted for a long period of time ranging from the whole Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic. The large-scale Emeishan basalt eruption marked the summit period of mafic magmatic activity between Early and Late Permian. Lots of Au, As, Hg, Sb and other trace elements, in the form of extreme dispersion, found their way into coal seams of the Longtan Formation in the transitional zone between platform facies and slope facies at the margin of the platform around the areas of Xingyi, Anlong, Xingren and Zhenfeng in southwestern Guizhou Province. During the Yanshanian Emei mantle plume activity, large amounts of ore-forming elements such as As, Au, Hg, Sb, etc. were extracted from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams by hydrothermal solutions, followed by their mobilization and transport. When the hydrothermal solutions passed through the coal measures of the Longtan Formation, the element As was enriched locally to form high-As coal.; The intensive Emei plume activity provided the material source of As and dynamic source for the formation of high-As coal in southwestern Guizhou Province.
文摘METAL minerals precipitate generally from ore-forming fluid. It is suggested that organic mat-ter in ore-forming fluid is one of the best media which show the role of organic matter in oregenesis. Because mineralizing temperatures of many ore deposits exceeded the stable rangesof liquid hydrocarbons, only light hydrocarbons were preserved well in inclusions. Thus,
文摘The dual geochemical character of paragenesis and fractionation between gold, arsenic and antimony in micro-disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou is discussed in terms of spatial distribution of independent deposits, lateral and vertical enrichment, mineralization stage and factor and correlation analyses. Thermodynamic calculations of solubility and speciation of gold and antimony minerals indicate that gold is transported in hydrothermal solution as Au(HS) 2and antimony is mainly as Sb(OH)30 although HSb2S4 may be of increasing importance in acidenvironment at low temperatures during the late stage of mineralization. Changes in physico-chemical conditions hold the key to the association and fractionation between gold and antimony. Gold and antimony response differently to physicochemical variations because they are distinct from each other in soluble speciation and mineral solubility, leading to precipitation at different times and localities during hydrothermal evolution.
文摘Based on the organic geochemical studies on two typical Carlin-type deposits in southwestern Guizhou, as well as the comparison between the two deposits in terms of geological background,igneous rock, paleo-oilfield, lithofacies and paleogeographical and geochemical features, two kinds of Carlin-type deposit were proposed: Lannigou Type and Getang Type. The former includes Lannigou,Banqi and Yata gold deposits. These deposits are hosted by turbidite, geographically situated in the southwest of the mineralized district, and related genetically to paleo-oilfields. The latter includes Getang, Zimudang and Dachang gold (mercury and thallium) deposits, situated geographically in the northwest of the mineralized district where Emeishan basalt commonly occurs. These deposits are associated with reduction of coaly organic matter.
文摘Fluid inclusions in quartz from the Lannigou and Yata Carlin\|type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma\|mass spectrometry for their trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Pt, etc.). The results show that quartz fluid inclusions entrapped at different ore\|forming stages contain higher Co, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn. It has been found for the first time that the ore\|forming fluids responsible for the Carlin\|type gold deposits are rich in Pt. From this it can be concluded that basic volcanic rocks seem to be one of the important sources of ore\|forming materials for the Carlin\|type gold deposits.
基金We would also like to acknowledge financial support from Key Project 40930423 from the National Natural Science Foun dation of China.
文摘Several Au deposits in Guizhou Province,southwest China,described as being similar to the highly productive Carlin-type gold deposits in northern Nevada.USA,were examined to identify similarities and differences between the two districts.Samples were collected along transects from lowto high-grade rock,where possible,and fram stockpiles at the Shuiyindong,Zimudang,Taipingdong,Yata and Jinfeng(formerly Lannigou)deposits.Methods used to examine ore and alteration minerals included hand-sample description:reflectance spectroscopy using an ASD Terraspec spectrometer;analyses of hand samples by carbonate staining with Alizaren red and potassium ferricyanide;transmitted and reflected light petrography;chemical analyses,mineral identification,and imaging using a JEOL.JSM-5610 scanning electron microscope:and quantitative chemical analyses using a JEOL JXA-8900 electron probe microanalyzer.Geochemical analyses of hand samples for 52 elements were done by ALS Chemex.Results indicate both similarities and differences between the two districts.Both districts have similar geologic histories.and deposits at both locations appear to have formed as a result of similar tectonic events.though the district in southwest China lacks evidence of eoeval felsic igneous activity;however,the ore-stage minerals and the fluids that produced the minerals and deposits have some significant differences.The Nevada deposits were dominated by fluid-rock reaction in which host rock Fe was sulfidized to form Au-bearing pyrite.Although ore fluids sulfidized host rock Fe in the Cuizhou deposits.the timing of Fe metasomatism is unknown,so whether the deposits formed in response to sulfidation or pyritization is unclear.Fluid-rock reaction between an acidic,aqueous fluid and highly reactive calcareous rocks in Nevada caused extensive decarbonatization of host rocks,jasperoid replacemerit of carbonate minerals,and alteration of silty rock components to illite and kaolinite.In Guizhou,CO2-bearing ore fluids with temperatures and pressures approaching 100℃ and 500 bars greater than temperatures and pressures detemained for ore fluids in the Nevada deposits,deposited Aubearing pyrite.In examined Guizhou deposits these fluids carbonatized host rocks and farmed both replacement and open-space-filling ore.The fluids,which may have been immiscible,were sufficiently overpressured to fracture wall rocks and to create significant open space filled by vein quartz.While deposit architecture,tectonic setting,and host rocks in Guizhou are quite similar to northern Nevada,ore and alteration minerals suggest that ore-forming processes in examined Guizhou deposits have important similarities to processes associated with formation of orogenic Au systems.The Guizhou deposits display characteristics of both Carlin-type and orogenic systems,perhaps indicating formation at conditions somewhat intermediate to conditions for Carlin-type deposits and orogenic systems.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of Deeppenetrating Geochemistry (2016YFC0600607)Deep Mineral Resources Exploration and Exploitation (2017YFC0601500)+1 种基金the Geological Research Project of Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Guizhou Province (Qian Di Kuang Ke He (2017) No. 10)the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41802027, 41802088)
文摘The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4±N2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260℃)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H2O–NaCl±CO2±CH4,with low temperature(120–200℃)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO2and CH4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ^13C,d D,and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ^34S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.
