Depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex of the Dengying Formation in the southwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China: Implications for the Ediacaran microbial mound construction and hydrocarbon exploration

Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, SW China,where the depositional process is regarded confusing. The microfacies, construction types, and depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been investigated using unmanned aerial vehicle photography, outcrop section investigation, thin section identification,and seismic reflections in the southwestern Sichuan Basin. The microbialite lithologic textures in this region include thrombolite, dendrolite, stromatolite, fenestral stromatolite, spongiostromata stone,oncolite, aggregated grainstone, and botryoidal grapestone. Based on the comprehensive analysis of“depositional fabrics-lithology-microfacies”, an association between a fore mound, mound framework,and back mound subfacies has been proposed based on water depth, current direction, energy level and lithologic assemblages. The microfacies of the mound base, mound core, mound flank, mound cap, and mound flat could be recognized among the mound framework subfacies. Two construction types of marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been determined based on deposition location, mound scale, migration direction, and sedimentary facies association. Type Jinkouhe microbial mound constructions(TJMMCs) develop along the windward margin owing to their proximity to the seaward subfacies fore mound, with a northeastwardly migrated microbial mound on top of the mud mound,exhibiting the characteristics of large-sized mounds and small-sized banks in the surrounding area. Type E'bian microbial mound constructions(TEMMCs) primarily occur on the leeward margin, resulting from the presence of onshore back mound subfacies, with the smaller southwestward migrated microbial mounds existing on a thicker microbial flat. The platform margin microbial mound depositional model can be correlated with certain lateral comparison profile and seismic reflection structures in the 2D seismic section, which can provide references for future worldwide exploration. Microbial mounds with larger buildups and thicker vertical reservoirs are typically targeted on the windward margin, while small-sized microbial mounds and flats with better lateral connections are typically focused on the leeward margin.

Comparison of basic features and origins of oolitic shoal reservoirs between carbonate platform interior and platform margin locations in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of the Sichuan Basin,southwest China

The oolitic shoal reservoirs of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation carbonates in the Sichuan Basin of southwest China are an important target for gas exploration in the basin.Their occurrence,like other cases worldwide,can be divided into two locations in general,i.e.,platform interior and platform margin locations.Their differences of reservoir features and origins,however,have not been investigated comprehensively due to different exploration degrees.This issue is addressed in this paper,to provide basic data and information for the basin＇s hydrocarbon exploration and for the study of carbonate platform sedimentology and reservoir geology worldwide.We compared the features of these two types of reservoirs in detail,including the depositional and diagenetic features,pore types and petrophysical features.Based on the comparison,the origin of the reservoirs was further discussed.It is shown that the reservoirs in platform interior and platform margin locations differ significantly.The interior carbonates were deposited in moderate to high energy settings and the dominant lithologic type was limestone,which was weakly compacted and intensely cemented and has undergone meteoric dissolution.Pore types include intragranular dissolution and moldic pores,with low porosities（6%） and low permeabilities（0.1 mD）.By contrast,the platform margin carbonates were deposited in relatively high energy settings and mainly consisted of dolostones with some limestones.The rocks were strongly compacted but incompletely cemented.As a result,some primary intergranular pores were preserved.Both meteoric solution and burial solution have taken place.There are various types of pore spaces including intergranular and intercrystalline solution pores and residual intergranular pores.This type of reservoir generally has better petrophysical properties（9% porosity and 0.1 mD permeability） and pore-throat structures than the interior reservoirs.These differences were influenced by both primary depositional features and secondary diagenesis.For the interior carbonate reservoirs,early meteoric dissolution,weak compaction and strong cementation are important controlling factors.By contrast,the factors controlling the formation of the margin carbonate reservoirs mainly include dolomitization,preservation of primary pores and burial dissolution.

Mineralogy and fracture development characteristics of marine shale-gas reservoirs: A case study of Lower Silurian strata in southeastern margin of Sichuan Basin, China

Mineral contents and fractures of shale from well Yuye-1 and outcrops were examined mainly based on systematic description of the cores and outcrops, and data from experimental analyses. The data enabled us to thoroughly explore the mineralogy and developmental features of shale of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the study area. The results show that,the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale(SLS) in the southeastern margin of Sichuan Basin, China, is primarily characterized by a high content of brittle minerals and a relatively low content of clay minerals. The total content of brittle minerals is approximately 57%,including 27% quartz, 12.2% feldspar, 11.2% carbonate and 2.4% pyrite. The total content of clay minerals reaches 41.6%,composed of illite(23.8%), mixed-layer of illite and smectite(I/S)(10.8%) and chlorite(7.0%). The SLS accommodates the widespread development of various types of fractures, including tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures, inter-layer fractures and slip fractures. The developmental level of the fracture in the SLS is mainly influenced by faults, lithology, mineral contents and total organic carbon content(TOC) in study area.

Hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration prospect of mound-shoal complexes on the platform margin of the fourth member of Sinian Dengying Formation in the east of Mianzhu-Changning intracratonic rift, Sichuan Basin, SW China

Drilling,seismic and logging data were used to evaluate the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of the mound-shoal complexes in the platform margin of the fourth member of Sinian Dengying Formation in the east side of the Mianzhu-Changning intracratonic rift in the Sichuan Basin.The four understandings are:(1)The platform margin belt of the Deng 4 Member can be divided into three sections,northern,middle and southern;the middle section is at the core of the Gaoshiti-Moxi paleouplift and the structural high now,while the southern and northern sections are at the slope of the paleouplift and the structural lows now;the three sections have similar development characteristics and reservoir features of platform margin mound-shoal complex.(2)In the margin of the east side of the rift,there are several faults nearly perpendicular to the platform margin belt,the faults divide the platform margin belt into rugged paleo-landform,and the high part developed platform margin mound-shoal complexes and the reservoirs are good in physical properties,while the low part developed inter-beach depression and no mound-shoal complexes,where the reservoirs are poor in physical properties.(3)The six groups of faults nearly perpendicular to the platform margin belt divide the platform margin belt into seven large mound-shoal complexes which have similar hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and accumulation evolution process and are rich in petroleum.(4)The inter shoal depressions between the mound-shoal complexes are characterized by tighter lithology,which can block the updip direction of the mounds and shoals at the lower part of the slope of the paleouplift and are favorable for the later preservation of mound-shoal gas reservoirs.This has been proved by Well Jiaotan 1 and Heshen 2 drilled successfully.The mound-shoal complexes on the platform margin of the structural slope area have a good exploration prospect.

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES AND GENESIS BY FLUID CONVECTION FOR PERMIAN Cu-BEARING Cu-Ag TYPE DEPOSITS AT THE SOUTHWESTERN EDGE OF THE SICHUAN BASIN

Kupferschiefer type Cu-Ag deposits occur in the Upper Permian Xuanwei Formation in the Leshan-Muchuan region at the southwestern edge of the Sichuan Basin. Evidences from geology, major element, REE and thermolurninescence analyses suggest that these Kupferschiefer type CuAg deposits were formed during diagenesis and the ore-forming fluids were derived frorn the underlying basalt. Fluid dynamic analyses show that the ore-forming fluids migrated in a unicellular convection, fluids migrated through the basalt, leaching Cu and Ag frorn basalt and forming orebearing solutions, up the western basement highs, moved laterally along the Xuanwei Formation toward the basin centers, presumably to sink back down into the basalt, completing a convection cycle which was about 15 km long, 300 m high and subhorizontal. Further analysis and calculation suggest that there are good geological, tectonic and fluid-dynamic conditions to form middle-scale Cu and giant Ag Kupferschiefer type deposits, but superlarge deposits are unlikely to be formed in this region.

Hydrocarbon accumulation and orderly distribution of whole petroleum system in marine carbonate rocks of Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on the situation and progress of marine oil/gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin,SW China,the whole petroleum system is divided for marine carbonate rocks of the basin according to the combinations of hydrocarbon accumulation elements,especially the source rock.The hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of each whole petroleum system are analyzed,the patterns of integrated conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation are summarized,and the favorable exploration targets are proposed.Under the control of multiple extensional-convergent tectonic cycles,the marine carbonate rocks of the Sichuan Basin contain three sets of regional source rocks and three sets of regional cap rocks,and can be divided into the Cambrian,Silurian and Permian whole petroleum systems.These whole petroleum systems present mainly independent hydrocarbon accumulation,containing natural gas of affinity individually.Locally,large fault zones run through multiple whole petroleum systems,forming a fault-controlled complex whole petroleum system.The hydrocarbon accumulation sequence of continental shelf facies shale gas accumulation,marginal platform facies-controlled gas reservoirs,and intra-platform fault-and facies-controlled gas reservoirs is common in the whole petroleum system,with a stereoscopic accumulation and orderly distribution pattern.High-quality source rock is fundamental to the formation of large gas fields,and natural gas in a whole petroleum system is generally enriched near and within the source rocks.The development and maintenance of large-scale reservoirs are essential for natural gas enrichment,multiple sources,oil and gas transformation,and dynamic adjustment are the characteristics of marine petroleum accumulation,and good preservation conditions are critical to natural gas accumulation.Large-scale marginal-platform reef-bank facies zones,deep shale gas,and large-scale lithological complexes related to source-connected faults are future marine hydrocarbon exploration targets in the Sichuan Basin.

The Coupling Relationship between the Uplift of Longmen Shan and the Subsidence of Foreland Basin,Sichuan,China

Depending on the analysis of the coeval sedimentary geometry and subsidence mechanism in the Longmen Shan foreland basin, three models about the coupling relationship between Longmen Shan uplift and foreland basin subsidence since the Indosinian have been proposed：（1） crustal shortening and its related wide wedge-shaped foreland basin,（2） crustal isostatic rebound and its related tabular foreland basin, and（3） lower crustal flow and its related narrow wedge-shaped foreland basin. Based on the narrow wedge-shaped foreland basin developed since 4 Ma, it is believed that the narrow crustal shortening and tectonic load driven by lower crustal flow is a primary driver for the present Longmen Shan uplift and the Wenchuan（Ms 8.0） earthquake.

Lithofacies paleogeography and exploration significance of Sinian Doushantuo depositional stage in the middle-upper Yangtze region, Sichuan Basin, SW China

In recent years, natural gas exploration in the Sinian Dengying Formation and shale gas exploration in Doushantuo Formation have made major breakthroughs in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas. However, the sedimentary background of the Doushantuo Formation hasn't been studied systematically. The lithofacies paleogeographic pattern, sedimentary environment, sedimentary evolution and distribution of source rocks during the depositional stage of Doushantuo Formation were systematically analyzed by using a large amount of outcrop data, and a small amount of drilling and seismic data.(1) The sedimentary sequence and stratigraphic distribution of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation in the middle-upper Yangtze region were controlled by paleouplifts and marginal sags. The Doushantuo Formation in the paleouplift region was overlayed with thin thickness, including shore facies, mixed continental shelf facies and atypical carbonate platform facies. The marginal sag had complete strata and large thickness, and developed deep water shelf facies and restricted basin facies.(2) The Doushantuo Formation is divided into four members from bottom to top, and the sedimentary sequence is a complete sedimentary cycle of transgression–high position–regression. The first member is atypical carbonate gentle slope deposit in the early stage of the transgression, the second member is shore-mixed shelf deposit in the extensive transgression period, and the third member is atypical restricted–open sea platform deposit of the high position of the transgression.(3) The second member has organic-rich black shale developed with stable distribution and large thickness, which is an important source rock interval and major shale gas interval. The third member is characterized by microbial carbonate rock and has good storage conditions which is conducive to the accumulation of natural gas, phosphate and other mineral resources, so it is a new area worthy of attention. The Qinling trough and western Hubei trough are favorable areas for exploration of natural gas(including shale gas) and mineral resources such as phosphate and manganese ore.

Structural features and exploration targets of platform margins in Sinian Dengying Formation in Deyang-Anyue Rift, Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the seismic, logging, drilling and other data, the distribution, structural types and mound-shoal hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of platform margins of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Deyang-Anyue Rift and its periphery were analyzed. Four types of platform margins are developed in the Dengying Formation, i.e., single-stage fault-controlled platform margin, multi-stage fault-controlled platform margin, gentle slope platform margin, and overlapping platform margin. In the Gaoshiti West-Weiyuan East area, single-stage fault controlled platform margins are developed in the Deng 2 Member, which trend in nearly NEE direction and are shielded by faults and mudstones, forming fault-controlled–lithologic traps. In the Lezhi-Penglai area, independent and multi-stage fault controlled platform margins are developed in the Deng 2 Member, which trend in NE direction and are controlled by synsedimentary faults;the mound-shoal complexes are aggraded and built on the hanging walls of the faults, and they are shielded by tight intertidal belts and the Lower Cambrian source rocks in multiple directions, forming fault-controlled–lithologic and other composite traps. In the Weiyuan-Ziyang area, gentle slope platform margins are developed in the Deng 2 Member, which trend in NW direction;the mound-shoal complexes are mostly thin interbeds as continuous bands and shielded by tight intertidal belts in the updip direction, forming lithologic traps. In the Gaoshiti-Moxi-Yanting area, overlapping platform margins are developed in the Deng 2 and Deng 4 members;the mound-shoal complexes are aggraded and overlaid to create platform margin buildup with a huge thickness and sealed by tight intertidal belts and the Lower Cambrian mudstones in the updip direction, forming large-scale lithologic traps on the north slope of the Central Sichuan Paleouplift. To summarize, the mound-shoal complexes on the platform margins in the Dengying Formation in the Penglai-Zhongjiang area, Moxi North-Yanting area and Weiyuan-Ziyang area are large in scale, with estimated resources of 1.58×1012 m3, and they will be the key targets for the future exploration of the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin.

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:40Ar/39Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shear- zone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new 40Ar/39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained 40Ar/39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonic- magmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in large- scale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.

Segmented evolution of Deyang-Anyue erosion rift trough in Sichuan Basin and its significance for oil and gas exploration, SW China

Based on analysis of field survey, drilling and seismic data, the formation and evolution process of Deyang-Anyue erosion rift trough in Sichuan Basin was reconstructed, and exploration areas were divided and evaluated. The results show that:(1) Dengying Formation in and around Deyang-Anyue erosion rift trough varies widely in sedimentary characteristics. The Dengying Formation in the northern part of the erosion rift trough developed deep-water sediments, the Dengying Formation in the northern part of the basin varied gradually from basin to slope, platform margin, and restricted platform, and the Dengying Formation in the middle and southern parts of the trough developed carbonate platform facies.(2) Deyang-Anyue erosion rift trough is formed by extensional rift and karst erosion jointly, the north section of the erosion rift trough is mainly the product of tensile rift, while the middle and south sections are formed by erosion in multi-episodes of Tongwan period.(3) Based on the segmented origins of the erosion rift trough, Dengying Formation in and around it is divided into three exploration fields: lithologic mound and beach bodies at the northern platform margin of the basin, karst mound and beach bodies in the central platform, and karst residual mounds in the central southern trough of the basin, among them, the karst residual mounds in the central southern trough of the basin are a new frontier for natural gas exploration in the basin, and the lithologic mound and beach bodies at the northern platform margin are a new position for increasing the reserves of trillions of cubic meters of natural gas resources in the basin.

Structural geology and favorable exploration prospect belts in northwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China

The northwestern Sichuan region has experienced multi-stage tectonic evolution including marine cratonic basin from the Sinian to the Middle Triassic and intra-continental basin from the Late Triassic to the Cenozoic. Several regional tectonic activities caused complicated stratigraphic distribution and structural deformations in the deep-buried layers. During the key tectonic periods, some characteristic sedimentary and deformation structures were formed, including the step-shaped marginal carbonate platform of Dengying Formation, the western paleo-high at the end of Silurian, and the passive continental margin of the Late Paleozoic–Middle Triassic. The Meso-Cenozoic intra-continental compressional tectonic processes since the Late Triassic controlled the formation of complex thrusting structures surrounding and inside the northwestern basin. The northern Longmenshan fold-thrust belt has a footwall in-situ thrust structure,which is controlled by two sets of detachments in the Lower Triassic and Lower Cambrian and presents as a multi-level deformation structure with the shallow folds, the middle thin-skin thrusts and the deeper basement-involved folds. The thrust belt in front of the Micangshan Mountain shows a double-layer deformation controlled by the Lower Triassic salt detachment, which is composed by the upper monocline and deep-buried imbricate thrust structures. The interior of the basin is characterized by several rows of large-scale basement-involved folds with NEE strike direction. From the perspective of structural geology, the favorable exploration reservoirs and belts in northwestern Sichuan have obvious zoning characteristics. The favorable exploration layers of Dengying Formation of Upper Sinian are mainly distributed in the eastern and northern areas of the northwestern Sichuan Basin, in which the Jiulongshan structural belt, Zitong syncline and Yanting slope are the most favorable. The Lower Paleozoic was transformed by Caledonian paleo-uplift and late Cenozoic folding, and the midwest area such as the Zitong syncline is a potential area for hydrocarbon exploration. The favorable part of the Upper Paleozoic is mainly distributed in the northern Longmenshan belt and its frontal area, where the deep-buried thin-skin thrust structures in the footwall are the key exploration targets.

Multi-Stage Basin Development and Hydrocarbon Accumulations： A Review of the Sichuan Basin at Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Sichuan Basin is one of the uppermost petroliferous basins in China. It experienced three evolutionary phases which were marine carbonate platform （Ediacaran to Late Triassic）, Indosinian-Yanshanian orogeny foreland basin （Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous） and uplift and tectonic modification （Late Cretaceous to Quaternary）. The present-day tectonics of the Sichuan Ba- sin and its periphery are characterized by three basic elements which are topography, basement type and surface structure, and two settings （plate margin and interior）. Therefore, be subdivided into five units which have different structure and tectonic history. The basin contains five different sets of source rocks with thickness up to 2 500 m. These source rocks were well preserved due to the presence of Middel-Lower Triassic evaporites （〉-200 m） and thick terrestrial sediments filling in the Indosinian-Yanshanian foreland basin （〉3 000 m）. The uplift and erosion since Late Cretaceous has significant influence on cross-strata migration and accumulation of oil and gas. The multi-phase evolution of the basin and its superimposed tectonic elements, good petroleum geologic conditions and diverse petroleum systems reveal its bright exploration prospects.

Seismic Sedimentology Study in the High-Resolution Sequence Framework——A Case Study of Platform Margin Reef-Beach System of Changxing Formation,Upper Permian,Yuanba Area,Northeast Sichuan Basin,China

The Yuanba （元坝） area is considered another potential large-scale reef-bank gas field following the Puguang （普光） field. However, there are lots of difficulties on the spatial and temporal distribution of reef-beach and the detailed prediction of the effective reservoir in the sequence stratigraphic framework. In this paper, based on the seismic data, well, log and core, we conduct a high-resolution sequence division and build an isochronal sequence stratigraphic framework for the Changxing （长兴） Formation by the methods of wavelet transformation, FMI, etc.. Then, the corresponding relationship among the lithologic facies, logging facies, seismic facies, seismic attribute facies and reservoir of Changxing Formation were established through well-seismic calibration and geological-geophysical modeling. Furthermore, detailed study on the spatial and temporal distribution of microfacies of the reef-beach was carried out by means of seismic attribute extraction. Meanwhile,combined with impedance inversion, the spatial distribution of porosity of reef-beach reservoir was predicted. The results show that the revolution of the reef-beach system contains three stages which are initial bioclastic bank establishment stage, reef development stage and exposure stage. Also, porosity inversion shows that the region with high value of porosity is located in the reef cap, fore reef and back reef.Seismic Sedimentology Study in the High-Resolution Sequence Framework

Petrography and tectonic provenance of the Permian Tunas Formation:Implications on the paleotectonic setting during the ClaromecóForeland Basin evolution,southwestern Gondwana margin,Argentina

The Claromec o Basin is located at the south-western sector of the Buenos Aires province,Argentina.This basin is considered a foreland basin closely related to the evolution of the southwestern Gondwana margin.This contribution focuses on the provenance analysis of the Tunas Formation(Permian,Pillahuinc o Group),which represents the last filling stage for the Claromec o Foreland Basin.Petrographic and tectonic provenance analyses were performed in sandstones recovered from subsurface(PANG 0001 and PANG0003 exploration wells)and outcrops located close to the basin center(Gonzales Chaves locality).In the subsurface,the analyzed succession is composed of medium-to fine-grained sandstones interbedded with tuffs,mudrocks,carbonaceous mudrocks and coal beds.In outcrops,the succession is dominated by mediumto fine-grained sandstones interbedded with siltstones.Modal composition patterns are distributed into the recycled orogen and transitionally recycled to mixed fields.Petrographic analyses,in addition to provenance and sedimentological studies,confirm that sedimentary material was derived from a mixed source,which largely comes from the Sierras Australes fold and thrust belt,located towards the W-SW,where the sedimentary succession is interbedded with volcanic material.The Tunas Formation shows clear differences in its modal composition,paleocurrent direction and paleoenvironmental conditions with respect to the underlying units of the Pillahuinc o Group(Sauce Grande,Piedra Azul and Bonete formations).Source areas changed from cratonic to mixed fold belt/arc-derived material,suggesting variations in the Claromec o Basin configuration during the Late Paleozoic.Changes in the paleotectonic scenario during the deposition of the Tunas Formation have been interpreted as a consequence of a compressive post-collisional deformation event,the product of adjustment,accommodation and translation of terrains towards the equator during the Permian-Triassic to form Pangea.

Intracontinental lithospheric delamination:Constraints from imaging the mantle transition zone beneath the southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin

The southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin(SW-SCB)is adjacent to the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.Affected by the Indo-Eurasian collision and subsequent intrusion of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate during the Cenozoic,this region is ideal for the study of the tectonic evolution of the intracontinental lithosphere and the dynamic processes of deep and shallow structures.In this study,we applied the receiver function technique to the data obtained from a recently deployed high-density broadband seismic array across the Sichuan Basin and Sichuan-Yunnan block(SCB-SYB).We conducted a multi-frequency and multi-model correction analysis to image the structure of the mantle transition zone beneath this region.The results showed the660-km discontinuity gradually increasing in depth by 10-30 km beneath the western side of the Anninghe-Xiaojiang Fault,suggesting the presence of thermal anomalies caused by the subducted Indian plate from west to east.At the junction of the SCBSYB,the 410-km discontinuity exhibited a slight uplift of 5-10 km,while the 660-km discontinuity showed a significant depression of~30 km over a lateral range of~150 km.Based on previous surface GPS observation and dynamic numerical simulation studies,we suggest that the sharp lateral small-scale topography of this 660-km discontinuity beneath the SW-SCB may have resulted from dripping delamination of the lithosphere within the strain localization area.Furthermore,the aggregation of delaminated lithospheric material at the base of the 660-km discontinuity determines the regional topography of mantle transition zone discontinuities.In this study,we provided seismological evidence for the challenging detection of small-scale intracontinental lithosphere dripping delamination.Moreover,it provides a new view for studying deep and shallow dynamic processes in intracontinental regions with stress concentration resulting from plate/continental subduction and collision.

中国西南地区CCUS区域中心建设路径与政策建议

西南地区正在加快推动成渝地区双城经济圈和国家天然气(页岩气)千亿立方米产能基地等国家战略实施,面临能源消费量增长硬需求和碳减排硬约束之间的矛盾,推动CCUS产业发展是解决该问题的必由之路,而建设CCUS区域中心是CCUS产业规模化、集群化发展的必然趋势,其中四川盆地是西南地区打造CCUS区域中心的最佳选择。为了加快建设中国西南地区CCUS区域中心,系统梳理了国外的经验做法,分析了其优势和挑战,结合我国西南地区的CO_(2)排放及分布情况、封存地质条件、源汇匹配关系,针对性提出了建设路径和政策建议。研究结果表明:①打造中国西南地区CCUS区域中心具有企业减碳和增产的需求巨大、高耗能行业企业碳源丰富且较为集中、地质封存潜力大且分布集中、源汇匹配情况较好、地方政府积极支持等5大优势;②当前面临的主要问题是缺乏顶层设计和统一规划、缺乏全产业链协同技术攻关的共享平台、缺乏碳减排的激励和约束政策体系等;③下一步应聚焦CCUS-EGR、CCS、DACCS等3条路径,分启动、扩展、规模化发展3个阶段打造西南地区CCUS区域中心,形成两个千万吨级产业集群和3个百万吨级产业集群,并比选技术路径和商业化路径。结论认为,要重点从完善顶层设计,出台统一的战略规划;强化科技攻关体系建设,加快形成技术成熟、经济可行的CCUS全链条技术;强化政策支持、推动国际合作等3个方面入手,加快推动中国西南地区CCUS区域中心建设。

四川盆地德阳-安岳凹槽形成机理及灯影组沉积新格局

四川盆地德阳—安岳凹槽两侧陡坎带震旦系灯影组天然气勘探不断取得新突破,是盆地内天然气增储上产的重要领域。为了明确该凹槽的形成机理、形成期次及沉积新格局,进一步指导灯影组气藏的深化勘探,采用最新大连片三维地震成果、结合钻井等资料,分析了各期陡坎之间、陡坎与台缘带之间的空间展布关系,探索了陡坎的演化规律,进一步明确了天然气的勘探方向。研究结果表明:①德阳—安岳凹槽陡坎总体表现为侵蚀谷特征,同沉积小断层的作用不明显;②灯影组二段(以下简称灯二段)发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个陡坎,灯影组四段(以下简称灯四段)发育一个陡坎,分别在桐湾Ⅰ和Ⅱ、Ⅲ幕侵蚀作用形成,这些陡坎与灯二段、灯四段台缘带无关;③灯二段沉积时期,受控于基底垒堑格局,发育由南向北进积的4~5排台缘带,呈北东向展布,其中蓬莱地区发育两个大型台缘带,台缘带丘滩体被陡坎Ⅱ截断,叠加岩溶作用形成优质储层。结论认为:①高石梯—磨溪地区灯四段与灯二段的陡坎叠合区发育灯四段陡坎型台缘带,而在灯四段槽上带,丘滩体仍呈北东向发育,表明该地区受陡坎Ⅱ与北东向古地貌双重因素控制;②蓬莱地区陡坎Ⅱ坡度变小,对灯四段台缘带控制作用减弱直至消失,主要发育2排北东向展布的缓坡型台缘带,即蓬莱①、②台缘带,蓬莱地区可作为今后天然气勘探重点关注目标区。

四川盆地东缘寒武系盐下油气勘探领域探讨

地球物理资料显示四川盆地东缘齐岳山附近寒武系高台组膏盐岩层下深部存在逆冲构造,其形成过程以及油气地质意义未见深入研究。笔者等综合四川盆地东部石柱地区线束三维和建南地区二维地震反射资料,并结合钻井资料以及区域地质研究成果,从构造继承性的角度探讨四川盆地震旦系灯影组台缘带类型,并分析了川东地区寒武系盐下油气圈闭特征。研究获得如下认识:①川东齐岳山北段构造变形强烈,普遍发育基底卷入构造,构造样式受青白口纪—南华纪裂谷与转换带构造位置的控制。②依据构造继承关系将盆内灯影组台缘带划分为德阳—安岳地区原生型台缘带、万源—达州地区继承型台缘带以及石柱地区继承—改造型台缘带。③依据青白口纪—南华纪裂谷的分布和后期构造作用影响大小,认为沿齐岳山向南至南川一带存在与石柱地区相似的灯影组继承—改造型台缘带,忠县、南川以西存在灯影组继承型台缘带。④研究区新元古界—下寒武统烃源岩、灯影组—龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层与寒武系膏盐岩层系构成完整的生储盖组合。⑤寒武系盐下基底逆冲可形成成排、成带的构造,与灯影组继承—改造型台缘带、龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层配置,形成断层相关的构造—岩性圈闭带,成为川东地区油气规模聚集有利区。研究认为四川盆地东部石柱地区震旦纪—早寒武世早期继承了青白口纪—南华纪裂谷构造特征,燕山期构造反转,高台组盐下形成基底卷入逆冲构造,具备生储盖等基本石油地质条件,具有重要的油气勘探现实意义。

川西南地区中二叠统茅口组一段沉积微相特征及有机质富集模式

为了研究四川盆地中二叠统茅口组一段(茅一段)沉积微相和有机质富集规律,开展了岩石学、沉积微相分析。将川西南乐山沙湾剖面茅一段划分为生物碎屑含灰泥岩(MF1)、生物碎屑泥灰岩(MF2)、生物碎屑含泥灰岩(MF3)、灰泥灰岩(MF4)、生物碎屑粒泥灰岩(MF5)、钙藻粒泥灰岩(MF6)、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩(MF7)和钙藻泥粒灰岩(MF8)共8个沉积微相。结合沉积古环境及地球化学分析认为:①茅一段早、中期,主要发育MF2沉积微相,其次为MF7和MF8沉积微相。该期整体为海侵、缺氧环境,发育上升洋流,初级生产力较高。中、晚期主要发育MF6、MF7和MF8沉积微相,为相对海退环境,含氧量略有上升,上升洋流强度减弱,初级生产力下降。末期以MF2沉积微相为主,含氧量略有上升,初级生产力增强。②茅一段的有机质富集主要受海洋初级生产力与缺氧环境的调控,同时受上升洋流的间接影响。较高的初级生产力与较低的含氧量有利于有机质富集与保存。上升洋流可带来深层营养成分,从而增强海洋初级生产力。③MF2与MF7沉积微相在区域上稳定分布,且具有较高初级生产力和较低含氧量沉积环境,是茅一段有机质富集的有利沉积微相。