Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates(20 September(SD1),1 October(SD2),and 10 October(SD3)) and three seeding rates(SR67.5,SR90,and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield.A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons.Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons,that was SD2 in 2012–2013,SD3 in 2013–2014,and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015.Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage,and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages.Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,leading to higher grain yield.SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014,it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5.For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons.The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years.Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield,while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield,especially when soil water storage was high.Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods.By selecting the suitable sowing date(1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1,the best yield was achieved.Based on these results,we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.

Single-seed sowing increased pod yield at a reduced seeding rate by improving root physiological state of Arachis hypogaea

Double-seed sowing(two seeds per hole)is the dominant pattern of peanut sowing in China,but within-hole plant competition usually limits their growth and yield formation.Besides,the traditional double-seed sowing method does not facilitate mechanization during sowing.The objective of this study was to determine if single-seed sowing at a proper seeding rate yielded better than traditional double-seed sowing pattern and the differences of physiological metabolism of roots.A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to compare pod yields of single-seed sowing at 180000(S180),225000(S225),and 270000 seeds ha^-1(S270)with that of double-seed sowing at 270000 seeds ha^-1(D270)using a completely randomized block design with four replications.And the root bleeding sap rate,nutrient content,and the main hormone contents in root bleeding sap were also comparatively investigated.Although the pod yields of single-seed sowing at the three densities were higher than that of traditional double-seed sowing(D270),S225 yielded better than the other two single-seed sowing treatments(S180 and S270).The increased pod yield in single-seed sowing at 225000 seeds ha^-1 was mainly due to the higher pod dry weight per plant and harvest index.The improved pod dry weight and shoot growth had closely relationship with the enhanced root physiological traits such as the increased root bleeding sap rate,content of free amino acids,soluble sugars,K^+,Mg^2+,Zn^2+,and Ca^2+of the individual plant root.The improved activity of root reductive,nitrate reductase(NR)and ATPase and higher zeatin and zeatin riboside(Z+ZR)content of root bleeding sap were alsocrucial to the pod and shoot growth of peanut.Single-seed sowing at a moderate seeding rate(S225)is a potential practice to increase pod yield and to save seed cost.

Effect of different pre-sowing treatments on seed germination percentage and growth performance of Acacia auriculiformis

Seed morphology,germination and seedlings growth of Acacia auriculiformis were studied.The experiment was conducted in the nursery of Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline,Khulna University,Bangladesh.Matured seeds of the species were collected from healthy trees of road side plantation from different areas of Khulna District,Bangladesh and treated with five pre-sowing treatments（control,immersion in cold water,immersion in hot water,scarification with sand paper and immersion in concentrated H2SO4）.The average length,breadth and thickness were found to be（0.58±0.017） cm,（0.44±0.007） cm and（0.20±0.089） cm,respectively.Germination was conducted in polybags with a mixture of top soil,coconut husk,coarse sand,and fine sand in a ratio of 3：4：1：1.Results reveal that pre-sowing treatments influences the germination rates of seeds that significantly increase the percentage germination compared with those in control（43%） and cold water treatment（52%）.The highest germination success rate was found 83% in hot water treatment followed by 78% in scarification with sand paper,and 75% with immersion in H2SO4.Germination started from 7 to 12 days and completed between 28 and 35 days period in all treatments.ANOVA showed the significant difference（p0.05） among the treatments in seed germination,but no significant difference among treatment with regard to starting day,closing day and total germination period.In case of height and diameter growth,seedlings originated from the seeds with hot water treatment shows significantly higher in wet season（from May to July）.Hot water treatment can be recommended on seed germination of the species in rural Bangladesh.

Simple and Efficient Cultivation Technology for the Peanut under the Standardization Mode of Single-seed Sowing

Single-seed sowing is a new,simple and efficient cultivation mode for peanut that realized from cultivation of healthy individual and construction of high-yielding population. The cultivation mode has the obvious advantages in uniform seedling,strong sprouting,seed saving and cost saving,thus it is considered as one of the effective ways for high-yield and high-efficient peanut cultivation in China in the future.Through integrating with other high-efficiency and simple cultivation measures,the single-seed sowing technology system has made conforming to China's national standardization cultivations of peanut and the technology was already applied in the main producing areas of peanut and gained the significant efficiency and abroad application prospects. Based on many years of researches in single-seed sowing technology,high-efficiency fertilization and scientific chemical control in the research team,by combining with the latest research results in plant protection and machinery,this paper described the key points and matters needing attentions from variety selection,planting mode,rational fertilization,planting specifications and field management.

Nutrient deficiency limits population development,yield formation,and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.

Blossoming Characteristics in Black Cumin Genotypes in Relation Seed Yield Influenced by Sowing Time

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.;Family-Ranunculaceae) is an important spice crop. Mature seeds are consumed for edible and medical purposes and also used as a food additive and flavour. Seed of black cumin has great potentiality as spice crop due to nutritive and medicinal values. The experiments were carried out at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during 2011 to 2012 to determine optimum planting time for seed production of black cumin. The experiment was two factorials. Factor A: 4 genotypes were V1: Exotic, Iran;V2: BARI kalozira-1;V3: Local, Faridpur and V4: Local, Natore. Factor B: sowing date: D1: 16 October;D2: 1 November;D3: 16 November and D4: 1 December. Therefore, treatment combinations were 16 in total. So, in 3 replications total plot was 48. Result revealed that significantly the highest 2.37 t/ha in V1, followed by V2 (1.96 t/ha). V2 and V3 (1.97 t/ha) were statistically similar and maximum yield was obtained from D2 (2.65 t/ha). In combined effect, maximum yield 3.00 t/ha was obtained in V1D2.. Investigation on time of sowing revealed that performance of black cumin was better in earlier sowings (16 October, 1 November) than later ones. The highest yield (4g plant-1;2.65 tha-1) was obtained when the crop was sown on 1 November. Among the genotypes, the exotic one with sowing in 1 November gave the highest seed yield (4.54 g·plant-1;3.00 t·ha-1).

不同密度单粒精播对花生开花动态及结实特性的影响

为探讨不同密度单粒精播对花生开花动态及结实特性的影响,以普通大花生品种花育25为材料,在行距相同的条件下设置4个处理,包括单粒播分别为株距9 cm、12 cm和15 cm,折合播种密度分别为27.8万株·hm^(-2)(S9)、20.8万株·hm^(-2)(S12)和16.7万株hm-2(S15)3个处理,和双粒播27.8万株·hm^(-2)(D18,穴距18 cm)1个处理,研究不同密度单粒精播对花生开花习性、果针形成、荚果发育动态、结实范围及产量的影响。结果表明,与双粒播相比,不同密度单粒播均可不同程度地促进花生早开花、多开花,增加有效果针数,促进荚果发育,低密度条件下,效果最为显著;从群体指标看,20.8万株·hm^(-2)的单粒精播模式下,花生开花数、有效果针数、结果数最多,荚果体积最大,荚果饱满度高,产量水平最高。不同密度单粒精播改变了花生的结实范围和荚果空间分布,密度降低,结实范围增加,但不同处理荚果干重(95%以上)仍主要分布在半径6.0 cm以内的空间范围内,密度20.8万株·hm^(-2)(株距12.0 cm)的单粒精播条件下,结实范围与半株距接近,更有利于群体间荚果的均匀分布。

Sowing the Seed

A recently held SEED Symposium in Pretoria, South Africa celebrated outstanding grassroots, social and environmental businesses in Africa and other regions.

基于四行精密播种的玉米直播机设计与试验

为了解决播种玉米种子精度低的问题,设计了一款基于四行精密播种的玉米直播机,可实现玉米种子快速、精准播种。试验表明:该玉米直播机移动性能好、播种速度快、种植深度和每穴种子数量更加准确,封土情况也大幅改善,符合设计需求,具有较高的可靠性和可行性。

Ai Qing:Sowing the seeds of Poetry

ＡｉＱｉｎｇ：ＳｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｅｄｓｏｆＰｏｅｔｒｙ￥ＤＡＧＥＮ（ＡｉＱｉｎｇｗａｓａｐｏｅｔｍｏｓｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｉａｌｉｎｔｈｅｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎｅｗｐｏｅｔｒｙ．Ｔｈｏｕｇｈｈｅｈａｓｌｅｆｔｕｓ，ｈｉｓｐｏｅｍｓｗｉｌｌｅｃｈｏｉ...

药剂拌种对沿淮地区迟播小麦壮苗效应及产量的影响

播期延迟易使小麦产量下降,为了探讨药剂拌种对迟播小麦的壮苗效应及产量的影响,以‘淮麦40’为试验材料,设置4组不同药剂拌种处理,调查分析了小麦生长素质、籽粒产量等方面的数据。结果表明:通过药剂拌种能提高小麦成苗率;降低麦苗高度,增加叶龄,促进根系生长及生物量积累;可以促进分蘖,增加有效穗数,提高大穗比例,具有增产效应。其中药剂Y3表现最优,与对照处理比较,成苗率提高了2.1个百分点,在越冬前使小麦株高降低11.9%,叶龄增加16.4%,茎基部宽度增加58.2%,地上部及根系干重分别增加35.8%和45.9%;分蘖能力显著增强,有效穗数增加12.4%,穗粒数及千粒重得到提高,产量增加19.4%。综上表明,在小麦迟播情况下,使用药剂Y3拌种可以增强小麦生长素质,实现稳产增产。

宽幅条播对燕麦间作箭筈豌豆产量及种间关系的影响

为明确宽幅条播对燕麦‖箭筈豌豆间作系统生产力的影响,在常规条播和宽幅条播两种播种方式下设置燕麦单作、箭筈豌豆单作及燕麦‖箭筈豌豆间作三种种植方式,比较分析了不同处理间作物产量、种间关系及燕麦产量构成因素的差异。结果表明,与单作相比,间作燕麦的饲草及籽粒产量显著提高,增幅分别为24.25%~32.77%和27.44%~32.69%,而间作箭筈豌豆的饲草及籽粒产量降低为7.16%~8.08%和2.80%~5.48%。宽幅条播可提高燕麦及箭筈豌豆产量,宽幅条播间作饲草和籽粒产量的土地当量比较常规条播间作分别提高0.03和0.06。在间作中,燕麦的侵占力大于0,实际产量损失大于1,竞争比率大于1,且燕麦的相对拥挤系数大于箭筈豌豆,说明燕麦在间作系统中处于竞争优势。间作燕麦穗数、穗粒数和穗重较单作显著提高,平均增幅分别为24.23%、14.84%和17.43%,其中宽幅条播间作处理的穗粒数、公顷穗数和穗重均显著高于其他处理。由此可见,宽幅条播下通过与箭筈豌豆间作,可提高燕麦生产力和土地资源利用效率。

花生高产攻关实收单产12982 kg/hm^(2)技术分析

为进一步挖掘花生高产潜力,示范带动大面积单产提升,自2013年开始山东省农业科学院花生栽培与生理生态创新团队连续组织高产攻关,产量相继突破实收单产11250 kg/hm^(2)、11700 kg/hm^(2)、12000 kg/hm^(2),其中2023年最高产达到12982 kg/hm^(2)。本文从栽培技术、气候条件、产量构成等方面分析了高产纪录产生原因,并对投入、产出进行了比较。栽培技术方面,集成应用了单粒精播、全程可控施肥、生物菌剂耦合、三防三促调控的高产栽培技术体系,通过充分发挥单株生产潜力、构建高质量群体来实现高产,为下一步单产突破13500 kg/hm^(2)提供技术支撑。

豫东平原‘郑麦1860’不同播期播量试验的超高产效应

为了实现豫东平原小麦主产区超高产栽培良种良法配套,充分发挥优质中强筋小麦新品种‘郑麦1860’的超高产潜力,运用裂区试验及统计分析方法,研究确定‘郑麦1860’在豫东平原小麦主产区超高产条件下适宜的播期播量指标。结果表明‘:郑麦1860’的适宜播期为10月10日-10月15日,最佳播期为10月15日;适宜播量为187.5~225.0 kg/hm^(2),最佳播量为225.0 kg/hm^(2)。最佳播期播量组合为10月15日与187.5 kg/hm^(2),折合单产12326 kg/hm^(2)。本项试验所取得的适宜播期播量技术指标,可在豫东平原小麦主产区‘郑麦1860’超高产栽培条件下推广应用。

多重扰动清种式大蒜单粒取种排种器设计与试验

针对勺链式大蒜播种机取种过程中常出现的漏种、重种问题,设计了一种多重扰动清种式大蒜单粒取种排种器。取种勺在充种阶段获取多粒蒜种,经多重扰动清种,最终取种勺内仅余1粒蒜种。本文以金乡蒜种为研究对象,阐述了排种器的工作原理,确定了排种器的各项参数和多重扰动装置的最佳安装位置。通过DEM-MBD耦合仿真试验,分析了倾斜角、取种勺线速度对充种成功率的影响,以及凹槽形状对单粒取种率的影响。运用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法,以第2弧形突出部分坡度、倾斜角、取种勺线速度为试验因素,以单粒取种率和漏种率作为评价指标,开展了三因素三水平正交试验。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6数据分析软件,分析了各因素对单粒取种率与漏种率的影响,对试验因素进行优化,确定了多重扰动装置最佳结构参数。设计试验台对仿真结果进行验证,倾斜角、取种勺线速度分别为15°、0.07 m/s的条件下,通过调节多重扰动装置与取种勺凹槽顶端距离适配不同级别蒜种,当Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级蒜种距离分别为0、6.1、12.1 mm时,单粒取种成功率分别为92.2%、97.2%、95.6%,具有良好的取种性能。

数学偏微分控制下的精量播种机系统优化分析

为进一步提升我国精量播种机的综合作业效率,提出以数学偏微分方程控制理念为切入点的方法,针对其作业系统展开性能优化研究。通过科学搭建用于实现精准播种的数学偏微分控制模型,以排种、播种、状态监测为主程序设计软件控制架构,以系统主控装置、导种部件、开沟装置为主优化硬件执行结构,形成完整合理的偏微分控制精量播种机。试验结果表明:数学偏微分方程控制下的精量播种机各项评定参数得到显著提升,播种精度与系统稳定度分别提高了7.95%和6.90%,种子破损率可控制在0.50%以下,整机作业效率提升至94.73%,作业效果良好。研究结果将数学控制模型思维与系统设计思维相结合,具有较好的推广应用前景。

基于电驱动的智能播补一体化马铃薯播种机设计研究

马铃薯是我国重要的粮食和经济作物,在西南丘陵山区受限于地势条件,现有马铃薯播种机在作业时均不同程度的存在株距误差大、漏播及重播率高、土壤条件适应性差的问题。为此,设计了以AT89S51单片机为运算核心的播补薯一体机,主要由漏播监测、播补薯、株距控制模块组成。其中,漏播监测模块主要由红外线发生和接收装置组成,播补薯模块主要由步进电机驱动的取种勺根据系统命令执行指定作业,株距控制模块则通过设定的株距指令控制电机的转速及修正;同时,以步进电机作为动力取代了传统的地轮驱动以减小株距误差,步进电机驱动的单链取种勺集成播补薯功能于一体。试验表明:机具作业行走速度在0.6~1m/s时,补薯成功率为73%~81%,总播种成功率为97%~98%,播种株距误差为2.52%~4.83%,整体播种性能完全满足马铃薯播种农艺要求。

基于智能逆变技术的玉米精播机性能优化

为进一步提升我国玉米精播机的综合作业效率,以性能优化提升作为研究目标,基于智能逆变技术的深度应用展开分析。以电控逆变处理与调速机制相融合为出发点,建立正确的电控模块逆变应用数学模型,通过控制分析与硬件优化,进行整机作业试验。结果表明:基于智能逆变技术应用的玉米精播机性能优化效果明显,排种精准率与播深合格率分别可提升至94.46%与94.05%,满足精量播种机的设计要求;同时,种子的重播率与漏播率可降低至3.83%与3.06%,整机作业运行稳定,各零部件指令执行协同性好,综合效率相对提升了5.88%,充分体现了智能逆变应用的准确性与适应性,可为类似农机播种装备优化提供参考。

播量和行距对箭筈豌豆农艺结实性状及产量的影响

为了探讨豫南本地箭筈豌豆条播种植适宜播量和行距,采用双因素试验设计,分别设3个播量水平和4个行距水平,研究不同播量和行距配置对箭筈豌豆生长发育、鲜草、秸秆及种子产量结实的影响,为完善箭筈豌豆实际生产中的高产栽培技术提供科学理论指导。结果显示,播量一定时,株高、单株鲜干重随行距的增加呈现先增加后减少趋势,且在行距30、40 cm时获得最大值;茎粗和分枝数随行距的增加呈逐渐减少趋势,均在行距20 cm时获得最大值。行距一定时,株高、SPAD值随播量的增加呈逐渐增加趋势;茎粗、分枝数随播量的增加呈逐渐减少趋势。筛选出结实性播量行距最佳配置为:播量18.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm,播量26.25 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm和播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距40 cm。不同播量和行距处理下箭筈豌豆种子、鲜草和秸秆产量差异显著(P<0.05)。种子产量以播量26.25 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm最高,达3753 kg/hm^(2);播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距40 cm和播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm次之,产量分别达3468和3436 kg/hm^(2)。鲜草和秸秆产量均以播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距20 cm最高,达35910和16878 kg/hm^(2);播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距30 cm和播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)、行距40 cm次之,产量分别达26761和13052、23662和12127 kg/hm^(2)。综上,以收获鲜草和秸秆产量为目的,优选播量33.75 kg/hm^(2)和行距20 cm组合配置;收获种子产量优选播量26.25 kg/hm^(2)和行距30 cm组合配置。