A novel procedure for identifying a hybrid QTL-allele system for hybrid-vigor improvement, with a case study in soybean(Glycine max)yield

“Breeding by design” for pure lines may be achieved by construction of an additive QTL-allele matrix in a germplasm panel or breeding population, but this option is not available for hybrids, where both additive and dominance QTL-allele matrices must be constructed. In this study, a hybrid-QTL identification approach, designated PLSRGA, using partial least squares regression(PLSR) for model fitting integrated with a genetic algorithm(GA) for variable selection based on a multi-locus, multi-allele model is described for additive and dominance QTL-allele detection in a diallel hybrid population(DHP). The PLSRGA was shown by simulation experiments to be superior to single-marker analysis and was then used for QTL-allele identification in a soybean DPH yield experiment with eight parents. Twenty-eight main-effect QTL with 138 alleles and nine QTL × environment QTL with 46 alleles were identified, with respective contributions of 61.8% and 23.5% of phenotypic variation. Main-effect additive and dominance QTL-allele matrices were established as a compact form of the DHP genetic structure. The mechanism of heterosis superior-to-parents(or superior-to-parents heterosis, SPH) was explored and might be explained by a complementary locus-set composed of OD+(showing positive over-dominance, most often), PD+(showing positive partial-to-complete dominance, less often) and HA+(showing positive homozygous additivity, occasionally) loci, depending on the parental materials. Any locus-type, whether OD+, PD + and HA+, could be the best genotype of a locus. All hybrids showed various numbers of better or best genotypes at many but not necessarily all loci, indicating further SPH improvement. Based on the additive/dominance QTL-allele matrices, the best hybrid genotype was predicted, and a hybrid improvement approach is suggested. PLSRGA is powerful for hybrid QTL-allele detection and cross-SPH improvement.

Analysis of QTLs for the Trichome Density on the Upper and Downer Surface of Leaf Blade in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Trichomes （plant hairs） are present on nearly all land plants and are known to play important roles in plant protection, specifically against insect herbivory, drought, and UV radiation. The identification of quantitative trait loci （QTL） associated with trichome density should help to interpret the molecular genetic mechanism of soybean trichome density. 184 recombinant inbred lines （RILs）, derived from a cross between soybean cultivars Kefeng 1 and Nannong 1138-2 were used as segregating population for evaluation of TDU （trichome density on the upper surface of leaf blade） and TDD （trichome density on the downer surface of leaf blade）. A total of 15 QTL were detected on molecular linkage groups （MLG） A2, Dla, Dlb, E and H by composite interval mapping （CIM） and among all the QTL, qtuA2-1, qtuD 1 a-1, qtuD lb-2, qtuH-2 qtuE-1, qtdDlb-2, and qtdH- 2 were affirmed by multiple interval mapping （MIM）. The contribution ofphenotypic variance of qtuH-2 was 31.81 and 29.4% by CIM and MIM, respectively, suggesting it might be major gene Ps loci. Only 10 pairs of main QTL interactions for TDU were detected, explained a range of 0.2-5.1% of phenotypic variations for each pair for a total of 22.8%. The QTL on MLG Dlb affecting trichome density were mapped near to Rsc-7 conditioning resistance to SMV （soybean mosaic virus）. This study showed that the genetic mechanism of trichome density was the mixed major gene and polygene inheritance, and also suggested that the causal nature between trichome density and other agronomic traits.

Genetic Analysis of Combining Abilities and Heterosis for the Contents of Soybean Isoflavone and Its Components Among the Soybean Varieties [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

The genetic analysis of soybean isoflavone content and its components were carried out based on the NC Ⅱ matingdesign in eight soybean varieties. The results showed that the isoflavone contents and its components of soybean seedare quite differences among the tested materials, the contents of isoflavone and daidzein are controlled not only byadditive effects and but also by non-additive effects, while the content of genistin is dominated by non-additive effects,and genistein, glycitin and daidzin are mainly controlled by additive effects. There are significant differences in thecontents of isoflavone and its components among the combinations derived from different parents. Results also indicatedthat the tested traits are negatively heterosis except for the contens of daidzein and daidzin are positively heterosis basedon the data of the GCA and SCA in average heterosis values. In this research we have a suggestion that soybean varietywith high isoflavone should be used as one of the parents in the breeding program, and it is the best choice that thecombinations crossed between two high isoflavone varieties or a high variety and a low one.

Genetic Analysis of Embryo, Cytoplasm and Maternal Effects and Their Environment Interactions for Isoflavone Content in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Soybean seed products contain isoflavones （genistein, daidzein, and glycitein） that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. These effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key factor to the biological effect. Our objective was to identify the genetic effects that underlie the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. A genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in diploid plants was applied to estimate the genetic main effects and genotype x environment （GE） interaction effects for the isoflavone content （IC） of soybean seeds by using two years experimental data with an incomplete diallel mating design of six parents. Results showed that the IC of soybean seeds was simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects of maternal, embryo, and cytoplasm, of which maternal genetic effects were most important, followed by embryo and cytoplasmic genetic effects. The main effects of different genetic systems on IC trait were more important than environment interaction effects. The strong dominance effects on isoflavone from residual was made easily by environment conditions. Therefore, the improvement of the IC of soybean seeds would be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants than that on the single seed. Maternal heritability （65.73%） was most important for IC, followed by embryo heritability （25.87%） and cytoplasmic heritability （8.39%）. Based on predicated genetic effects, Yudou 29 and Zheng 90007 were better than other parents for increasing IC in the progeny and improving the quality of soybean, The significant effects of maternal and embryo dominance effects in variance show that the embryo heterosis and maternal heterosis are existent and uninfluenced by environment interaction effects.

利用中国秋大豆(Glycine max(L.) Merr)筛选SSR核心位点的研究

选择中国秋大豆为试验材料 ,对基因组DNA进行SSR标记筛选和鉴定。经过 2 0 0个位点在琼脂糖胶上初筛和 96个位点在变性聚丙烯酰胺胶上复鉴 ,选出 6 0个位点 ,这些位点具有以下特点 :(1)分布在大豆 2 0个整合遗传连锁群 ,相邻位点间平均遗传距离在 5 0cM左右。除连锁群C2 、O上分别有 5个位点 ,G、K、M上分别有 2个位点外 ,其余 15个连锁群均分布有 3个位点 ;(2 )与 96个位点在 80份秋大豆种质检测到种质间遗传关系达到极显著相关 (r =0 .910 ) ;(3)在 80份秋大豆初选核心种质中表现出较高多态性 ,平均每个位点等位变异数为 9.3,多态性信息含量 (PIC)值为 0 .773;(4)在检测的秋大豆绝大多数种质基因组中 ,均为单一拷贝的位点 ,具有较高特异性 ;(5 )在相同的PCR扩增条件下 ,同一位点不同等位变异间易于识别且扩增强度较为一致。这套SSR核心位点的确定为中国大豆核心种质的构建奠定了基础。

Proteomic Studies of Petal-specific Proteins in Soybean [Glycine Max(L.)Merr.] Florets

A survey of petal-specific proteomes of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr[Non-italic].) was conducted comparing protein expression profiles in different petals. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reference maps of protein extracts from standard petals(SP), lateral wings(LW), keel petals(KP), and reproductive organs(RO)(a mixture of stamen and carpel) were obtained. Protein expression in the three petal types was compared using Image Master TM 2 D platinum 6.0 software. This indicated that the proportion of homologous proteins between SP and LW was 59.27%, between SP and KP was 61.48%, and between LW and KP was 60.05%. Within a mass range of 6.5-200.0 ku and pH 4.0-7.0, approximately 590, 646, 544, and 700 protein spots were detected in SP, LW, KP, and RO, respectively. A total of 82 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Sixty-four of these detected spots were differentially expressed and showed more than 2-fold changes in abundance; of these 64 proteins, 26 showed increased expression and 38 showed decreased expression. Among these spots, single organ-specific proteins were also identified.They were ID 49(60.9 ku), ID 45(50.0 ku), and ID 46(40.5 ku) in RO, ID 98(42.0 ku) in SP, and ID 05(29.0 ku) in KP. A total of 14 protein spots from 82 differentially expressed proteins were identified with LC-MS/MS. Further protein identification was conducted using the SwissProt and NCBInr databases. The identified proteins and their putative functions were discussed further. This was the first study reporting the comparison of petal protein profiles of soybean florets using proteomics tools.

Isolation and Characterization of Storage Protein Subunit-null-dwarf Mutants in Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)

Dwarfing is useful to reduce plant height,when breeding high-yielding and non-lodging crops.In this study,a set of natural storage protein subunit-null dwarf mutants of soybean was reported that showed strongly reduced plant stature and deficiency in various 7S and 11S subunits,designated as snd1 mutants.Under normal growth conditions,the snd1 mutants showed a severe dwarf phenotype,with plant height of about 25 cm.Compared with wild-type DN47,the mutant snd1 exhibited no obvious morphological differences at the early stage of development.All the snd1 mutants examined had fewer nodes and shorter than normal internodes;the leaves were similar in shape to normal parents,but were dark-green at the mature stage.The flower size was similar to DN47;however,the flowering period was shorter than in the wild-type.Significant variation was noted for protein content,oil content of the seeds and size of seeds(weight of 100 seeds)among 17 snd1 dwarf lines.Genetic analysis indicated that the dwarfism of snd1 was controlled by a single recessive gene.The snd1 dwarf mutant had markedly different dynamic levels of the endogenous hormones gibberellin(GA),brassinosteroid,indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid,at the seedling stage.Exogenous GA3 treatment led to recovery of the plant height phenotype of the snd1 mutant;GA3 at 0.1 mm had the largest effect on enhancing plant height.Using molecular markers,snd1 gene was approximately mapped in an interval of 603 kb between markers Satt166 and Satt561 on chromosome 19.Snd1 mutant provided valuable material for hypoallergenic soybean breeding and the snd1 gene might be a novel gene related to plant height in soybean.

中国栽培大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)微核心种质的群体结构与遗传多样性

【目的】评价中国栽培大豆微核心种质的群体结构和遗传多样性水平,为拓宽大豆遗传基础、发掘优异基因、改良大豆品种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大豆20个连锁群上的100个SSR位点,对来自全国28个省补充完善的248份栽培大豆微核心种质进行SSR遗传多样性及群体结构分析;采用PowerMarker Version 3.25软件统计等位变异数、平均等位变异数、多态性信息量(PIC值)及亚群特有等位变异数等参数;基于遗传距离建立了栽培大豆微核心种质的无根Neighbor-Joining树;用Structure2.2软件对微核心种质的群体结构进行评价。【结果】100个SSR位点在248份材料中共检测出等位变异1460个,每个位点变异范围为2—33个,平均为14.6个,每个位点PIC值变异范围为0.158—0.932,平均为0.743。基于模型的群体结构分析显示,依据LnP(D)无法判断最佳K值(群组数),但通过计算系数ΔK发现,K=3为微核心种质的最佳群体结构。结合种质的生态类型及品种类型分析发现,地理来源相同的种质具有聚在一起的倾向,但来源相同的种质也有分在不同组的情况。不同生态类型及品种类型间均存在较多的互补等位变异和特有等位变异。【结论】中国栽培大豆微核心种质具有丰富的遗传多样性,可以用来拓宽大豆品种遗传基础;不同生态类型及品种类型间存在较多的互补及特有等位变异,是种质创新及品种改良的物质基础;栽培大豆微核心种质存在明显的群体结构,为微核心种质在育种中的直接或间接利用提供了理论依据。

大豆(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)叶片抗氧化酶对干旱及复水的响应机制

采用10%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究了抗旱品种晋大74与不抗旱品种晋大75两种大豆幼苗在水分胁迫及复水后叶片MDA含量、O2-·含量、SOD、CAT、APX及POD等的活性变化,旨在揭示抗氧化酶对干旱及复水的响应机制。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,两种大豆叶片MDA及O2-·,含量都高于对照,且晋大75增加幅度显著大于晋大74;复水后晋大74中MDA及O2-·接近于对照水平,表明旱后复水产生了补偿效应。干旱胁迫下,晋大74通过保持较高的SOD活性或较低的APX、CAT降幅以减弱活性氧伤害,而旱后复水过程中晋大74通过维持较高的SOD、APX、CAT酶活性,利用其协同作用有效清除活性氧,避免膜伤害。总之,耐旱品种在干旱及复水过程中具有更强的抗氧化修复能力。

Identification of Co-dominant SSR Markers Associated with Genes Controlling α'- and cr-subunit-null β-conglycinin Phenotypes in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Studies have shown that the three subunits of β-conglycinin are the main potential allergens of soybean sensitive patients.And β-conglycinin has adverse effects on nutrition and food processing.So solation and production of lines with lowerβ-conglycinin content has been the focus of recent soybean breeding projects.Soybean lines with deficiency in one or all subunits of β-congIycinin have been obtained.An effective and rapid system to identify such mutations will facilitate genetic manipulation of the β-conglycinin subunit composition.Here,two segregating F2 populations were developed from crosses between Cgy-1/cgy-1(CC),anα'-lacking line(△α'),and DongNong 47(DN47),a wild-type(Wt)Chinese soybean cultivar with normal globulin components,and Cgy-2/cgy-2(CB),an a-lacking line(△α),and DN47.These populations were used to estimate linkage among the egy-1(conferring α'-null)and cgy-2(α-null)loci and simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers.Seven SSR markers(Sat_038,Satt243,Sat_307,Sat_109,Sat_231,Sat_108 and Sat_190)were determined to co-scgregate with cgy-1,and six SSR markers(Satt650,Satt671,Sat_418,Sat_170,Satt292 and Sat_324)co-segregated with cgy-2.Linkage maps being composed of seven SSR markers and egy-1 locus,and six SSR markers and the cgy-2 locus were then constructed.It assigned that the egy-1 gene to chromosome 10 at a position between Sat_307 and Sat_231,and the cgy-2 gene to chromosome 20 at a position between Satt650 and Satt671.These markers should enable map-based cloning of the egy-1 and cgy-2 genes.For different subunit-deficiency types[α'-null,α-null and(α'+α)-null types],the two sets of SSR markers could also detect of polymorphism between three normal cultivars and seven related mutant lines.The identification of these markers is great significance to the molecular marker-assisted breeding of soybean/9-conglycinin subunits.

Mapping and validation of a dominant salt tolerance gene in the cultivated soybean(Glycine max) variety Tiefeng 8

Salt is an abiotic stress factor that strongly affects soybean growth and production. A single dominant gene has been shown to confer salt tolerance in the soybean cultivar Tiefeng 8.The objective of the present study was to genetically map the salt-tolerance gene in an F2:3population and a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population derived from a cross between two cultivated soybeans, Tiefeng 8(tolerant) and 85-140(sensitive). The F2:3families and RILs were treated with 200 mmol L-1Na Cl to evaluate salt tolerance. The F2:3population showed 1(42 tolerant): 2(132 segregating): 1(65 sensitive) segregation, indicating a single dominant gene for salt tolerance in Tiefeng 8. A sequence-characterized amplified region(SCAR) marker from a previously identified random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)marker and four insertion/deletion polymorphism(In Del) markers were developed within the mapping region. Using these markers along with SSR markers, the salt-tolerance gene was mapped within 209 kb flanked by SCAR marker QS08064 and SSR marker Barcsoyssr_3_1301 on chromosome 3. Three markers that cosegregated with the salt tolerance gene and SCAR marker QS08064 were used to genotype 35 tolerant and 23 sensitive soybean accessions. These markers showed selection efficiencies of 76.2% to94.2%. The results indicate that these markers will be useful for marker-assisted breeding and facilitating map-based cloning of the salt tolerance gene in soybean.

MicroRNAs Involved in the Pathogenesis of Phytophthora Root Rot of Soybean (Glycine max)

Phytophthora root rot is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world,which can infect the seedlings and plants,with substantial negative impact on soybean yield and quality.MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression during growth and development of organisms.A soybean disease-resistance variety Suinong 10 was inoculated with Phytophthora sojae race No.1,and the specific miRNA resistant expression profile was acquired by microarray for the first time.Different expressional miRNAs have been found after comparing the results of the treated sample with the control sample.Furthermore,the target genes of different expressional miRNAs were predicted.Two miRNAs,cbr-mir-241 and ath-miR854a,regulated the disease-resistance process directly through their targets,some enzymes.Another two miRNAs,gma-miR169a and ath-miR169h,participated in disease-resistance regulation as transcription factors.Similarly,one miRNA,ptc-miR164f,has been reported to regulate the plant development.All of these studies would be served as the foundation for exploring the resistance mechanism.

Assessment of Genetic Variation in Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) Accessions from International Gene Pools Using RAPD Markers: Comparison with the ISSR System

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops in the world in terms of total production and usage. It is also among the least diverse species. The main objectives of the present study were to 1) assess the level of genetic variation among soybean (G. max) accessions from different countries using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and 2) compare Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and RAPD marker systems in detecting polymorphic loci in soybeans (G. max). Genomic DNAs from 108 soybeans (G. max) accessions from 11 different gene pools were analyzed using several ISSR and RAPD primers. The average level of polymorphic loci detected with the RAPD primers was 35%. The soybean accessions from the China, Netherlands, and Canada gene pools were the least genetically variable with 25%, 26%, and 30% of polymorphic loci, respectively. Accessions from Hungary (43%) and France (48%) showed the highest level of polymorphism based on the RAPD analysis. Overall, RAPD data revealed that the accessions from different countries are closely related with 64% genetic distance values below 0.40. The levels of polymorphic loci detected with the RAPD and ISSR marker systems were in general moderate and similar even if they target different regions of the genome. A combination of different marker systems that include RAPD/ISSR, microsatellites (SSR), and SNPs should provide the most accurate information on genetic variation of soybean (G. max) accessions.

野生大豆(Glycine soja)YD63和栽培大豆(G. max)ZD19茎秆解剖结构比较

以野生大豆YD63和栽培大豆ZD19为研究对象,通过组织化学方法观察茎秆解剖结构的差异,分析和阐述这些解剖结构与功能和环境适应性间的关系,旨在为大豆抗逆性研究提供解剖学依据。结果表明:1.野生大豆表皮毛和腺毛多于栽培大豆,且角质层厚度、表皮厚度和表皮比例均大于栽培大豆,表皮和外皮层细胞的木质化和木栓化程度也高于栽培大豆;2.野生大豆皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁组织和髓的比例均大于栽培大豆,茎秆机械强度降低,可塑性升高,抗逆性增强;3.栽培大豆木质部、木纤维和总纤维比例均大于野生大豆,并且表皮细胞壁、韧皮纤维壁、木纤维壁和导管壁厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆组织木质化的比例大于野生大豆,茎秆的机械强度升高,可以更好地维持直立生长和形态构建;4.栽培大豆微管形成层的细胞层数和厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆木质部的比例大于韧皮部的比例,而野生大豆两者比例基本相同;5.野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织几乎是连续分布,仅在髓射线处中断,而栽培大豆是不连续的,呈片状分布,野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织的比例大于栽培大豆;6.野生大豆导管壁强度(t/b)2和小导管比例大于栽培大豆,水分运输的安全性较高,但野生大豆木质部的连通性和水分运输的效率低于栽培大豆。

Sampling Survey and Identification of Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in Huang-Huai Valleys

Soybean cyst nematode （SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe） is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.

Identification and fine mapping of qSW2 for leaf slow wilting in soybean

Drought is one of the abiotic stresses limiting the production of soybean(Glycine max).Elucidation of the genetic and molecular basis of the slow-wilting(SW)trait of this crop offers the prospect of its genetic improvement.A panel of 188 accessions and a set of recombinant inbred lines produced from a cross between cultivars Liaodou 14 and Liaodou 21 were used to identify quantitative-trait loci(QTL)associated with SW.Plants were genotyped by Specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing and seedling leaf wilting was assessed under three water-stress treatments.A genome-wide association study identified 26 SW-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),including three located in a 248-kb linkage-disequilibrium(LD)block on chromosome 2.Linkage mapping revealed a major-effect QTL,qSW2,associated with all three treatments and adjacent to the LD block.Fine mapping in a BC_(2)F_(3) population derived from a backcross between Liaodou 21 and R26 confined qSW2 to a 60-kb interval.Gene expression and sequence variation analysis identified the gene Glyma.02 g218100,encoding an auxin transcription factor,as a candidate gene for qSW2.Our results will contribute significantly to improving drought-resistant soybean cultivars by providing genetic information and resources.

Genome-wide association with transcriptomics reveals a shade-tolerance gene network in soybean

Shade tolerance is essential for soybeans in inter/relay cropping systems.A genome-wide association study(GWAS)integrated with transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify genes and construct a genetic network governing the trait in a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from two soybean parents with contrasting shade tolerance.An improved GWAS procedure,restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association study based on gene/allele sequence markers(GASM-RTM-GWAS),identified 140 genes and their alleles associated with shade-tolerance index(STI),146 with relative pith cell length(RCL),and nine with both.Annotation of these genes by biological categories allowed the construction of a protein–protein interaction network by 187 genes,of which half were differentially expressed under shading and non-shading conditions as well as at different growth stages.From the identified genes,three ones jointly identified for both traits by both GWAS and transcriptome and two genes with maximum links were chosen as beginners for entrance into the network.Altogether,both STI and RCL gene systems worked for shade-tolerance with genes interacted each other,this confirmed that shadetolerance is regulated by more than single group of interacted genes,involving multiple biological functions as a gene network.

大豆对胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传分析

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycinesIchinohe)是我国大豆的全国性主要病害之一。1号和4号生理小种是黄淮地区的优势小种。以Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226、Peking×ZDD2226的P1、P2、F1、BC1F2为材料,用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析大豆对胞囊线虫1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传机制。结果表明,ZDD2315、ZDD2226对1号生理小种的抗性受主效基因控制,未发现多基因效应,且与Peking存在相同的抗病基因;抗性遗传表现组合特异性,Essex×ZDD2315组合为3对加性主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率72.02%,PI88788×ZDD2226组合为2对显性上位主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率62.33%。对4号生理小种的抗性为主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226等3个组合为3对主基因+多基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率分别为67.76%7、2.46%和53.25%,多基因遗传率分别为24.48%、21.31%和35.77%;Peking×ZDD2226表现为2对主基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率45.40%。抗性基因表现为隐性,育种上可以在早代选择。培育多抗品种应以抗4号生理小种为主要目标进行基因聚合。

Natural variations and geographical distributions of seed carotenoids and chlorophylls in 1167 Chinese soybean accessions

Understanding the composition and contents of carotenoids in various soybean seed accessions is important for their nutritional assessment.This study investigated the variability in the concentrations of carotenoids and chlorophylls and revealed their associations with other nutritional quality traits in a genetically diverse set of Chinese soybean accessions comprised of cultivars and landraces.Genotype,planting year,accession type,seed cotyledon color,and ecoregion of origin significantly influenced the accumulation of carotenoids and chlorophylls.The mean total carotenoid content was in the range of 8.15–14.72μg g–1 across the ecoregions.The total carotenoid content was 1.2-fold higher in the landraces than in the cultivars.Soybeans with green cotyledons had higher contents of carotenoids and chlorophylls than those with yellow cotyledons.Remarkably,lutein was the most abundant carotenoid in all the germplasms,ranging from 1.35–37.44μg g–1.Carotenoids and chlorophylls showed significant correlations with other quality traits,which will help to set breeding strategies for enhancing soybean carotenoids without affecting the other components.Collectively,our results demonstrate that carotenoids are adequately accumulated in soybean seeds,however,they are strongly influenced by genetic factors,accession type,and germplasm origin.We identified novel germplasms with the highest total carotenoid contents across the various ecoregions of China that could serve as the genetic materials for soybean carotenoid breeding programs,and thereby as the raw materials for food sectors,pharmaceuticals,and the cosmetic industry.