This study investigated the effects of replacing casein with soy flour on the fatty acids profile and triglycerides metabolism in the liver of rats that were previously fed with normocaloric and hypercaloric diets bas...This study investigated the effects of replacing casein with soy flour on the fatty acids profile and triglycerides metabolism in the liver of rats that were previously fed with normocaloric and hypercaloric diets based on casein. Wistar male rats were used;one group was fed with control diet (AIN-93) and another with hypercaloric diet (AIN-93 with 34.15% sucrose, 42% fat calories) for 9 weeks. Each group was then divided into two subgroups and casein was replaced with soybean in one of them, obtaining CC (control casein), CS (control soy), HC (hypercaloric casein) and HS (hypercaloric soy), which were fed for 6 weeks. We measured triglycerides in serum, and triglycerides, total lipids, fatty acids profile, the expression of apolipoprotein B (Apo B), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (mGPAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT-2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα) in liver. Histological studies were also performed. When comparing HS vs. HC, a positive effect of soybean flour on hepatic triglycerides deposits was found, possibly through the reduction in DGAT-2 expression (P < 0.01) and the increase in Apo B (P < 0.001) expression. Soybean flour also decreased fat deposits in control diets when compared with casein, decreasing the DGAT-2 (P < 0.001) expression and increasing Apo B (P < 0.001), CPT-1 (P < 0.05) and PPARα (P < 0.01) expressions. Both soy diet subgroups increased unsaturated fatty acids respect to casein diets (P < 0.01). Hepatocytes showed few lipid droplets in HS, whereas a fat deposit in HC was observed. These results suggest that replacing casein with soybean flour in normocaloric and hypercaloric diets reduces triglycerides and improves fatty acids profile in rat liver.展开更多
Effect of malting on quality characteristics of wheat-malted sorghum-soybean composite flour was investigated. Composite flours from wheat, malted sorghum and soybean flour were made in the ratios: 85%:10%:5% (WSS1);8...Effect of malting on quality characteristics of wheat-malted sorghum-soybean composite flour was investigated. Composite flours from wheat, malted sorghum and soybean flour were made in the ratios: 85%:10%:5% (WSS1);80%:15%:5% (WSS2) and 75%:20%:5% (WSS3). Whole sorghum flour (WSF) 100% served as control. Protein content of the composite flours ranged from 11.78% to 11.98%. Malted sorghum improved the protein content of the flour at substitution level greater than 10%. At 20% substitution with malted sorghum, crude fibre (1.98%) and total ash contents (3.96%) increased significantly suggesting a good source of minerals. Bulk density (0.86 g/ml), Water absorption capacity (1.67%) of the composite flours were not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05), but different from control (1.07%). Oil absorption ranged from 0.95% to 1.68%, and swelling capacity from 3.33 to 9.17 ml/g. Least gelation concentration ranged from 4.67% to 9.33%. Cyanide content (1.38 mg/g) was lowest in WSF. At 15% malted sorghum substitution phytate (1.14 mg/g) was lowest. Final viscosity ranged from 243.0 to 297.50 RVU, set back from 34.83 to 75.01 RVU, pasting temperature from 72.77 ℃ to 80.49 ℃, and peak time from 4.10 to 5.46 min increased with increasing level of substitution. Peak viscosity (281.00 - 434.92 RVU), holding strength (164.41 - 221.06 RVU) and breakdown (59.25 - 221. 06 RVU) decreased with increase in substitution. Malting improves the nutrient quality of wheat-malted sorghum-soybean composite flour. Composite flour with up to 20% malted sorghum substitution could find application in confectionary industries.展开更多
The study presents the effect of utilizing wheat, soy and moringa leaf flour and quality analysis of the flour. The composite flour was prepared using refined wheat flour, soy flour and moringa leaf flour. Four compos...The study presents the effect of utilizing wheat, soy and moringa leaf flour and quality analysis of the flour. The composite flour was prepared using refined wheat flour, soy flour and moringa leaf flour. Four composite flour, compositions were formulated such as 100% wheat flour (control) designated as sample A. Sample B consisted of 75% wheat, 20% soybean and 5% moringa leaf. Sample C consisted of 70% wheat, 20% soybean and 10% moringa leaf. Sample D was 65% wheat, 20% soybean and 15% moringa leaf. Sample E was 60% wheat, 20% soybean and 20% moringa leaf, respectively. Proximate, chemical, and functional properties of wheat, soy and moringa leaf flours were studied in composite flour variation and preparations. The present study highlighted the nutrients enrichment of flour on incorporation of soy and moringa leaf. Relevant statistical tests were done to analyse the significance of means for all tested parameters. Composite flour composition with 20% soybean was identified to produce optimal nutrient, mineral quality and yield. The addition of soybean and moringa flour in baked products has been shown in this study to improve the nutrition and health benefits of the body. It also serves as a good cut on the cost of wheat importation in communities with supply challenges.展开更多
文摘This study investigated the effects of replacing casein with soy flour on the fatty acids profile and triglycerides metabolism in the liver of rats that were previously fed with normocaloric and hypercaloric diets based on casein. Wistar male rats were used;one group was fed with control diet (AIN-93) and another with hypercaloric diet (AIN-93 with 34.15% sucrose, 42% fat calories) for 9 weeks. Each group was then divided into two subgroups and casein was replaced with soybean in one of them, obtaining CC (control casein), CS (control soy), HC (hypercaloric casein) and HS (hypercaloric soy), which were fed for 6 weeks. We measured triglycerides in serum, and triglycerides, total lipids, fatty acids profile, the expression of apolipoprotein B (Apo B), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (mGPAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT-2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARα) in liver. Histological studies were also performed. When comparing HS vs. HC, a positive effect of soybean flour on hepatic triglycerides deposits was found, possibly through the reduction in DGAT-2 expression (P < 0.01) and the increase in Apo B (P < 0.001) expression. Soybean flour also decreased fat deposits in control diets when compared with casein, decreasing the DGAT-2 (P < 0.001) expression and increasing Apo B (P < 0.001), CPT-1 (P < 0.05) and PPARα (P < 0.01) expressions. Both soy diet subgroups increased unsaturated fatty acids respect to casein diets (P < 0.01). Hepatocytes showed few lipid droplets in HS, whereas a fat deposit in HC was observed. These results suggest that replacing casein with soybean flour in normocaloric and hypercaloric diets reduces triglycerides and improves fatty acids profile in rat liver.
文摘Effect of malting on quality characteristics of wheat-malted sorghum-soybean composite flour was investigated. Composite flours from wheat, malted sorghum and soybean flour were made in the ratios: 85%:10%:5% (WSS1);80%:15%:5% (WSS2) and 75%:20%:5% (WSS3). Whole sorghum flour (WSF) 100% served as control. Protein content of the composite flours ranged from 11.78% to 11.98%. Malted sorghum improved the protein content of the flour at substitution level greater than 10%. At 20% substitution with malted sorghum, crude fibre (1.98%) and total ash contents (3.96%) increased significantly suggesting a good source of minerals. Bulk density (0.86 g/ml), Water absorption capacity (1.67%) of the composite flours were not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05), but different from control (1.07%). Oil absorption ranged from 0.95% to 1.68%, and swelling capacity from 3.33 to 9.17 ml/g. Least gelation concentration ranged from 4.67% to 9.33%. Cyanide content (1.38 mg/g) was lowest in WSF. At 15% malted sorghum substitution phytate (1.14 mg/g) was lowest. Final viscosity ranged from 243.0 to 297.50 RVU, set back from 34.83 to 75.01 RVU, pasting temperature from 72.77 ℃ to 80.49 ℃, and peak time from 4.10 to 5.46 min increased with increasing level of substitution. Peak viscosity (281.00 - 434.92 RVU), holding strength (164.41 - 221.06 RVU) and breakdown (59.25 - 221. 06 RVU) decreased with increase in substitution. Malting improves the nutrient quality of wheat-malted sorghum-soybean composite flour. Composite flour with up to 20% malted sorghum substitution could find application in confectionary industries.
文摘The study presents the effect of utilizing wheat, soy and moringa leaf flour and quality analysis of the flour. The composite flour was prepared using refined wheat flour, soy flour and moringa leaf flour. Four composite flour, compositions were formulated such as 100% wheat flour (control) designated as sample A. Sample B consisted of 75% wheat, 20% soybean and 5% moringa leaf. Sample C consisted of 70% wheat, 20% soybean and 10% moringa leaf. Sample D was 65% wheat, 20% soybean and 15% moringa leaf. Sample E was 60% wheat, 20% soybean and 20% moringa leaf, respectively. Proximate, chemical, and functional properties of wheat, soy and moringa leaf flours were studied in composite flour variation and preparations. The present study highlighted the nutrients enrichment of flour on incorporation of soy and moringa leaf. Relevant statistical tests were done to analyse the significance of means for all tested parameters. Composite flour composition with 20% soybean was identified to produce optimal nutrient, mineral quality and yield. The addition of soybean and moringa flour in baked products has been shown in this study to improve the nutrition and health benefits of the body. It also serves as a good cut on the cost of wheat importation in communities with supply challenges.
