Soybean seed is a major source of protein and oil for human diet. Since not much information is available on the effects of chelating agents on soybean seed composition constituents, the current study aimed to investi...Soybean seed is a major source of protein and oil for human diet. Since not much information is available on the effects of chelating agents on soybean seed composition constituents, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of various chelating agents on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Three chelating agent [citric acid (CA), disodium EDTA (DA), and Salicylic acid (SA)] were applied separately or combined with ferrous (Fe2+) ion (CA + Fe, EDTA + Fe, and SA + Fe) to three-week-old soybean plants. After application, the plants were allowed to grow until harvest maturity under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that CA, DA, SA, and Fe resulted in an increase of oleic acid from 13.0% to 33.5%. However, these treatments resulted in a decrease of linolenic acid from 17.8 to 31.0%. The treatments with CA and SA applications increased protein from 2.9% to 3.4%. The treatments DA + Fe and SA + Fe resulted in an increase in oil from 6.8% to 7.9%. Seed macro- and micro-elements were also altered. The results indicated that the CA, SA, DA, and Fe treatments can alter seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Further studies are needed for conclusive results.展开更多
Although seed oil production and composition are genetically controlled, changes of oil level and oil composition across genotypes and environments such as drought and temperature were observed. The mechanisms of how ...Although seed oil production and composition are genetically controlled, changes of oil level and oil composition across genotypes and environments such as drought and temperature were observed. The mechanisms of how genotypes interact with environment, affecting oil production and composition, are still not well understood. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of drought/water stress and temperature on soybean genotypes. Two soybean genotypes of maturity group (MG) II (PI 597411 B and PI 597408) and two of MG VI (Arksoy and PI 437726) were used. A repeated greenhouse experiment to study the effect of water stress and a repeated growth chamber experiment to study the effect of temperature were conducted. The results showed that both water stress and high temperature altered seed oil composition by increasing oleic acid and decreasing linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations. Severe water stress (soil water potential between -150 to -200 kPa) or high temperature (40/33℃, day/night) resulted in higher palmitic acid and lower stearic acid. Genotypes differed in their responses to water stress or temperature. Analyses of seed carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) showed a significant decline of glucose, fructose, and sucrose and a significant increase of stachyose concentration by water stress and high temperature. Analyses of natural abundance of δ15N and δ13C isotopes showed changes in sources of nitrogen and carbon fixation, possibly affecting nitrogen and carbon metabolism pathways. The research demonstrated that both water stress and high temperature altered oil production and composition, and this could be partially related to limited availability and movement of carbohydrates from leaves to seed. Further research to investigate the enzymes controlling fatty acids conversion and nitrogen and carbon metabolism is needed.展开更多
In the study, a novel environmental soybean seed coating agent was made of natural polymer, trace elements, trace fertilizer and biopesticides etc., with the condition of high performance-to-price ratio and environmen...In the study, a novel environmental soybean seed coating agent was made of natural polymer, trace elements, trace fertilizer and biopesticides etc., with the condition of high performance-to-price ratio and environmental friendliness. Effects of this soybean seed coating agent on soybean yield were tested through the laboratory and farm experiments. The tested results showed that the soybean yield using this seed coating agent was increased by 15.46%, and its cost was decreased by 27.8%, compared with the conventional soybean seed coating agent. It’s nontoxic and harmless to human and animals, more friendly to the environment. So it has obvious economic and environmental benefits.展开更多
Previous research showed that foliar boron (B) application at flowering or seed-fill growth stages altered seed protein, oil, and fatty acids. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of foliar B ...Previous research showed that foliar boron (B) application at flowering or seed-fill growth stages altered seed protein, oil, and fatty acids. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of foliar B fertilizer on seed phenolics (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones) and sugars concentrations. A repeated greenhouse experiment was conducted on soybean [(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)] under watered and water-stressed conditions. Soybean plants were divided into different sets, and each set was subjected to one of the following treatments: W = plants were watered with no foliar B;WB = plants were watered and received foliar B;WS = plants were water-stressed with no foliar B;WSB = plants were waterstressed and received foliar B. Foliar B was applied at rate of 0.45 kg/ha twice at flowering and twice at seed-fill stages. The results showed that total phenol and lignin concentrations were higher in seed collected from water-stressed plants compared with those collected from watered plants whether B was applied or not. The higher total phenol and lignin concentration in seed collected of water-stressed plants may be due to B-deficiency in plant tissues. Application of B resulted in higher concentrations of total seed B and isoflavones under watered and water-stressed plants. Higher cell wall B was higher in water-stressed plants than in watered plants, having an opposite trend to total B. Application of B resulted in higher seed sucrose in watered and water-stressed plants, but raffinose and stachyose were significantly higher under water-stressed plants. The research demonstrated that foliar B fertilizer altered seed phenol, lignin, isoflavones, and sugars, suggesting that B involved in phenolics and sugar metabolism. The higher cell wall B in waterstressed plants than in watered plants supports previous research that B has mainly a structural role. The higher sucrose resulting from foliar B in watered plants is desirable as sucrose contributes to seed quality. The increase of raffinose and stachyose concentrations in seed of water-stressed plants is undesirable as raffinose, and especially stachyose may be involved in water stress/drought tolerance. The current knowledge would help soybean breeders select for higher phenolic compounds and desirable sugars for higher seed qualities under drought conditions.展开更多
Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotatio...Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.展开更多
Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glyci...Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed composition in the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) under irrigated (I) and nonirrigated (NI) environments. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007. One experiment was irrigated, and the second experiment was nonirrigated. Under I condition, S at a rate of 44.8 kg/ha alone or with N at 112 kg/ha resulted in a consistent increase in seed protein and oleic acid concentrations, and a decrease in oil and linolenic acid concentrations compared with the control (C). For example, in 2006 and compared with the C, application of S + N increased the percentage up to 11.4% and 48.5% for protein and oleic acid, respectively. However, oil concentration decreased by 3%. Protein and oleic acid increase were accompanied by a higher percentage of leaf and seed N and S. Under NI conditions, seed protein and oleic acid concentrations were significantly higher in C than in any S or S + N treatments, but the oil and linolenic acid concentrations were significantly lower. The results indicate that specific rate of S alone or S + N combined can alter seed composition under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions. This knowledge may help plant breeders to develop and release cultivars to suit specific target locations to grow new value-added soybeans or select for specific seed composition traits under specific environmental stress factors such as drought.展开更多
Flooding is an abiotic stress that impacts soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and reduces seed germination. Effect of flooding on soybean plant grown at different growth stage has been previously conducted and re...Flooding is an abiotic stress that impacts soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and reduces seed germination. Effect of flooding on soybean plant grown at different growth stage has been previously conducted and reported. However, soybean seed germination responses to flood stress are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate flooding influence on soybean seed germination after planting in the field. The research showed that seed germination rate (SGR) of each genotype, without flood stress, was significantly different and ranged between 64.7% to 84.0% and 69.0% to 90.7% while using untreated and fungicide-treated seed (P < 0.0001), respectively. Results indicated that fungicide treatment improved soybean seed survival and germination in the field. The average of SGR of high-yielding soybean group was significantly higher than those of non-high-yielding soybean (P < 0.0001). The results indicated that high-yielding trait of each genotype was correlated with seed germination and survival. Under flood stress in the field, SGR means of untreated and fungicide-treated seed significantly decreased over eight flooding treatment times (P Flooding effect on germination between untreated and fungicide-treated seed was not significantly different (P = 0.1559). Furthermore, comparing the high-yielding and flood-tolerant soybean groups showed no difference in their SGR means over eight flooding treatment times (P = 0.7687 and P = 0.8490), indicating that soybean seed germination did not depend on genotype, yield, and flood tolerance trait, and seed treated by fungicide did not increase its germination in the field under the flood stress. Hence, it is necessary to develop new soybean seed pelleting to improve seed germination in the field under flooding conditions.展开更多
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of soil and foliar application of potassium (K) on leaf and seed mineral concentration levels, and seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and mine...The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of soil and foliar application of potassium (K) on leaf and seed mineral concentration levels, and seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals). Soybean cultivar (Pioneer 95470) of maturity group 5.7 was grown in a repeated greenhouse experiment in a randomized complete block design. Treatment consisted of two concentrations of foliar K application (T1, rate of 1.75% and T2, rate of 2.5%) and soil application (T3, rate of 190 mg/kg and T4, rate of 380 mg/kg). Potassium was applied for each type at V3 (vegetative) and R3 (beginning of seed pod initiation) stages. The results showed higher K and S concentrations in leaves in T1 and T2. The concentrations of B and Zn decreased in all treatments, whereas Fe concentration increased in T1 and T3. In seeds, most mineral concentrations were stable, except for Fe which increased in both T1 and T3. Seed protein percentage increased 3.0% in T3 compared with the control (no K application). Seed oil percentage showed a general decrease in all the treatments, except for 3.2% increase in T4. Palmitic acid percentages showed significant increase in all concentrations, the highest percentage increase of 16.9% was observed in T4. Stearic acid increased in T2 and T3. Linoleic acid percentages increased in both foliar treatments, but linolenic acid percentage increased in high soil treatment T4 alone, with an increase of 12.2% in comparison to the control. Significant decrease (15.8%) in linoleic acid was found in foliar application, T2. Oleic acid decreased uniformly in all treatments, where the highest decrease (19.2%) was observed in soil application, T4. Our research demonstrated that both foliar and soil application of K were found to selectively alter seed composition. Further research is needed to be conducted under field conditions before conclusions can be made.展开更多
The mechanisms controlling the partitioning of seed composition constituents along the main stem in soybean are still controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate seed protein, oil, and fat...The mechanisms controlling the partitioning of seed composition constituents along the main stem in soybean are still controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate seed protein, oil, and fatty acids partitioning in soybean cultivars along the main stem. The cultivars were DT97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV;Stressland, MG IV;Hutcheson, MG V;TracyM, MG VI. Seeds were harvested based on position on the plant (top nodes, middle nodes, and bottom nodes). At R8 (physiological maturity stage), DT97-4290, Hutcheson, and Stressland had higher percentage of protein and oleic acid and lower percentage of oil and linolenic acid in top node seed compared with bottom node seed. The increase of protein in top node compared with the bottom node across the two experiments ranged from 15.5 to 19.5%, 7.0 to 10.5%, 14.2 to 15.8%, 11.2 to 16.5%, respectively for DT97-4290, Hutcheson, Stressland, and TracyM. Except for TracyM, the increase of oleic acid in the top node ranged from 45.4 to 93%, depending on the cultivar. Conversely, the decrease in the top node seed ranged from 14.4 to 26.8% for oil and from 5.7 to 34.4% for linolenic acid, depending on the cultivar. The partitioning trend of seed composition constituents at R6 (seed - fill stage) was inconsistent. Except for Stressland, seed oleic acid was higher at R6 than at R8. The higher protein and oleic acid concentrations in the top node seed was accom- panied by higher activity of nitrate reductase activity, higher chlorophyll concentration, higher nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in the fully expanded leaves at R5-R6 growth stage, and higher seed nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in DT 97-4290 and Stressland. The current research suggests that the partitioning of seed protein, oil, and fatty acids in nodes along the plant depended on the position of node on the main stem, cultivar differences, seed N and S status, and tissue N and S partitioning. The higher nitrate reductase activity at the top nodes, accompanied higher protein and oleic acid, and the changes of oleic acid at R6 and R8 along the stem, were not previously reported, and need further investigation. The current knowledge is useful for soybean germplasm selection for desirable traits such protein and oleic acid, and for accurate measurements of seed composition constituents in breeding lines.展开更多
Maximizing the expression of seed quality traits by understanding how they are affected by environmental variables may help develop high quality nutritious soybeans. Eight specialty soybean breeding lines were grown a...Maximizing the expression of seed quality traits by understanding how they are affected by environmental variables may help develop high quality nutritious soybeans. Eight specialty soybean breeding lines were grown at two Arkansas locations differing by soil texture, with three replications in 2011. Before the reproductive period, soil and leaf samples were collected from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for particle size distribution, electrical conductivity, pH, and a set of extractable nutrients from the top 12.5 cm, while leaf samples were analyzed for the same set of nutrients as the soil samples. At maturity, seed samples were analyzed for the same set of nutrients as were leaf and soil samples, plus protein, oil, fatty acids, and sugars. All leaf elements were within the adequate levels for soybean production at both locations. Overall, seed composition of breeding lines did not differ among locations and no significant changes in breeding line ranking among locations were observed. Attempting to modify seed composition by nutrient fertilization may not be profitable, as no direct relationships were observed between leaf or soil chemical properties, and seed composition. These findings may provide a starting point for future studies on fertilization and management practices that improve soybean seed quality.展开更多
Micro-nutrient deficiency in soil results in crop yield loss and poor seed quality. Correcting this deficiency is normally done by foliar or soil application. The objective of this research was to determine the effect...Micro-nutrient deficiency in soil results in crop yield loss and poor seed quality. Correcting this deficiency is normally done by foliar or soil application. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of soil applications of five micro-nutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, and B) alone and in combination with a chelating agent citric acid (CA) on soybean leaf and seed nutrients. Source of micro-nutrient compounds were MnCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, MoO3, and H3BO3. Our hypothesis was that micro-and macro-nutrients may be transported to leaves and then to seeds at different rates. They may interact synergistically or competitively during the uptake process. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mississippi Valley State University, Itta Bena, Mississippi, USA. Soybean cultivar, Bolivar (maturity group V), was applied with micro-nutrients-chelating agent citric acid at V3 and R3 (pod initiation) stage. The results showed that applications of Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased three unrolled trifoliate leaves Cu, Zn, B by 26.5%, 13.8%, 113% and Mo increased to 179 mg/kg, respectively in the leaves. Also, the application of “Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased Cu, Zn, B by 55.5%, 8.2%, 28.6% and Mo increased to 202 mg/kg” respectively in soybean seeds. Application of Mn had no direct effect on increasing Mn either in leaves or in seeds, however, Mn and Mn + CA treatment affected other mineral contents. Application of Cu, Zn, Mo, B and CA increased macro-nutrients K, N, P, Mg, and S. Irrespective of the applications, the nutrient increase trend in seed was Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu > Mo. However, Mo application resulted in the following seed nutrient accumulation pattern: Na > Mo > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu. This may suggest that Mo had higher mobility to seeds than other micro-nutrients. Combination of soil application of Mo + CA increased Mo in leaves at V3 stage;however, Mo + CA soil application during pod-filling stage had no significant effects on Mo accumulation in seeds. The current research showed that some micro-nutrient application with the chelating agent CA could increase seed nutrients. Since these results are conducted under greenhouse experiments, further research under field conditions is needed before conclusive recommendations are made.展开更多
Developing a model for soybean seed emergence offers a tool producers could use for planting date options and in predicting seedling emergence. In this study, temperature effects on soybean seed emergence were quantif...Developing a model for soybean seed emergence offers a tool producers could use for planting date options and in predicting seedling emergence. In this study, temperature effects on soybean seed emergence were quantified, modeled, and validated. The data for seed emergence model development was generated at varying temperatures, 20°C/12°C, 25°C/17°C, 30°C/22°C, 35°C/27°C, and 40°C/32°C, on two soybean cultivars, Asgrow AG5332 and Progeny P 5333 RY. Time for 50% emergence (t50%) was recorded, and seed emergence rate (SER) was estimated as reciprocal to time at each temperature in both the cultivars. No differences were observed between the cultivars in their response to temperature. A quadratic model (QM) best described the relationship between t50% and SGR and temperature (R2 = 0.93). Two sets of experiments were conducted to validate the model. In Experiment 1, 17 time-series planting date studies with the same cultivars were used by utilizing diurnal and seasonal changes in temperature conditions. In the second experiment, sunlit growth chambers with 3 different day/night temperatures, low—20°C/12°C, optimum—30°C/22°C, and high—40°C/32°C, and 64 soybean cultivars belonging MG III, IV, and V, were used. Air temperature and t50 were recorded, and SGR was estimated in all experiments. No differences were recorded among the cultivars for t50% and SGR, but differences were observed among seeding date and temperature experiments. We tested QM and traditionally used Growing Degree Days models against the data collected in validation experiments. Both the model simulations predictions agreed closely with the observed data. Based on model statistics, R2, root mean square errors (RMSE), and comparison of observations and predictions to assess model performance, the QM model performed better than the GDD model for soybean seed emergence under a wide range of cultivars and environmental conditions.展开更多
The soybean cultivar Yudou25 was sown at 5 locations of Henan Province on 13 differentdates in 2001 and 2002. The data of isoflavone contents for the 109 samples of soybeanseed and 33 eco-physiological factors includi...The soybean cultivar Yudou25 was sown at 5 locations of Henan Province on 13 differentdates in 2001 and 2002. The data of isoflavone contents for the 109 samples of soybeanseed and 33 eco-physiological factors including meteorological factors, soil nutritionand altitudes were received and used for statistical analysis. The step-wise regressionwas used to screen the correlated factors, which significantly effected isoflavonecontents. Results showed that 9 eco-physiological factors were highly correlated withisoflavones. Low mean temperature, high diurnal temperature range at seed filling andmaturity, more sunlight hours and low mean temperature at emergence were favorable toisoflavone accumulation. The rainfall at emergence showed a nonlinear relationship withisoflavone content and its optimum value was 75 mm for isoflavone formation. Low diurnaltemperature range at branching, high organic matter and low sulfur content in soil weresuitable for the formation of isoflavones. The isoflavone contents would not be affectedby other eco-physiological factors in this study.展开更多
Since the low seed filling speed of mechanical seed metering devices reduces the low qualified rate of seed spacing during high-speed practices,it is significant to design agitated seed metering devices with horizonta...Since the low seed filling speed of mechanical seed metering devices reduces the low qualified rate of seed spacing during high-speed practices,it is significant to design agitated seed metering devices with horizontal seed filling that are suitable for high-speed practices.The combination of horizontal seed filling and agitated seed filling can accelerate the seed filling of mechanical seed metering devices,and improve the qualified rate of seed spacing during high-speed practices.In this study,theoretical analysis,discrete element method-based simulation and indoor bench test verification were conducted to investigate how key parameters of the agitated seed metering device with horizontal seed filling(angles,installation position and number of agitating plates,diameters of convex spoons)would affect the characteristics of soybean seed movement,seed number and seeding performance(qualified index,multiple index,missing seeding index)under different working speeds.Computer-based simulation,test design and regression analysis were combined to analyze the population moving rules and optimize the design parameters of seed metering devices.Based on the test scheme as designed,simulations were conducted on Fluent EDEM,and the optimal angle of the agitating plates was determined by analyzing the population migrating rules.Regression equations were established through the regression of test results,and used to find out the optimal design parameters(diameter of convex spoon,positions and number of agitating plates)of seed metering devices.Then the optimal parameter combination among different working conditions was determined that the angle,position and number of agitating plates were 30°,24.4 mm,and 13,respectively,and the diameter of convex spoon was 11.0 mm.With the optimal parameter combination and at the seeding speed of 12 km/h,the qualified index,multiple index and missing seeding index were 93.1%,2.1%and 4.8%,respectively.Under high-speed practices,the new seed metering device was not significantly different from the pneumatic seed metering device,but significantly outperformed the mechanical seed metering device.展开更多
The use of computer vision for estimating quality in agriculture products has become wide spread in recent years and the composition,variety,or ripeness can be estimated.On the other hand,the appearance is one of the ...The use of computer vision for estimating quality in agriculture products has become wide spread in recent years and the composition,variety,or ripeness can be estimated.On the other hand,the appearance is one of the most worrying issues for producers due to its influence on quality.In this research,computer vision technology combined with BP artificial neural network(ANN)was developed to identify soybean frogeye,mildewed soybean,worm-eaten soybean and damaged soybean.Thirty-nine characteristic parameters from color,texture and shape characteristics were computed after preprocessing the acquired soybean images.The dimensionality of the characteristic parameters was reduced from 39 dimensionalities to 12 dimensionalities using the method of principal component analysis(PCA).MALAB software was used to build a prediction model according to 12 characteristic parameters.The identification accuracies of soybean frogeye,mildewed soybean,damaged soybean and worm-eaten soybean are 96%,95%,92%,and 92%,respectively.And the accuracy for heterogeneous soybean seeds with several diseases is 90%.The results show that the prediction model constructed by BP neural network can identify the diseases of soybean seeds.And it is useful to estimate appearance quality of soybean by computer vision applying BP neural network.展开更多
Soybean seed storage protein is one of the most important plant vegetable proteins, and β subunit is of great significance to enhance soybean protein quality and processing property. F2 segregated population and resi...Soybean seed storage protein is one of the most important plant vegetable proteins, and β subunit is of great significance to enhance soybean protein quality and processing property. F2 segregated population and residual heterozygous lines(RHL) derived from the cross between Yangyandou(low level of β subunit) and Zhonghuang 13(normal level of β subunit) were used for mapping of β subunit content. Our results showed that β subunit content was controlled by a single dominant locus, qBSC-1(β subunit content), which was mapped to a region of 11.9 cM on chromosome 20 in F2 population of 85 individuals. This region was narrowed down to 2.5 cM between BARCSOYSSR_20_0997 and BARCSOYSSR_20_0910 in RHL with a larger population size of 246 individuals. There were 48 predicted genes within qBSC-1 region based on the reference genome(Glyma 1.0, Williams 82), including the two copies of β subunit coding gene CG4. An InDel marker developed from a thymine(TT) insertion in one copy of CG4 promoter region in Yangyandou cosegregrated with BARCSOYSSR_20_0975 within qBSC-1 region, suggesting that this InDel marker maybe useful for marker-assisted selection(MAS).展开更多
The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in chilling-sensitive soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zhonghuang No. 22) seeds during imbibition. Low temperatures ...The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in chilling-sensitive soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zhonghuang No. 22) seeds during imbibition. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 ℃. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20℃ with a polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG8000) solution at 1.5 MPa for 72 h followed by drying back to their initial moisture content (MC) reduced their chilling sensitivity. The phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor of protein tyrosinephosphatases, was used to investigate the possible involvement of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of Tyr residues in the plasma membrane composition and function when seeds were osmoconditioned. The results showed the germination of osmoconditioned seeds decreased significantly when PAO was added in PEG solution after chilling treatment. PAO inhibited changes in composition of plasma membrane phospholipids and fatty acid induced by osmocondition, indicated that tyrosine protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulatory mechanisms of osmocondition-responsive chilling in soybean seeds. Western blot result further indicated that osmocondition treatment improved the activity of plasma membrane H^+-ATPase after chilling treatment, but this effect was abolished by PAO. The possible regulation mechanism by Tyr protein phosphorylation is discussed.展开更多
Tryptophan is one of the nine essential amino acids in humans that can only be obtained through diets and supplements.It is a precursor to many biological processes,such as serotonin,melatonin,kynurenin,and niacin(nic...Tryptophan is one of the nine essential amino acids in humans that can only be obtained through diets and supplements.It is a precursor to many biological processes,such as serotonin,melatonin,kynurenin,and niacin(nicotinamide)vitamin synthesis.The content of tryptophan in foods,such as soybean is an important indicator of nutritional value.Therefore,accurate quantification of tryptophan in soybean is crucial to soybean nutritional improvement.Quantification of soybean protein-bound amino acids first involves acid hydrolysis of total protein to liberate amino acids.However,tryptophan quantification following acid hydrolysis is difficult or impossible due to its reactions with soybean carbohydrates.Therefore,removal of carbohydrates from soy proteins prior to acid hydrolysis is necessary.In this study,we compared four common protein precipitation methods(i.e.,methanol,acetonitrile,acetone,and trichloroacetic acid(TCA)protein precipitation methods)to determine the best method to separate soy proteins from carbohydrates,and concluded that acetone provided the highest recovery of soy proteins.Tryptophan content in the precipitated proteins was determined after acid hydrolysis of the proteins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multiple reaction monitoring(LC-MS/MS-MRM).No significant difference in the tryptophan content was found among proteins precipitated with methanol,acetonitrile,and TCA,suggesting that these precipitated proteins have similar compositions.A slightly lower,but statistically significant tryptophan content was found in the acetonitrile-precipitated proteins,suggesting that these proteins contain slightly higher glycosylated proteins.展开更多
文摘Soybean seed is a major source of protein and oil for human diet. Since not much information is available on the effects of chelating agents on soybean seed composition constituents, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of various chelating agents on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Three chelating agent [citric acid (CA), disodium EDTA (DA), and Salicylic acid (SA)] were applied separately or combined with ferrous (Fe2+) ion (CA + Fe, EDTA + Fe, and SA + Fe) to three-week-old soybean plants. After application, the plants were allowed to grow until harvest maturity under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that CA, DA, SA, and Fe resulted in an increase of oleic acid from 13.0% to 33.5%. However, these treatments resulted in a decrease of linolenic acid from 17.8 to 31.0%. The treatments with CA and SA applications increased protein from 2.9% to 3.4%. The treatments DA + Fe and SA + Fe resulted in an increase in oil from 6.8% to 7.9%. Seed macro- and micro-elements were also altered. The results indicated that the CA, SA, DA, and Fe treatments can alter seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Further studies are needed for conclusive results.
文摘Although seed oil production and composition are genetically controlled, changes of oil level and oil composition across genotypes and environments such as drought and temperature were observed. The mechanisms of how genotypes interact with environment, affecting oil production and composition, are still not well understood. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of drought/water stress and temperature on soybean genotypes. Two soybean genotypes of maturity group (MG) II (PI 597411 B and PI 597408) and two of MG VI (Arksoy and PI 437726) were used. A repeated greenhouse experiment to study the effect of water stress and a repeated growth chamber experiment to study the effect of temperature were conducted. The results showed that both water stress and high temperature altered seed oil composition by increasing oleic acid and decreasing linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations. Severe water stress (soil water potential between -150 to -200 kPa) or high temperature (40/33℃, day/night) resulted in higher palmitic acid and lower stearic acid. Genotypes differed in their responses to water stress or temperature. Analyses of seed carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) showed a significant decline of glucose, fructose, and sucrose and a significant increase of stachyose concentration by water stress and high temperature. Analyses of natural abundance of δ15N and δ13C isotopes showed changes in sources of nitrogen and carbon fixation, possibly affecting nitrogen and carbon metabolism pathways. The research demonstrated that both water stress and high temperature altered oil production and composition, and this could be partially related to limited availability and movement of carbohydrates from leaves to seed. Further research to investigate the enzymes controlling fatty acids conversion and nitrogen and carbon metabolism is needed.
文摘In the study, a novel environmental soybean seed coating agent was made of natural polymer, trace elements, trace fertilizer and biopesticides etc., with the condition of high performance-to-price ratio and environmental friendliness. Effects of this soybean seed coating agent on soybean yield were tested through the laboratory and farm experiments. The tested results showed that the soybean yield using this seed coating agent was increased by 15.46%, and its cost was decreased by 27.8%, compared with the conventional soybean seed coating agent. It’s nontoxic and harmless to human and animals, more friendly to the environment. So it has obvious economic and environmental benefits.
文摘Previous research showed that foliar boron (B) application at flowering or seed-fill growth stages altered seed protein, oil, and fatty acids. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of foliar B fertilizer on seed phenolics (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones) and sugars concentrations. A repeated greenhouse experiment was conducted on soybean [(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)] under watered and water-stressed conditions. Soybean plants were divided into different sets, and each set was subjected to one of the following treatments: W = plants were watered with no foliar B;WB = plants were watered and received foliar B;WS = plants were water-stressed with no foliar B;WSB = plants were waterstressed and received foliar B. Foliar B was applied at rate of 0.45 kg/ha twice at flowering and twice at seed-fill stages. The results showed that total phenol and lignin concentrations were higher in seed collected from water-stressed plants compared with those collected from watered plants whether B was applied or not. The higher total phenol and lignin concentration in seed collected of water-stressed plants may be due to B-deficiency in plant tissues. Application of B resulted in higher concentrations of total seed B and isoflavones under watered and water-stressed plants. Higher cell wall B was higher in water-stressed plants than in watered plants, having an opposite trend to total B. Application of B resulted in higher seed sucrose in watered and water-stressed plants, but raffinose and stachyose were significantly higher under water-stressed plants. The research demonstrated that foliar B fertilizer altered seed phenol, lignin, isoflavones, and sugars, suggesting that B involved in phenolics and sugar metabolism. The higher cell wall B in waterstressed plants than in watered plants supports previous research that B has mainly a structural role. The higher sucrose resulting from foliar B in watered plants is desirable as sucrose contributes to seed quality. The increase of raffinose and stachyose concentrations in seed of water-stressed plants is undesirable as raffinose, and especially stachyose may be involved in water stress/drought tolerance. The current knowledge would help soybean breeders select for higher phenolic compounds and desirable sugars for higher seed qualities under drought conditions.
文摘Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.
文摘Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed composition in the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) under irrigated (I) and nonirrigated (NI) environments. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007. One experiment was irrigated, and the second experiment was nonirrigated. Under I condition, S at a rate of 44.8 kg/ha alone or with N at 112 kg/ha resulted in a consistent increase in seed protein and oleic acid concentrations, and a decrease in oil and linolenic acid concentrations compared with the control (C). For example, in 2006 and compared with the C, application of S + N increased the percentage up to 11.4% and 48.5% for protein and oleic acid, respectively. However, oil concentration decreased by 3%. Protein and oleic acid increase were accompanied by a higher percentage of leaf and seed N and S. Under NI conditions, seed protein and oleic acid concentrations were significantly higher in C than in any S or S + N treatments, but the oil and linolenic acid concentrations were significantly lower. The results indicate that specific rate of S alone or S + N combined can alter seed composition under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions. This knowledge may help plant breeders to develop and release cultivars to suit specific target locations to grow new value-added soybeans or select for specific seed composition traits under specific environmental stress factors such as drought.
文摘Flooding is an abiotic stress that impacts soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and reduces seed germination. Effect of flooding on soybean plant grown at different growth stage has been previously conducted and reported. However, soybean seed germination responses to flood stress are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate flooding influence on soybean seed germination after planting in the field. The research showed that seed germination rate (SGR) of each genotype, without flood stress, was significantly different and ranged between 64.7% to 84.0% and 69.0% to 90.7% while using untreated and fungicide-treated seed (P < 0.0001), respectively. Results indicated that fungicide treatment improved soybean seed survival and germination in the field. The average of SGR of high-yielding soybean group was significantly higher than those of non-high-yielding soybean (P < 0.0001). The results indicated that high-yielding trait of each genotype was correlated with seed germination and survival. Under flood stress in the field, SGR means of untreated and fungicide-treated seed significantly decreased over eight flooding treatment times (P Flooding effect on germination between untreated and fungicide-treated seed was not significantly different (P = 0.1559). Furthermore, comparing the high-yielding and flood-tolerant soybean groups showed no difference in their SGR means over eight flooding treatment times (P = 0.7687 and P = 0.8490), indicating that soybean seed germination did not depend on genotype, yield, and flood tolerance trait, and seed treated by fungicide did not increase its germination in the field under the flood stress. Hence, it is necessary to develop new soybean seed pelleting to improve seed germination in the field under flooding conditions.
文摘The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of soil and foliar application of potassium (K) on leaf and seed mineral concentration levels, and seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals). Soybean cultivar (Pioneer 95470) of maturity group 5.7 was grown in a repeated greenhouse experiment in a randomized complete block design. Treatment consisted of two concentrations of foliar K application (T1, rate of 1.75% and T2, rate of 2.5%) and soil application (T3, rate of 190 mg/kg and T4, rate of 380 mg/kg). Potassium was applied for each type at V3 (vegetative) and R3 (beginning of seed pod initiation) stages. The results showed higher K and S concentrations in leaves in T1 and T2. The concentrations of B and Zn decreased in all treatments, whereas Fe concentration increased in T1 and T3. In seeds, most mineral concentrations were stable, except for Fe which increased in both T1 and T3. Seed protein percentage increased 3.0% in T3 compared with the control (no K application). Seed oil percentage showed a general decrease in all the treatments, except for 3.2% increase in T4. Palmitic acid percentages showed significant increase in all concentrations, the highest percentage increase of 16.9% was observed in T4. Stearic acid increased in T2 and T3. Linoleic acid percentages increased in both foliar treatments, but linolenic acid percentage increased in high soil treatment T4 alone, with an increase of 12.2% in comparison to the control. Significant decrease (15.8%) in linoleic acid was found in foliar application, T2. Oleic acid decreased uniformly in all treatments, where the highest decrease (19.2%) was observed in soil application, T4. Our research demonstrated that both foliar and soil application of K were found to selectively alter seed composition. Further research is needed to be conducted under field conditions before conclusions can be made.
文摘The mechanisms controlling the partitioning of seed composition constituents along the main stem in soybean are still controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate seed protein, oil, and fatty acids partitioning in soybean cultivars along the main stem. The cultivars were DT97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV;Stressland, MG IV;Hutcheson, MG V;TracyM, MG VI. Seeds were harvested based on position on the plant (top nodes, middle nodes, and bottom nodes). At R8 (physiological maturity stage), DT97-4290, Hutcheson, and Stressland had higher percentage of protein and oleic acid and lower percentage of oil and linolenic acid in top node seed compared with bottom node seed. The increase of protein in top node compared with the bottom node across the two experiments ranged from 15.5 to 19.5%, 7.0 to 10.5%, 14.2 to 15.8%, 11.2 to 16.5%, respectively for DT97-4290, Hutcheson, Stressland, and TracyM. Except for TracyM, the increase of oleic acid in the top node ranged from 45.4 to 93%, depending on the cultivar. Conversely, the decrease in the top node seed ranged from 14.4 to 26.8% for oil and from 5.7 to 34.4% for linolenic acid, depending on the cultivar. The partitioning trend of seed composition constituents at R6 (seed - fill stage) was inconsistent. Except for Stressland, seed oleic acid was higher at R6 than at R8. The higher protein and oleic acid concentrations in the top node seed was accom- panied by higher activity of nitrate reductase activity, higher chlorophyll concentration, higher nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in the fully expanded leaves at R5-R6 growth stage, and higher seed nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in DT 97-4290 and Stressland. The current research suggests that the partitioning of seed protein, oil, and fatty acids in nodes along the plant depended on the position of node on the main stem, cultivar differences, seed N and S status, and tissue N and S partitioning. The higher nitrate reductase activity at the top nodes, accompanied higher protein and oleic acid, and the changes of oleic acid at R6 and R8 along the stem, were not previously reported, and need further investigation. The current knowledge is useful for soybean germplasm selection for desirable traits such protein and oleic acid, and for accurate measurements of seed composition constituents in breeding lines.
文摘Maximizing the expression of seed quality traits by understanding how they are affected by environmental variables may help develop high quality nutritious soybeans. Eight specialty soybean breeding lines were grown at two Arkansas locations differing by soil texture, with three replications in 2011. Before the reproductive period, soil and leaf samples were collected from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for particle size distribution, electrical conductivity, pH, and a set of extractable nutrients from the top 12.5 cm, while leaf samples were analyzed for the same set of nutrients as the soil samples. At maturity, seed samples were analyzed for the same set of nutrients as were leaf and soil samples, plus protein, oil, fatty acids, and sugars. All leaf elements were within the adequate levels for soybean production at both locations. Overall, seed composition of breeding lines did not differ among locations and no significant changes in breeding line ranking among locations were observed. Attempting to modify seed composition by nutrient fertilization may not be profitable, as no direct relationships were observed between leaf or soil chemical properties, and seed composition. These findings may provide a starting point for future studies on fertilization and management practices that improve soybean seed quality.
文摘Micro-nutrient deficiency in soil results in crop yield loss and poor seed quality. Correcting this deficiency is normally done by foliar or soil application. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of soil applications of five micro-nutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, and B) alone and in combination with a chelating agent citric acid (CA) on soybean leaf and seed nutrients. Source of micro-nutrient compounds were MnCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, MoO3, and H3BO3. Our hypothesis was that micro-and macro-nutrients may be transported to leaves and then to seeds at different rates. They may interact synergistically or competitively during the uptake process. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mississippi Valley State University, Itta Bena, Mississippi, USA. Soybean cultivar, Bolivar (maturity group V), was applied with micro-nutrients-chelating agent citric acid at V3 and R3 (pod initiation) stage. The results showed that applications of Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased three unrolled trifoliate leaves Cu, Zn, B by 26.5%, 13.8%, 113% and Mo increased to 179 mg/kg, respectively in the leaves. Also, the application of “Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased Cu, Zn, B by 55.5%, 8.2%, 28.6% and Mo increased to 202 mg/kg” respectively in soybean seeds. Application of Mn had no direct effect on increasing Mn either in leaves or in seeds, however, Mn and Mn + CA treatment affected other mineral contents. Application of Cu, Zn, Mo, B and CA increased macro-nutrients K, N, P, Mg, and S. Irrespective of the applications, the nutrient increase trend in seed was Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu > Mo. However, Mo application resulted in the following seed nutrient accumulation pattern: Na > Mo > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu. This may suggest that Mo had higher mobility to seeds than other micro-nutrients. Combination of soil application of Mo + CA increased Mo in leaves at V3 stage;however, Mo + CA soil application during pod-filling stage had no significant effects on Mo accumulation in seeds. The current research showed that some micro-nutrient application with the chelating agent CA could increase seed nutrients. Since these results are conducted under greenhouse experiments, further research under field conditions is needed before conclusive recommendations are made.
文摘Developing a model for soybean seed emergence offers a tool producers could use for planting date options and in predicting seedling emergence. In this study, temperature effects on soybean seed emergence were quantified, modeled, and validated. The data for seed emergence model development was generated at varying temperatures, 20°C/12°C, 25°C/17°C, 30°C/22°C, 35°C/27°C, and 40°C/32°C, on two soybean cultivars, Asgrow AG5332 and Progeny P 5333 RY. Time for 50% emergence (t50%) was recorded, and seed emergence rate (SER) was estimated as reciprocal to time at each temperature in both the cultivars. No differences were observed between the cultivars in their response to temperature. A quadratic model (QM) best described the relationship between t50% and SGR and temperature (R2 = 0.93). Two sets of experiments were conducted to validate the model. In Experiment 1, 17 time-series planting date studies with the same cultivars were used by utilizing diurnal and seasonal changes in temperature conditions. In the second experiment, sunlit growth chambers with 3 different day/night temperatures, low—20°C/12°C, optimum—30°C/22°C, and high—40°C/32°C, and 64 soybean cultivars belonging MG III, IV, and V, were used. Air temperature and t50 were recorded, and SGR was estimated in all experiments. No differences were recorded among the cultivars for t50% and SGR, but differences were observed among seeding date and temperature experiments. We tested QM and traditionally used Growing Degree Days models against the data collected in validation experiments. Both the model simulations predictions agreed closely with the observed data. Based on model statistics, R2, root mean square errors (RMSE), and comparison of observations and predictions to assess model performance, the QM model performed better than the GDD model for soybean seed emergence under a wide range of cultivars and environmental conditions.
文摘The soybean cultivar Yudou25 was sown at 5 locations of Henan Province on 13 differentdates in 2001 and 2002. The data of isoflavone contents for the 109 samples of soybeanseed and 33 eco-physiological factors including meteorological factors, soil nutritionand altitudes were received and used for statistical analysis. The step-wise regressionwas used to screen the correlated factors, which significantly effected isoflavonecontents. Results showed that 9 eco-physiological factors were highly correlated withisoflavones. Low mean temperature, high diurnal temperature range at seed filling andmaturity, more sunlight hours and low mean temperature at emergence were favorable toisoflavone accumulation. The rainfall at emergence showed a nonlinear relationship withisoflavone content and its optimum value was 75 mm for isoflavone formation. Low diurnaltemperature range at branching, high organic matter and low sulfur content in soil weresuitable for the formation of isoflavones. The isoflavone contents would not be affectedby other eco-physiological factors in this study.
基金supported by the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Science and Technology(Grant No.2016YFD0700302)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705194)(JJKH20170811KJ).
文摘Since the low seed filling speed of mechanical seed metering devices reduces the low qualified rate of seed spacing during high-speed practices,it is significant to design agitated seed metering devices with horizontal seed filling that are suitable for high-speed practices.The combination of horizontal seed filling and agitated seed filling can accelerate the seed filling of mechanical seed metering devices,and improve the qualified rate of seed spacing during high-speed practices.In this study,theoretical analysis,discrete element method-based simulation and indoor bench test verification were conducted to investigate how key parameters of the agitated seed metering device with horizontal seed filling(angles,installation position and number of agitating plates,diameters of convex spoons)would affect the characteristics of soybean seed movement,seed number and seeding performance(qualified index,multiple index,missing seeding index)under different working speeds.Computer-based simulation,test design and regression analysis were combined to analyze the population moving rules and optimize the design parameters of seed metering devices.Based on the test scheme as designed,simulations were conducted on Fluent EDEM,and the optimal angle of the agitating plates was determined by analyzing the population migrating rules.Regression equations were established through the regression of test results,and used to find out the optimal design parameters(diameter of convex spoon,positions and number of agitating plates)of seed metering devices.Then the optimal parameter combination among different working conditions was determined that the angle,position and number of agitating plates were 30°,24.4 mm,and 13,respectively,and the diameter of convex spoon was 11.0 mm.With the optimal parameter combination and at the seeding speed of 12 km/h,the qualified index,multiple index and missing seeding index were 93.1%,2.1%and 4.8%,respectively.Under high-speed practices,the new seed metering device was not significantly different from the pneumatic seed metering device,but significantly outperformed the mechanical seed metering device.
基金We acknowledge the financial support of Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZD201303)and Youth Scientific Research Fund of Northeast Agricultural University.
文摘The use of computer vision for estimating quality in agriculture products has become wide spread in recent years and the composition,variety,or ripeness can be estimated.On the other hand,the appearance is one of the most worrying issues for producers due to its influence on quality.In this research,computer vision technology combined with BP artificial neural network(ANN)was developed to identify soybean frogeye,mildewed soybean,worm-eaten soybean and damaged soybean.Thirty-nine characteristic parameters from color,texture and shape characteristics were computed after preprocessing the acquired soybean images.The dimensionality of the characteristic parameters was reduced from 39 dimensionalities to 12 dimensionalities using the method of principal component analysis(PCA).MALAB software was used to build a prediction model according to 12 characteristic parameters.The identification accuracies of soybean frogeye,mildewed soybean,damaged soybean and worm-eaten soybean are 96%,95%,92%,and 92%,respectively.And the accuracy for heterogeneous soybean seeds with several diseases is 90%.The results show that the prediction model constructed by BP neural network can identify the diseases of soybean seeds.And it is useful to estimate appearance quality of soybean by computer vision applying BP neural network.
基金funded by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(2012AA101106)the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB118404)+1 种基金the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2011BAD35B06)the National Transgenic Major Program,China(2008ZX08009-003)
文摘Soybean seed storage protein is one of the most important plant vegetable proteins, and β subunit is of great significance to enhance soybean protein quality and processing property. F2 segregated population and residual heterozygous lines(RHL) derived from the cross between Yangyandou(low level of β subunit) and Zhonghuang 13(normal level of β subunit) were used for mapping of β subunit content. Our results showed that β subunit content was controlled by a single dominant locus, qBSC-1(β subunit content), which was mapped to a region of 11.9 cM on chromosome 20 in F2 population of 85 individuals. This region was narrowed down to 2.5 cM between BARCSOYSSR_20_0997 and BARCSOYSSR_20_0910 in RHL with a larger population size of 246 individuals. There were 48 predicted genes within qBSC-1 region based on the reference genome(Glyma 1.0, Williams 82), including the two copies of β subunit coding gene CG4. An InDel marker developed from a thymine(TT) insertion in one copy of CG4 promoter region in Yangyandou cosegregrated with BARCSOYSSR_20_0975 within qBSC-1 region, suggesting that this InDel marker maybe useful for marker-assisted selection(MAS).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30570178)
文摘The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in chilling-sensitive soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zhonghuang No. 22) seeds during imbibition. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 ℃. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20℃ with a polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG8000) solution at 1.5 MPa for 72 h followed by drying back to their initial moisture content (MC) reduced their chilling sensitivity. The phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor of protein tyrosinephosphatases, was used to investigate the possible involvement of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of Tyr residues in the plasma membrane composition and function when seeds were osmoconditioned. The results showed the germination of osmoconditioned seeds decreased significantly when PAO was added in PEG solution after chilling treatment. PAO inhibited changes in composition of plasma membrane phospholipids and fatty acid induced by osmocondition, indicated that tyrosine protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulatory mechanisms of osmocondition-responsive chilling in soybean seeds. Western blot result further indicated that osmocondition treatment improved the activity of plasma membrane H^+-ATPase after chilling treatment, but this effect was abolished by PAO. The possible regulation mechanism by Tyr protein phosphorylation is discussed.
基金the National Science Foundation(NSF Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Award 1024976National Science Foundation IOS and Japanese Science and Technology Agency joint Metabolomics for Low Carbon Society Awards 1139489 and 1639618+1 种基金National Science Foundation IOS Awards 1340058 and 1743594)Ritesh Kumar was supported by a grant from the United Soybean Board(USB,award#1920-152-0120-B)to Minviluz G.Stacey,Lloyd W.Sumner and Zhentian Lei.
文摘Tryptophan is one of the nine essential amino acids in humans that can only be obtained through diets and supplements.It is a precursor to many biological processes,such as serotonin,melatonin,kynurenin,and niacin(nicotinamide)vitamin synthesis.The content of tryptophan in foods,such as soybean is an important indicator of nutritional value.Therefore,accurate quantification of tryptophan in soybean is crucial to soybean nutritional improvement.Quantification of soybean protein-bound amino acids first involves acid hydrolysis of total protein to liberate amino acids.However,tryptophan quantification following acid hydrolysis is difficult or impossible due to its reactions with soybean carbohydrates.Therefore,removal of carbohydrates from soy proteins prior to acid hydrolysis is necessary.In this study,we compared four common protein precipitation methods(i.e.,methanol,acetonitrile,acetone,and trichloroacetic acid(TCA)protein precipitation methods)to determine the best method to separate soy proteins from carbohydrates,and concluded that acetone provided the highest recovery of soy proteins.Tryptophan content in the precipitated proteins was determined after acid hydrolysis of the proteins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multiple reaction monitoring(LC-MS/MS-MRM).No significant difference in the tryptophan content was found among proteins precipitated with methanol,acetonitrile,and TCA,suggesting that these precipitated proteins have similar compositions.A slightly lower,but statistically significant tryptophan content was found in the acetonitrile-precipitated proteins,suggesting that these proteins contain slightly higher glycosylated proteins.