Influence of broken kernels content on soybean quality during storage

Although it is recognized that the post-harvest system is most responsible for the loss of soybean quality,the real impact of this loss is still unknown.Brazilian regulation allows 15%and 30%of broken soybean for group I and group II(quality groups),respectively.However,the industry is not informed about the loss in the quality parameters of soybeans and its impacts during long-term storage.Therefore,the objective was to evaluate the effect of the breakage kernel percentage of soybean stored for 12 months.Content of 15% of breakage kernels did not affect soybean quality.However,content of 30% of breakage kernels affected significantly soybean quality,which was evidenced by the increase of up to 75% in moldy soybeans,72% in acidity,50% in leached solids,27% in electrical conductivity,and the decrease of up to 12% in soluble protein,6.4% in germination and 3.5% in thousand kernel weight after 8 months of storage.Although the legislation establishes a percentage limit,it is recommended to store soybeans with up to 15% breakage kernels.On the contrary,values higher than that can cause a significant reduction in soybean quality,resulting in commercial losses.

A Dominant Locus, qBSC-1, Controls β Subunit Content of Seed Storage Protein in Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merri.)

Soybean seed storage protein is one of the most important plant vegetable proteins, and β subunit is of great significance to enhance soybean protein quality and processing property. F2 segregated population and residual heterozygous lines（RHL） derived from the cross between Yangyandou（low level of β subunit） and Zhonghuang 13（normal level of β subunit） were used for mapping of β subunit content. Our results showed that β subunit content was controlled by a single dominant locus, qBSC-1（β subunit content）, which was mapped to a region of 11.9 cM on chromosome 20 in F2 population of 85 individuals. This region was narrowed down to 2.5 cM between BARCSOYSSR_20_0997 and BARCSOYSSR_20_0910 in RHL with a larger population size of 246 individuals. There were 48 predicted genes within qBSC-1 region based on the reference genome（Glyma 1.0, Williams 82）, including the two copies of β subunit coding gene CG4. An InDel marker developed from a thymine（TT） insertion in one copy of CG4 promoter region in Yangyandou cosegregrated with BARCSOYSSR_20_0975 within qBSC-1 region, suggesting that this InDel marker maybe useful for marker-assisted selection（MAS）.

Effect of 1-MCP on Senescence and Decay of Vegetable Soybean Pods During Storage

The effects of 1-MCP on decay and senescence in vegetable soybean pods during storage were investigated. Treatments with 0. 5,1, or 2μl L-1 1-MCP significantly inhibited the senescence process of harvested vegetable soybean pods, as manifested in lower levels of ethylene production, respiratory rate, MDA and superoxide contents and higher levels of SOD, ASA-POD activities, Vc and chlorophyll contents. Moreover, 1-MCP promoted PAL activity and lignin synthesis, inhibited decay incidence. 2μl L-1-MCP treatment, however, inhibited PAL activity during the later period of storage, thereby increasing decay incidence.

A Study of Estimating the Safe Storage Life, Self-accelerating Decomposition Temperature and Critical Temperature of Thermal Explosion of Double-base Propellant Using Isothermal and Non-isothermal Decomposition Behaviours

A method of estimating the safe storage life （τ）, self-accelerating decomposition temperature （TsADT） and critical temperature of thermal explosion （Tb） of double-base propellant using isothermal and non-isothermal decomposition behaviours is presented. For double-base propellant composed of 56±1wt% of nitrocellulose （NC）, 27±0.5wt% of nitroglycerine （NG）, 8.15±0.15wt% of dinitrotoluene （DNT）, 2.5±0.1wt% of methyl centralite, 5.0±0.15wt% of catalyst and 1.0±0.1wt% of other, the values of r of 49.4 years at 40℃, of TSAOT of 151.35℃ and of Tb of 163.01℃ were obtained.

Isolation and Characterization of Storage Protein Subunit-null-dwarf Mutants in Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)

Dwarfing is useful to reduce plant height,when breeding high-yielding and non-lodging crops.In this study,a set of natural storage protein subunit-null dwarf mutants of soybean was reported that showed strongly reduced plant stature and deficiency in various 7S and 11S subunits,designated as snd1 mutants.Under normal growth conditions,the snd1 mutants showed a severe dwarf phenotype,with plant height of about 25 cm.Compared with wild-type DN47,the mutant snd1 exhibited no obvious morphological differences at the early stage of development.All the snd1 mutants examined had fewer nodes and shorter than normal internodes;the leaves were similar in shape to normal parents,but were dark-green at the mature stage.The flower size was similar to DN47;however,the flowering period was shorter than in the wild-type.Significant variation was noted for protein content,oil content of the seeds and size of seeds(weight of 100 seeds)among 17 snd1 dwarf lines.Genetic analysis indicated that the dwarfism of snd1 was controlled by a single recessive gene.The snd1 dwarf mutant had markedly different dynamic levels of the endogenous hormones gibberellin(GA),brassinosteroid,indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid,at the seedling stage.Exogenous GA3 treatment led to recovery of the plant height phenotype of the snd1 mutant;GA3 at 0.1 mm had the largest effect on enhancing plant height.Using molecular markers,snd1 gene was approximately mapped in an interval of 603 kb between markers Satt166 and Satt561 on chromosome 19.Snd1 mutant provided valuable material for hypoallergenic soybean breeding and the snd1 gene might be a novel gene related to plant height in soybean.

Effect of Allelic Variation of β-conglycinin α-subunit Locus cgy-2 on Soybean(Glycine max) Quality Ⅰ. Evaluation of Free Amino Acid Content

The effects of the deficiency of the allergenicα-subunit on soybean amino acid(AA)composition were studied using the cultivar Dongnong 47(DN47)as a genetic background.The near-isogenic line(NIL)NIL-DN47-Δα of DN47,with an introgression of theα-null trait allele from the high protein donor parent RiB,was created by marker assisted background selection and used to investigate the AA content and nutritional quality.The contents of crude protein,the total AAs,the total essential amino acids(EAAs)and sulfur-containing(Met and Cys)AAs increased by 4.11%,4.16%,5.20% and 11.96%,respectively in NIL-DN47-Δα compared with DN47.Analyses of the total EAAs(TEAAs)and the EAA index(EAAI)revealed that both parameters in NIL-DN47-Δα were higher than those in DN47.The null-allele of theα-subunit positively affected the AA scores.The quantitative changes in free AAs(FAAs)in the developing seeds of NIL-DN47-Δα and DN47 were compared as of 15 days after flowering(DAF)until maturity.The results showed that the total FAA content in NIL-DN47-Δα was significantly higher than that in the DN47 throughout the late maturation stage(40-60 DAF)of seeds.The high concentration of the FAAs in cgy-2 mutant seeds was a consequence of the high rates of synthesis and/or accumulation of individual FAAs during seed maturation where 25 DAF was an important turning point in the accumulation of the FAAs.The FAA contents of single soybeanα-null,double(α+α′)and triple(α+α′+group I)-null mutant combination lines were investigated.In all of these combinations,introduction of the cgy-2 gene invariably raised the FAA content of mature seeds above that of the DN47.In summary,the enhanced protein quality in cgy-2 mutants resulted from several factors.(1)There was a general increase in the contents of most AAs and FAAs in NIL-DN47-Δα.(2)The induced synthesis of free Arg contributed effectively to the high FAAs of various storage-protein-deficiency mutants.For example,in the S2(null α,group I),the free Arg content was seven times as much as that of DN47,accounting for more than half of the total FAA content in the seed.(3)The increase of sulfur-containing AAs in theα-null type NIL mainly resulted from elevated Met content.These data suggested that the cgy-2 mutation might improve the protein quality of soybean seeds and that lacked of the allergenicα-subunit resulted in increased the FAA content.

Effect of Field Treatment on Microfloral Respiration and Storability of Canola under Different Storage Conditions

Whether different field treatments such as straight cut, swathing, or pre-harvest aid application can influence the canola storage is the critical information for growers. The effect of these different field treatments on the infection and development of microflora on canola seeds with 9%, 11%, and 14% moisture content at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C was determined. To evaluate the microfloral infection and development, concentration of CO2 and O2 in 150 g canola bulks were measured every 3 d. At the beginning and end of the study (66 d), the seed moisture content, germination, visible mold, invisible fungal infection, and yellow seed count were measured. The swathed and nature ripened canola had a slightly higher respiration rate at ≥30°C and ≥ 2 wk than the seeds with other field treatments. The swathed canola had a marginally lower initial germination and higher germination at 66 d. The Glyphosate treated and nature ripened canola seeds had a slightly higher chance of visible model development. However, all these differences were not significant at α = 0.05 level and different field treatments and storage conditions did not influence the yellow seed count.

State-of-charge Balance Control and Safe Region Analysis for Distributed Energy Storage Systems with Constant Power Loads

This paper presents a fully distributed state-of-charge balance control (DSBC) strategy for a distributed energy storage system (DESS). In this framework, each energy storage unit (ESU) processes the state-of-charge (SoC) information from its neighbors locally and adjusts the virtual impedance of the droop controller in real-time to change the current sharing. It is shown that the SoC balance of all ESUs can be achieved. Due to virtual impedance, voltage deviation of the bus occurs inevitably and increases with load power. Meanwhile, widespread of the constant power load (CPL) in the power system may cause instability. To ensure reliable operation of DESS under the proposed DSBC, the concept of the safe region is put forward. Within the safe region, DESS is stable and voltage deviation is acceptable. The boundary conditions of the safe region are derived from the equivalent model of DESS, in which stability is analyzed in terms of modified Brayton-Moser's criterion. Both simulations and hardware experiments verify the accuracy of the safe region and effectiveness of the proposed DSBC strategy.

黔豆系列品种贮藏蛋白亚基组成及其含量分析

为明确黔豆系列大豆品种(品系)中大豆球蛋白组分及其各亚基组分含量,以促进营养或加工专用大豆新品种的选育与应用,本研究利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对41份大豆品种(品系)的7S和11S球蛋白亚基组成、相对百分含量和11S/7S比值进行分析。结果表明,各品种间大豆蛋白及其亚基组分相对百分含量存在较大差异;41份供试品种(品系)的7S、11S球蛋白平均相对百分含量分别为26.93%、54.92%,变幅分别为15.58%~43.89%、37.10%~66.48%,变异系数分别为29.36%、13.57%;11S/7S值为0.85~4.05,平均值为2.28,变异系数为38.71%;7S蛋白的变异系数高于11S蛋白,7S蛋白β亚基的变异系数最大,11S蛋白B亚基的变异系数最大,表现出更丰富的遗传多样性;筛选出11S/7S值高于3的品种11份,其中高于4的品种2份;7S与11S球蛋白组分间存在极显著负相关;系统聚类将41份供试品种(品系)聚类为三类,第Ⅰ类群11S蛋白含量和11S/7S平均值最高,第Ⅱ类群A 4、A 1A 2亚基平均含量最高,第Ⅲ类群7S蛋白和A 3亚基的平均含量最高。

不同贮藏温度对采后菜用大豆3种营养物质含量的影响

【目的】探明不同贮藏温度条件下菜用大豆中蔗糖、蛋白质和维生素C(V_(C))3种营养物质含量的变化规律,为菜用大豆贮藏保鲜和加工提供理论依据。【方法】在4℃(低温)和-20℃(速冻)贮藏条件下,分别于0 d、5 d、10 d测定川鲜豆1号、川豆155和川鲜豆2号3个菜用大豆品种的蔗糖、蛋白质含量,在-20℃(速冻)和-70℃(超低温)贮藏条件下,分别于0 d、15 d、30 d、45 d、60 d、90 d测定3个菜用大豆品种的V_(C)含量。【结果】4℃和-20℃贮藏,3个菜用大豆品种蔗糖含量随时间延长呈下降趋势,2种贮藏温度下蔗糖含量差异显著。4℃贮藏,蔗糖含量前5 d下降缓慢,5~10 d急剧下降,损失率为50.8%~60.9%;-20℃贮藏,蔗糖含量下降较缓慢,5~10 d损失率低于10%,-20℃贮藏可显著抑制采后大豆蔗糖含量的下降。蛋白质含量在4℃贮藏10 d内呈上升趋势,-20℃贮藏10 d内小幅下降,4℃贮藏的蛋白质含量均显著高于-20℃贮藏,-20℃贮藏抑制采后菜用大豆蛋白质的合成。V_(C)含量在-20℃和-70℃贮藏90 d内随时间延长而逐渐下降,下降幅度较缓,均小于10%。【结论】-20℃贮藏条件下菜用大豆蔗糖、蛋白质和V_(C)含量变化较小,宜作为菜用大豆采后短期保鲜贮藏方式。

基于降维机理模型的储能电池安全充电在线控制技术

大倍率充电会引起储能电池负极析锂,进一步可能会诱发电池热失控并导致安全事故。而析锂副反应与电池负极电位直接相关,通过模型精确预测负极电位,传输至储能电池管理系统调整充电工况,可以有效抑制负极析锂。因此,文中提出一种基于降维机理简化伪二维(simplified pseudo two-dimensional,SP2D)模型的储能电池安全充电在线控制技术。首先,对伪二维(pseudo two-dimensional,P2D)模型中部分偏微分方程进行降维简化,建立SP2D模型,同时采用不同的方法获取相应的模型参数。其次,使用实验数据的端电压和负极电位对模型进行验证,结果表明模型在不同倍率恒流工况下精度较高。再次,基于SP2D模型结合比例控制器开展电池无析锂安全充电的仿真工作,结果表明,电池经过1895 s充电即达到截止电压4.3 V,且充电过程中负极电位均处于无析锂安全电位区间。最后,对仿真得到的充电策略进行循环和拆解验证,结果表明提出的充电方法能够实现电池无析锂安全充电。

Changes in the sugars,amino acids and organic acids of postharvest sperminetreated immature vegetable soybean(Glycine max L.Merr.)as determined by^(1)H NMR spectroscopy

^(1)H NMR spectroscopy was adopted to determine compositional changes(mainly sugars,organic acids and amino acids)involved in cold-stored immature soybean grains after exogenous spermine treatment.Significant changes of sugars,including sucrose,galactose,myo-inositol,glucose and fructose were detected in soybean after spermine treatment.As for the organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle,the levels of malic and fumaric acids decreased but the level of citric acid increased.However,no significant changes were observed for amino acids in spermine-treated soybeans.By using metabolic profile analysis,a difference was observed between the aging of soybean grains as such and those treated with spermine.This study provides an insight into the accumulation of metabolites in postharvest immature soybeans after exogenous spermine-treatment.

温湿度条件对六堡茶安全贮藏的影响及孢子计数法的应用

研究了温度35、30、25℃,湿度90%、80%、70%条件下六堡茶含水量变化及霉变情况,分析了温湿度对六堡茶含水量及霉变情况的影响,确定了六堡茶易霉变的温湿度条件;优化了孢子计数法应用于六堡茶的方法参数并评估了其在预测六堡茶霉变程度的可行性。结果表明,温度低于25℃,湿度低于70%是六堡茶防止霉变的最优贮藏条件;孢子数量增长水平与霉变程度具有同步性,此方法应用于快速评估六堡茶霉变情况是可行的,且初步确定发生霉变的孢子数临界值为30.00×10^(7)个/g。结果为确定六堡茶的安全贮藏条件提供了依据,为其霉变程度的快速评估提供了可供参考的新方法。

不同保鲜剂结合抗菌袋包装处理对黄豆芽贮藏品质的影响

为研究不同保鲜剂结合抗菌保鲜袋处理对萌发后的黄豆芽在贮藏期间品质的影响,分别采用乙烯吸收剂和浓度为0.6 mmol/L的褪黑素、1.5%的H2O2,1µL/L的1-MCP对采后黄豆芽雾化熏蒸5 min,以无处理的黄豆芽样品作为对照,于2℃,相对湿度为90%的环境中贮藏,定期测定黄豆芽的营养成分和抗氧化活性。结果表明,在贮藏第7 d,乙烯吸收剂处理组黄豆芽褐变指数仅为CK组的62.1%,硬度、过氧化氢清除率分别比CK组高56.7%和44.4%,其中以褪黑素处理黄豆芽效果最好。研究为黄豆芽贮藏寻求最适的保鲜材料提供理论支持。

我国粮食烘干仓储技术装备研究应用现状与趋势

粮食安全是关系国家长治久安的重要物质基础,而粮食烘干和仓储技术在减少粮食损失和保障粮食安全品质方面的研究和应用具有重要意义。为此,在收集、整理国内烘干和仓储技术装备的基础上,重点阐述了烘干和仓储机械以及安全储粮技术的研究现状和发展动态,分析了各类烘干、储藏技术装备的优缺点,给出了不同烘干和仓储技术的适用范围;同时,对仓储过程中配备的杀虫、控温、粮情监控技术进行介绍,提出适合新型农业经营主体的烘干仓储技术装备发展方向,为新型农业经营主体安全储粮提供参考。

两种大豆籽粒萌发特性差异的比较转录组分析

大豆种子的萌发决定着幼苗建成和生长发育进程,快速萌发及高发芽率是大豆生产中获得高产的重要保障。本研究以不同萌发特性的黑农35及其诱变株系M为材料,基于萌发初期种皮微形态观察和主要生理指标检测,拟通过“露白期”(吸水后24 h)转录组的差异基因分析,进一步明晰大豆种子萌发机理。结果表明,两者的吸水率和发芽率存在显著差异;扫描电镜观察发现,与黑农35相比,M的种脐较长,种皮较薄,这些形态特征可能是萌发初期M吸水更快的主要原因。萌发过程中脱落酸(ABA)含量逐渐下降,可溶性蛋白含量均呈先下降后上升趋势,可溶性糖含量均为上升-下降-上升的“S”形。转录组分析发现两者共有1122个差异基因,其中478个上调,644个下调,差异基因主要富集在光合作用途径,筛选到22个与光合途径相关的候选基因,在M中均呈下调趋势,可能引起光形态建成较慢,进而导致诱变株系M萌发率变低,研究结果可为解析大豆种子萌发的调控机制提供思路。

不同气体气调大豆毛油储藏期预测模型构建

以大豆毛油为研究对象,研究其在不同气体(Ar、N_(2)、CO_(2))、不同体积分数(95%、98%)气调储藏过程中主要品质变化规律,构建预测模型并进行预测和验证,为毛油安全储藏及品质预测提供参考。结果表明,储藏期间N_(2)、Ar、CO_(2)气调油脂POV分别比CK显著降低了72.7%~91.5%、74.2%~92.2%和75.7%~89.9%,气调处理抑制POV效果显著,且Ar效果最好,其次为N_(2)和CO_(2);Ar和N_(2)气调抑制AV效果显著,CO_(2)处理则具有显著促进作用。3种气体体积分数98%气调储藏大豆毛油POV和AV不同程度低于体积分数95%。基于POV,运用一级氧化动力学模型结合Arrhenius方程建立储藏期预测模型,拟合精度高(R^(2)>0.95),验证效果好,预测储藏期相对误差为8.3%。结合实测和预测模型预测结果得出,25、40、50、60℃情况下,CK组储藏期分别为69、38、26、19 d,Ar 98%和N_(2)98%组储藏期分别为155、104、83、66 d和129、92、76、63 d,Ar气调处理对维持大豆毛油储藏品质效果好于N_(2)气调,但差异不显著,且体积分数越高,效果越好。

基于热减量法2/1樟发射药安全贮存寿命预估

目的 预估2/1樟发射药的安全贮存寿命,建立一种基于加速热减量试验,利用热减量曲线和贝瑟洛特(Berthelot)方程预估其安全贮存寿命的方法。方法 首先对2/1樟发射药分别进行85、95、105、115℃下的加速热减量试验,获得样品在各个温度下不同加速时间的热减量数据。然后基于热减量曲线,得到2/1樟发射药在各个温度下的延滞期。最后利用各个温度下的半延滞期,根据Berthelot方程拟合得到2/1樟发射药安全贮存寿命预估模型。结果 根据其安全贮存寿命预估模型计算得到2/1樟发射药在30℃下的安全贮存寿命约为50.9 a。结论 预测结果与文献值接近,且试验时间比文献减少了近1/2,验证了该方法的有效性,可为2/1樟发射药或其他发射药的安全贮存寿命预估提供一种可行的技术途径。

包装大米堆垛储藏现状与发展趋势

包装堆垛储藏是目前大米储藏的主要方式。本文概述了我国大米储藏现状,对包装大米堆垛储藏的要求及其安全性进行分析,展望了包装大米堆垛储藏的发展趋势,以期为包装大米堆垛安全储藏研究和应用提供参考。