Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publicati...Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.展开更多
目的探讨血清细胞因子信号转导负调控因子-3(suppressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS-3)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-16(interleukin-16,IL-16)及T辅助细胞1/T辅助细胞2(Th1/Th2)与妊娠期高血压...目的探讨血清细胞因子信号转导负调控因子-3(suppressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS-3)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-16(interleukin-16,IL-16)及T辅助细胞1/T辅助细胞2(Th1/Th2)与妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)的关系。方法选取2014年1月-2016年6月本院妇产科收治的妊娠期高血压疾病患者182例,其中妊娠期高血压组51例,轻度子痫前期组69例,重度子痫前期组62例。另选择同期分娩健康孕妇65例作为对照组。采用ELISA法检测各组孕妇血清SOCS-3、TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2水平,分析重度子痫前期患者不良妊娠结局与各指标的关系。采用Spearman相关分析各组HDCP患者血清SOCS-3水平与TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2的相关性。结果与对照组比较,轻度子痫前期组和重度子痫前期组血清SOCS-3水平均明显降低(0.59±0.12 vs 0.14±0.03和0.08±0.01;P均<0.05)。各组TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2水平均高于对照组,且重度子痫前期组较轻度子痫前期组升高更明显[TNF-α(ng/L):12.58±2.37 vs 34.75±6.42和61.53±9.26;IL-16(ng/L):108.47±35.24 vs 187.63±81.47和284.62±113.58;Th1/Th2:9.27±2.38 vs20.15±4.82和26.48±6.13;P均<0.05]。重度子痫前期患者中,SOCS-3低表达组胎儿宫内窘迫综合征、胎儿生长受限及新生儿窒息的发生率均显著高于高表达组(P均<0.05),TNF-α、IL-16、Th1/Th2高表达组早产及胎儿生长受限的发生率均显著高于低表达组(P均<0.05)。相关分析显示,妊娠期高血压患者血清SOCS-3水平与TNF-α、IL-16、Th1/Th2均呈负相关(r=-0.528,r=-0.506,r=-0.126;P均<0.05)。结论监测孕妇血清SOCS-3、TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2对妊娠期高血压疾病尤其是重度子痫前期的早发现、早诊断、早治疗具有一定的临床指导意义。展开更多
According to a genome-wide association study,intronic SNPs within the human sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase(SPAK) gene was linked to 20% of the general population and may be associated with elevate...According to a genome-wide association study,intronic SNPs within the human sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase(SPAK) gene was linked to 20% of the general population and may be associated with elevated blood pressure. As cell volume changes,mammalian SPAK kinases respond to phosphorylate and regulate cation-coupled chloride co-transporter activity. To our knowledge,phosphorylation of upstream with-no-lysine(K)(WNK) kinases would activate SPAK kinases. The activation of WNK-OSR1/SPAK cascade on the kidneys and aortic tissue is related to the development of hypertension. Several regulators of the WNK pathway such as the Kelch kinase protein 3-Cullin 3 E3 ligase,hyperinsulinemia,and low potassium intake to mediate hypertension have been identified. In addition,the SPAK kinases may affect the action of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure as well. In 2010,two SPAK knock-in and knock-out mouse models have clarified the pathogenesis of lowering blood pressure by influencing the receptors on the kidneys and aortic smooth muscle. More recently,two novel SPAK inhibitors for mice,Stock 1S-14279 and Closantel were discovered in 2014. Targeting of SPAK seems to be promising for future antihypertensive therapy. Therefore we raised some viewpoints for the issue for the antihypertensive therapy on the SPAK(gene or kinase).展开更多
文摘Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.
文摘目的探讨血清细胞因子信号转导负调控因子-3(suppressor of cytokine signaling 3,SOCS-3)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-16(interleukin-16,IL-16)及T辅助细胞1/T辅助细胞2(Th1/Th2)与妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)的关系。方法选取2014年1月-2016年6月本院妇产科收治的妊娠期高血压疾病患者182例,其中妊娠期高血压组51例,轻度子痫前期组69例,重度子痫前期组62例。另选择同期分娩健康孕妇65例作为对照组。采用ELISA法检测各组孕妇血清SOCS-3、TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2水平,分析重度子痫前期患者不良妊娠结局与各指标的关系。采用Spearman相关分析各组HDCP患者血清SOCS-3水平与TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2的相关性。结果与对照组比较,轻度子痫前期组和重度子痫前期组血清SOCS-3水平均明显降低(0.59±0.12 vs 0.14±0.03和0.08±0.01;P均<0.05)。各组TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2水平均高于对照组,且重度子痫前期组较轻度子痫前期组升高更明显[TNF-α(ng/L):12.58±2.37 vs 34.75±6.42和61.53±9.26;IL-16(ng/L):108.47±35.24 vs 187.63±81.47和284.62±113.58;Th1/Th2:9.27±2.38 vs20.15±4.82和26.48±6.13;P均<0.05]。重度子痫前期患者中,SOCS-3低表达组胎儿宫内窘迫综合征、胎儿生长受限及新生儿窒息的发生率均显著高于高表达组(P均<0.05),TNF-α、IL-16、Th1/Th2高表达组早产及胎儿生长受限的发生率均显著高于低表达组(P均<0.05)。相关分析显示,妊娠期高血压患者血清SOCS-3水平与TNF-α、IL-16、Th1/Th2均呈负相关(r=-0.528,r=-0.506,r=-0.126;P均<0.05)。结论监测孕妇血清SOCS-3、TNF-α、IL-16及Th1/Th2对妊娠期高血压疾病尤其是重度子痫前期的早发现、早诊断、早治疗具有一定的临床指导意义。
文摘According to a genome-wide association study,intronic SNPs within the human sterile 20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase(SPAK) gene was linked to 20% of the general population and may be associated with elevated blood pressure. As cell volume changes,mammalian SPAK kinases respond to phosphorylate and regulate cation-coupled chloride co-transporter activity. To our knowledge,phosphorylation of upstream with-no-lysine(K)(WNK) kinases would activate SPAK kinases. The activation of WNK-OSR1/SPAK cascade on the kidneys and aortic tissue is related to the development of hypertension. Several regulators of the WNK pathway such as the Kelch kinase protein 3-Cullin 3 E3 ligase,hyperinsulinemia,and low potassium intake to mediate hypertension have been identified. In addition,the SPAK kinases may affect the action of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on blood pressure as well. In 2010,two SPAK knock-in and knock-out mouse models have clarified the pathogenesis of lowering blood pressure by influencing the receptors on the kidneys and aortic smooth muscle. More recently,two novel SPAK inhibitors for mice,Stock 1S-14279 and Closantel were discovered in 2014. Targeting of SPAK seems to be promising for future antihypertensive therapy. Therefore we raised some viewpoints for the issue for the antihypertensive therapy on the SPAK(gene or kinase).
