Effects of different feeding methods and space allowance on the growth performance, individual and social behaviors of Holstein calves

The importance of nutrient provisions and weaning methods for calves has been well established over the past few years,while as increasing interest has focused on contribution of animal behavior and their overall performance in production regimes.The present study investigated the effects of feeding methods and space allowance on growth performance,individual and social behaviors in Holstein calves.Twenty-four Chinese Holstein male and female calves were allocated to either an individual or group of 6 and fed either with a bucket or a teat.Milk replacer,calf starter,and Chinese wildrye were offered during the experiment.A fecal index used in the present study was defined as the total fecal scores/total number of calves in each treatment.The results showed that there was no significant difference among the 4 treatments in terms of feed intake,body weight,average daily gain,and fecal index.For the feeding behaviors,the ingesting milk time and ingesting milk rate were significantly affected by space allowance,while the feeding methods showed a significant influence on the bunting behavior of the calves.There was no significant difference among the 4 treatments in terms of licking fixtures,self-grooming,and lying down behaviors,irrespective of the feeding method or space allowance.However,sucking an empty bucket or the teat was significantly affected by the feeding method.Several selected group behaviors were examined in the present study,and similar values for sniffing the other calves,social grooming,and cross-sucking behaviors were observed.Overall,the present study demonstrated that different feeding methods and space allowances had a significant effect on the feeding behavior of calves,while the feed intake,growth performance,health condition,individual and group social behaviors were not significantly influenced.Furthermore,under intensified production systems,Holstein calves raised in a group may obtain a similar production performance,thus reducing management input and profitability compared with those kept individually.However,there may be competition during the feeding period.

Application of Null Space Based Behavior Control to the Swarm Robot’s Control

This paper proposes a solution to controls warm robots in an effort to avoid obstacles, moving to the goal by the method of Null Space based Behavior (NSB) control of an individual in the swarm. This paper also provides the stability analysis of the converging process by investigating the relationship between single agents, and the analysis result is proved by using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the simulation results in two-dimensional space have confirmed the obtained theoretical results.

Spatial Interpretation of the Wooden Arch Gallery Bridges in Northeast Fujian from the Perspective of Behavior Space

On the basis of investigating wooden arch gallery bridges in China,perspectives of researchers studying wooden arch gallery bridges in northeast Fujian Province were reviewed,and the innovativeness of researches from the perspectives of cultural geography and significance of wooden arch gallery bridge for the locals’behaviors was proposed.Youxi Village in Qinyang Town,Shouning County,known as the Village of Gallery Bridge,was taken for example to analyze physical,spiritual and social properties of its wooden arch gallery bridge spaces.Wooden arch gallery bridge is an effective boundary point of settlement space,constituting natural ecological spaces and man-made physical spaces of rural settlements.And as a type of building space,wooden arch gallery bridge expands settlement spaces,contributes to settlement cultures,and enriches spiritual connotations of regional cultures.In northeast Fujian,wooden arch gallery bridge is an important social space for the locals’daily life by carrying on living,production and spiritual functions.

LARGE TIME ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN PARTIAL SPACE-PERIODIC DOMAINS

In this article, we study the large time behavior of the 3-D isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equation in the partial space-periodic domains, and simultaneously show that the related profile systems can be described by like Navier-Stokes equations with suitable ＂pressure＂ functions in lower dimensions. Our proofs are based on the energy methods together with some delicate analysis on the corresponding linearized problems.

文教旅游区空间配置与游客游览路线选择——基于空间句法的实证研究

空间配置与游客游览路线选择之间关系的研究,对于文教旅游区的文化遗产保护、游客流量分配和可持续规划有重要意义。以集美学村为例,运用实地调研法和问卷调查法对游客进行调查,归纳游客的行为特征与流动模式,并运用空间句法转译该地区的空间配置数据,进而通过空间配置与景点访问量的相关性来分析文教旅游区的空间因素对游客游览路线选择的影响。结果表明:文教旅游区的景点空间布局会影响游客的流动模式;文教旅游区的空间配置对游客游览路线选择、景点访问量有显著的影响;空间句法能够较好地预测游客的空间行为。该研究可为文教旅游区的规划与开发、游客流量再分配、旅游空间管理策略制定提供参考。

基于环境行为学的乡村公共空间设计研究--以富民冷饭桥村为例

在乡村建设背景下,优化乡村公共空间以满足村民的行为需求和心理需求具有重要意义。文章首先从环境行为学的角度出发,以富民县冷饭桥村为例,分析乡村公共空间的环境特征及其与村民行为之间的互动关系。其次,识别乡村公共空间中的问题,并从行为需求、艺术需求和人体工程学等多个维度提出具体的设计策略。以期通过改善乡村公共空间的质量,促进村民的社交互动,丰富乡村文化生活,并为乡村社区的可持续发展提供理论支持与实践参考。

基于CiteSpace的分级诊疗下居民就诊行为影响因素分析

打破分级诊疗制度实施困境的关键在于居民在首诊时选择基层医疗,但居民就诊行为选择是一个复杂的决策过程,只有明确就诊行为选择的影响因素,才能制定更有效的政策和干预措施。作者选取2010年~2021年中国知网数据库收录的关于分级诊疗下居民就诊行为影响因素研究的中文期刊论文作为来源资料,利用CiteSpace软件进行发文数量、作者、研究机构以及研究热点的可视化分析。基于文献分析,本文系统提出居民就诊行为影响因素,并提出进一步研究方向。

景边型传统村落公共空间功能复合特征探讨

受风景名胜区影响,大量的游客涌入景边型传统村落,公共空间使用者变得多样化,但受土地资源约束,公共空间规模无法大幅增长,景边型传统村落公共空间的功能与土地之间矛盾突出,导致村落公共空间无法满足现在村落公共空间的使用,功能复合为其提供一条可行的途径。结合工程案例,介绍了公共空间的功能复合,在同一公共空间提供多种功能,能有效地满足多元人群的使用需求。梳理了点、线、面公共空间特征,以指明未来公共空间功能设计的方向。

Progress of Materials Science in Space Technology in China(2020-2022)

In this paper,the main research work and related reports of materials science research in China’s space technology field during 2020-2022 are summarized.This paper covers Materials Sciences in Space Environment,Materials Sciences for Space Environment,Materials Behavior in Space Environment and Space experimental hardware for material investigation.With the rapid development of China’s space industry,more scientists will be involved in materials science,space technology and earth science researches.In the future,a series of disciplines such as space science,machinery,artificial intelligence,digital twin and big data will be further integrated with materials science,and space materials will also usher in new development opportunities.

基于场所精神的建筑室内空间设计研究

人与场所交互对话方式是近年来设计者研究的主要方向。建筑室内空间作为人们物质和精神生活的场所,传递着一种生活方式的态度。建筑室内空间的场所精神,映射出社会环境与生产方式多维度空间行为体验逻辑价值认同的特定意义。文章结合场所精神的行为体验研究,通过对“人”的需求尊重来诠释建筑室内空间场所设计的“内在精神气质”,强化人与环境互动的双向作用生成,实现场所空间营造内在价值的有效途径。

A RESEARCH ON URBAN RECREATIONISTS' TRAVELING BEHAVIORS IN SHANGHAI

Urban recreationists consist of those who have used urban recreational facilities, no matter they are local residents or nonlocals. Traveling models will exert impacts not only on the use of urban recreational facilities but also on the development and management of recreational resources. Taking Shanghai as a sample of destinaton and origin of urban recreationists, the author did his study based on data from comprehensive travel measurement and users' survey, including field questionnaire survey, mailing questionnaire survey, home survey, and cordon monitonng. To analyze traveing models of urban recreationists in Shanghai, the author used techniques of Recreational Activity Space (RAS) and the Use Curve (UC) Analysis. Rogarding Shanghai as an origin, the author first discussed types and characteristics of the RASs which are presented by isotourist lines in the proper and outskirts of Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta and the China's Mainland respectively. These RASs reflect the trave directional bias of Shanghainese. Then the author regarded Shanghai as a deshnahon and analyzed the RASs of tounsts from Otier provinces, which demonstrated the attractiveness of and distance decay of Shanghai. He found that a U-shaped UC model existed in the distance decay under the influence of attractiveness and distance. Finally, the author suggested, that the availability, periodicity and attractiveness, besides distance, are the basic mechanisms that affect the urban recreationists' traveling models in a city such as Shanghai.

高速公路小净距互通立交车辆纵向运行特性

为明确车辆在高速公路小净距互通立交的纵向运行特性,在G50沪渝高速公路重庆段的白杨沟立交和跑马坪立交,开展了38位被试的实车驾驶试验。利用车载仪器采集了自然驾驶状态下的车辆运行速度以及纵向加速度等参数,计算了速度极差、带宽以及聚集系数,分析了驾驶行为的约束性以及速度变化特征。提取了纵向加速度连续变化曲线的峰值,研究了纵向加速度的累积频率、概率分布特性以及特征百分位值。结果表明:在小净距区段,合流区与分流区相互重叠,车辆交织行为增多,车辆间干涉严重,速度极差较大,离散性较高;断面速度总体呈现偏态分布,小净距区段断面速度区间大于其它断面。纵向加速概率分布曲线总体呈现偏态分布,加速度负值分布区间大于正值分布区间;小净距区段交通环境相对更复杂,驾驶人操作更加谨慎,与常规净距立交相比,小净距立交纵向加速度平均值低0.28 m/s^(2)。汇入过程中,驾驶人对加速度的选择存在一定差异,偏向于较大的加速度正值(0.542 m/s^(2))与较低的加速度负值(-0.081 m/s^(2))。然而,驶出过程中,驾驶人对加速度的选择具有一定趋同性,加速度正值(0.300 m/s^(2))与负值(-0.350 m/s^(2))差异性小;男性驾驶人纵向操作频率高于女性,幅度低于女性,不同驾驶风格驾驶人纵向加速度变化趋势具有一定的趋同性。

基于人群行为下的兰州站候车空间优化研究

随着社会发展,候车空间也逐渐从以物为主向以人为本的方向发展。目前,兰州站候车空间存在设计不周的问题,缺乏对人群行为的观察和分析,忽视了经济发展下旅客对空间多元化的需求。文中依据行为-需求-设计的思路,结合对人群的观察,了解旅客候车行为和空间诉求,总结空间设计弊端,提出更符合人本的空间设计策略。

面向数字社会的学生社群互动行为分析

命运与共是当今世界的显著标志,人际交往对于社会生产与发展具有重要现实意义。信息技术的发展扩大了学生的成长空间,数字交往成为当代学生主要的人际互动形式,网络社群则成为学生成长的主要空间。然而,这也导致学生直面数字社交带来的交往异化和主体性丢失问题。因此,研究从交往理性的视角构建了数字社会CSS架构,涵盖数字文化(Digital Culture)、主体空间(Individual Space)和社会秩序(Social Order)三个层面,该架构为数字社会成员在新时代的生存发展和社会交往提供了可信机理。基于此架构详细分析了个体面向数字社会所应具备的胜任能力,具体包含数字文化中的工具意识、数字素养和主体效能;主体空间中的自我意识、身份认同和行为约束以及社会秩序中的群体意识、情绪驾驭和社会参与。

阈限空间与临界消费:城市书店的内在属性与经营路径研究

近年来,当学者们普遍以公共空间为路径阐释书店空间时,其空间属性的特殊性就被遮蔽起来。事实上,书店早已不只是销售图书的终端,亦不是纯粹的公共空间,而是演变成一种兼具精神消费与实物消费、个体消费与集体消费的阈限空间,既是群体意志与个体消费行为表达的场所,亦是某种非公非私的、具有临界性的“飞地”;既具有内在空间的生产性,亦以舒适物的形式通过正外部性形成对周边业态的促进。文章尝试以消费学为视域重新审视书店的空间属性与消费意义,进而从学理和实践两个层面探究城市书店的未来通路。

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

ICT应用下居家养老服务“数字鸿沟”的形成机理与规划对策研究——以福州市中心城区为例

当前我国社会正处于老龄化与信息化相互交织的关键时期。研究ICT应用下城市老年人获取居家养老服务过程中“数字鸿沟”问题的形成机理与规划对策,对于老年友好社区的智慧化升级与智慧社区的适老化设计有重要意义。以福州市中心城区为例,运用回归分析等方法,分析不同类型老年人的信息化水平,比较其对不同类型ICT智慧居家养老服务的使用意愿与使用能力,进而探究ICT智慧居家养老服务“数字鸿沟”的影响因素、形成原因和发生场景。在此基础上,结合福州市居家养老服务设施建设现状,提出社区信息中心的功能组织与空间配置策略,以期为弥合城市老年人智慧居家养老“数字鸿沟”、提升智慧养老服务供需匹配水平提供借鉴。

基于数字化感知工具的公共空间行为“博弈”初探

文章对公共空间中行为博弈的多重机制进行解析,揭示了人群行为作为空间形态要素的本质,分析了人群所构成的社会空间形态对个体行为决策的影响原理。结合课程教学中运用数字化感知工具开展的行为研究案例,阐述了基于空间占位和感官刺激的两种行为博弈模式,并将这两种模式拓展到人与物体、人与城市动物、人与智能机器三个不同的范畴,拓展了基于“空间-行为”的设计认知。

适老化社区公共空间的功能分类及优化研究

文章以不同学科为背景,老年人需求为视角,提出老年人需求下的社区公共空间功能分类及社区公共空间适老化。研究运用问卷调查及数据分析,得出老年人对不同功能类型的社区公共空间需求具有多样性和明显的需求倾向,提出五种不同类型公共空间的优化策略。旨在为老年人提供更适宜、舒适的社区居住空间环境,推动老年人友好型社区的建设。

行为模式引导下的青少年宫建筑公共空间设计策略研究

在综合素质教育的理念背景下,青少年宫逐渐成为青少年校外教育的重要场所。而长期以来青少年宫建筑倾向于关注功能内容的选择配置,公共空间作为建筑中重要的互动交往场所与空间活力纽带的功能内涵往往被忽视,缺乏以青少年的行为视角去理解公共空间的价值意义在一定程度上影响了青少年宫建筑作为青少年专属场所的职能发挥。文章以青少年的行为模式为研究切入点,力求探寻适宜青少年行为模式的青少年宫建筑公共空间的设计原则与策略。