A grasp planning algorithm under uneven contact point distribution scenario for space non-cooperative target capture

The contact point configuration should be carefully chosen to ensure a stable capture,especially for the non-cooperative target capture mission using multi-armed spacecraft.In this work scenario,the contact points on the base and on the arms are distributed on the opposite side of the target.Otherwise,large forces will be needed.To cope with this problem,an uneven-oriented distribution union criterion is proposed.The union criterion contains a virtual symmetrical criterion and a geometry criterion.The virtual symmetrical contact point criterion is derived from the proof of the force closure principle using computational geometry to ensure a stable grasp,and the geometry criterion is calculated by the volume of the minimum polyhedron formed by the contact points to get a wide-range distribution.To further accelerate the optimization rate and enhance the global search ability,a line array modeling method and a continuous-discrete global search algorithm are proposed.The line array modeling method reduces the workload of calculating the descent direction and the gradient available,while the continuous-discrete global search algorithm reducing the optimization dimension.Then a highly efficient grasping is achieved and the corresponding contact point is calculated.Finally,an exhaustive verification is conducted to numerically analyze the disturbance resistance ability,and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Impedance control of multi-arm space robot for the capture of non-cooperative targets

Robotic systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in future space activities. The robotic on-orbital service, whose key is the capturing technology, becomes a research hot spot in recent years. This paper studies the dynamics modeling and impedance control of a multi-arm free-flying space robotic system capturing a non-cooperative target. Firstly, a control-oriented dynamics model is essential in control algorithm design and code realization. Unlike a numerical algorithm, an analytical approach is suggested. Using a general and a quasi-coordinate Lagrangian formulation, the kinematics and dynamics equations are derived.Then, an impedance control algorithm is developed which allows coordinated control of the multiple manipulators to capture a target.Through enforcing a reference impedance, end-effectors behave like a mass-damper-spring system fixed in inertial space in reaction to any contact force between the capture hands and the target. Meanwhile, the position and the attitude of the base are maintained stably by using gas jet thrusters to work against the manipulators' reaction. Finally, a simulation by using a space robot with two manipulators and a free-floating non-cooperative target is illustrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Design of a Non-cooperative Target Capture Mechanism

A passive compliant non-cooperative target capture mechanism is designed to maintain the non-cooperative target on-orbit. When the relative position between capture mechanism and satellite is confirmed,a pair of four-bar linkages lock the docking ring,which is used for connecting the satellite and the rocket. The mathematical model of capture mechanism and capture space is built by the Denavit-Hartenberg(D-H)method,and the torque of each joint is analyzed by the Lagrange dynamic equation. Besides,the capture condition and the torque of every joint under different capture conditions are analyzed by simulation in MSC. Adams. The results indicate that the mechanism can capture the non-cooperative target satellite in a wide range. During the process of capture,the passive compliant mechanism at the bottom can increase capture space,thereby reducing the difficulty and enhance stability of the capture.

The collision-free trajectory planning for the space robot to capture a target based on the wavelet interpolation algorithm

In the research of path planning for manipulators with many DOF, generally there is a problem in most traditional methods, which is that their computational cost (time and memory space) increases exponentially as DOF or resolution of the discrete configuration space increases. So this paper presents the collision-free trajectory planning for the space robot to capture a target based on the wavelet interpolation algorithm. We made wavelet sample on the desired trajectory of the manipulator’s end-effector to do trajectory planning by use of the proposed wavelet interpolation formula, and then derived joint vectors from the trajectory information of the end-effector based on the fixed-attitude-restrained generalized Jacobian matrix of multi-arm coordinated motion, so as to control the manipulator to capture a static body along the desired collision-free trajectory. The method overcomes the shortcomings of the typical methods, and the desired trajectory of the end-effector can be any kind of complex nonlinear curve. The algorithm is simple and highly effective and the real trajectory is close to the desired trajectory. In simulation, the planar dual-arm three DOF space robot is used to demonstrate the proposed method, and it shows that the algorithm is feasible.

Analytic optimal pose tracking control in close-range proximity operations with a non-cooperative target

This paper investigates an analytical optimal pose tracking control problem for chaser spacecraft during the close-range proximity operations with a non-cooperative space target subject to attitude tumbling and unknown orbital maneuvering.Firstly,the relative translational motion between the orbital target and the chaser spacecraft is described in the Line-of-Sight(LOS)coordinate frame along with attitude quaternion dynamics.Then,based on the coupled 6-Degree of Freedom(DOF)pose dynamic model,an analytical optimal control action consisting of constrained optimal control value,application time and its duration are proposed via exploring the iterative sequential action control algorithm.Meanwhile,the global closed-loop asymptotic stability of the proposed predictive control action is presented and discussed.Compared with traditional proximity control schemes,the highlighting advantages are that the application time and duration of the devised controller is applied discretely in light of the influence of the instantaneous pose configuration on the pose tracking performance with less energy consumptions rather than at each sample time.Finally,three groups of illustrative examples are organized to validate the effectiveness of the proposed analytical optimal pose tracking control scheme.

自由漂浮空间机器人捕获翻滚目标的力-位-型融合控制方法

翻滚目标捕获过程中,空间机器人的运动会对基座产生扰动、接触过程的冲击碰撞容易产生安全风险。因此,为了在捕获翻滚目标的同时抑制空间机械臂对基座的扰动和对目标的碰撞冲击,提出一种自由漂浮空间机器人力-位-型融合控制方法。首先将自由漂浮空间机器人的非完整冗余性、运动冗余性表征为型空间,构建由末端位姿、型状态组合的广义状态空间并建立系统的运动学和动力学模型;通过优化基座与机械臂的位-型及零空间运动,减小机械臂抓捕运动在基座产生的扰动;通过优化基座、机械臂与翻滚目标的相对位-型,减小碰撞冲击力在基座产生的姿态扰动。给定最优位-型及末端操作力,基于阻抗控制原理及零空间投影策略,实现多优先级力-位-型融合控制。最后,开展了空间机器人捕获翻滚目标的典型任务仿真,结果表明通过力-位-型融合优化与控制方法可以有效减小空间机器人捕获过程产生的基座扰动。

空间包络式抓捕机构非接触/接触一体化导纳控制

研究了一种具有闭环约束的空间包络式抓捕机构运动建模和非接触与接触一体化导纳控制。该抓捕机构具有可控的包络结构,能够通过与非合作目标发生多点多次接触,实现柔顺捕获。给出了空间包络式抓捕机构显式的动力学模型和接触模型。设计了具有统一形式的非接触与接触导纳控制策略。该策略在机器人接近目标过程中采用非接触式导纳控制,以降低机械臂与目标物体首次碰撞的接触力,在捕获目标过程中采用接触式导纳控制,减少碰撞次数,获得更大的夹持接触力。数值仿真展示了控制策略的有效性。

Grasping Strategy in Space Robot Capturing Floating Target

When the space robot captures a floating target, contact impact occurs inevitably and frequently between the manipulator hand and the target, which seriously impacts the position and attitude of the robot and grasping security. ＂Dynamic grasping area＂ is introduced to describe the collision process of manipulator grasping target, and grasping area control equation is established. By analyzing the impact of grasping control parameters, base and target mass on the grasping process and combining the life experience, it is found that if the product of speed control parameter and dB adjustment parameter is close to but smaller than the minimum grasping speed, collision impact in the grasping process could be reduced greatly, and then an ideal grasping strategy is proposed. Simulation results indicate that during the same period, the strategy grasping is superior to the accelerating grasping, in that the amplitude of impact force is reduced to 20%, and the attitude control torque is reduced to 15%, and the impact on the robot is eliminated significantly. The results would have important academic value and engineering significance.

空间站舱段或目标航天器自主捕获及转位方案

在空间站的建造和使用过程中,需要应用机械臂对不同舱段或目标航天器进行多次自主捕获及转位操作。文章提出应用机械臂实现空间站舱段或目标航天器自主捕获及转位的方案。其中:信息流方案中明确信息系统的构建方案,着重说明各类型数据的传输路径及方式;操控方案明确空间站舱段或目标航天器自主捕获及转位的整体操控方法,着重说明具有良好复用性并可自主执行的模块化设计过程。通过地面测试验证及在轨空间站机械臂转位货运飞船试验,对信息流方案和操控方案进行验证。结果表明:应用机械臂的空间站舱段或目标航天器自主捕获及转位方案设计正确,能够实现高实时性、自主控制、可复用的空间站舱段或目标航天器自主捕获及转位,可为后续空间站的建造及机械臂的使用打下很好的基础。

一种面向空间非合作目标的强化学习多臂协同俘获策略研究

针对空间非合作目标清除任务中的目标适应性以及俘获动作规划复杂性等问题,提出了一种基于强化学习方法并结合“多臂分组协同”机制的包络俘获策略。首先构建了多臂俘获机构的物理模型和运动学模型,之后利用SAC(soft actor-critic)算法并引入前演训练(PT)设计了强化学习控制器,接着基于“多臂分组协同”奖励机制设计奖励函数以训练得到最优俘获动作。为了验证俘获策略对单目标作业的高效性和对多目标作业的高适应性,对各种目标分别进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明:所得的俘获策略可以对多种构型的目标实现高效、高适应地俘获。

Area-oriented coordinated trajectory planning of dual-arm space robot for capturing a tumbling target

The growing amount of space debris poses a threat to operational spacecraft and the long-term sustainability of activities in outer space. According to the orbital mechanics, an uncontrolled space object will be tumbling, bringing great challenge to capture and remove it. In this paper, a dual-arm coordinated ‘‘Area-Oriented Capture'(AOC) method is proposed to capture a non-cooperative tumbling target. Firstly, the motion equation of the tumbling target is established, based on which, the dynamic properties are analyzed. Then, the ‘‘Area-Oriented Capture'concept is presented to deal with the problem of large pose(position and attitude) deviation and tumbling motion. An area rather than fixed points/devices is taken as the object to be tracked and captured. As long as the manipulators’ end-effectors move to a specified range of the objective areas(not fixed points on the target, but areas), the target satellite will be hugged by the two arms.At last, the proposed method and the traditional method(i.e. fixed-point oriented capture method)are compared and analyzed through simulation. The results show that the proposed method has larger pose tolerance and takes shorter time for capturing a tumbling target.

Detumbling strategy based on friction control of dual-arm space robot for capturing tumbling target

The rotational motion of a tumbling target brings great challenges to space robot on successfully capturing the tumbling target.Therefore,it is necessary to reduce the target's rotation to a rate at which capture can be accomplished by the space robot.In this paper,a detumbling strategy based on friction control of dual-arm space robot for capturing tumbling target is proposed.This strategy can reduce the target's rotational velocity while maintaining base attitude stability through the establishment of the rotation attenuation controller and base attitude adjustment controller.The rotation attenuation controller adopts the multi-space hybrid impedance control method to control the friction precisely.The base attitude adjustment controller applies the dual-arm extended Jacobian matrix to stabilize the base attitude.The main contributions of this paper are as follows:(1)The compliant control method is adopted to achieve a precise friction control,which can reduce the target angular velocity steadily;(2)The dual-arm extended Jacobian matrix is applied to stabilize the base attitude without affecting the target capture task;(3)The detumbling strategy of dualarm space robot is designed considering base attitude stabilization,realizing coordinated planning of the base attitude and the arms.The strategy is verified by a dual-arm space robot with two 7-DOF(degrees of freedom)arms.Simulation results show that,target with a rotation velocity of 20(°)/s can be effectively controlled to stop within 30 s,and the final deflection of the base attitude is less than 0.15°without affecting the target capture task,verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the strategy.Except to the tumbling target capture task,the control strategy can also be applied to other typical on-orbit operation tasks such as space debris removal and spacecraft maintenance.

空间机器人捕获非合作目标的测量与规划方法

提出了基于立体视觉的空间机器人捕获非合作目标的测量与规划方法,包括图像处理与特征提取、3D重构及位姿测量、自主规划与控制等.同时,还建立了一套仿真系统,可进行包括图像采集、位姿测量、追踪星GNC、空间机器人规划与控制、航天器动力学计算等在内的闭环仿真.仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.

保持基座稳定的双臂空间机器人轨迹规划研究

针对双臂空间机器人在轨执行任务中需要利用平衡臂稳定基座的问题,提出了两种典型应用需求—基座质心位置稳定、基座姿态和质心位置同时稳定的协调规划方法.首先,提出了"系统质心等效机械臂"的概念并推导其运动学模型,基于此模型的位置级反解规划平衡臂的运动轨迹,使基座质心位置稳定在期望位置;其次,根据角动量守恒定律确定反作用飞轮的运动速度,将飞轮与平衡臂的运动相结合,同时稳定基座姿态和质心位置;最后,建立双臂空间机器人系统的多体动力学模型并开展仿真研究.所提出的方法克服了以往基于微分运动学所无法回避的奇异问题,且不对平衡臂的质量特性和安装位置作特殊规定,仿真结果证明了方法的有效性.

空间机器人捕获运动目标的协调规划与控制方法

针对目标以任意轨迹运动且其轨迹可能与"有保证工作空间"不相交的问题,提出了空间机器人捕获运动目标的协调规划与控制方法.首先,根据手眼视觉测量数据,预测目标的运动路径,由此确定空间机器人对目标的最优交会姿态及最佳捕获臂型;其次,规划基座姿态及机械臂关节角的轨迹;最后,采用协调控制的方法,实现空间机器人系统对运动目标的最优捕获(以最优交会姿态及最佳捕获臂型对目标进行捕获).仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性.

自由漂浮空间机器人路径规划研究进展

介绍了空间机器人路径规划的特点,归纳了研究中的关键问题,以及空间机器人非完整路径规划、笛卡尔路径规划及目标捕获自主路径规划等方面的主要研究进展,讨论了各种规划方法的应用背景及优缺点,对空间机器人路径规划的研究前景进行了展望.

空间绳系机器人目标抓捕鲁棒自适应控制器设计

针对空间绳系机器人(Tethered space robot,TSR)目标抓捕过程中的稳定控制问题,建立空间绳系机器人系统模型,根据阻抗控制原理,设计基于位置的阻抗控制方法;针对空间绳系机器人系统的模型不确定性问题,利用神经网络对不确定性进行估计补偿,设计鲁棒项对空间系绳干扰和神经网络估计误差的影响进行抑制,在此基础上设计空间绳系机器人目标抓捕鲁棒自适应稳定控制器,并进行稳定性证明.最后对设计的控制器进行仿真验证.作为对比,对无鲁棒项自适应的稳定控制器进行仿真.仿真结果表明,设计的基于阻抗控制的鲁棒自适应控制可以实现对空间绳系机器人目标抓捕过程中的稳定控制,与无鲁棒项自适应的稳定控制器仿真结果相比,本文采用的鲁棒自适应控制方法可以有效地对不确定性进行补偿,控制过程中超调量更小,收敛时间更短,并且控制精度更高.

空间机械臂捕获失稳目标的动态轨迹规划方法

针对航天器在轨服务体系技术的发展需求,提出一种空间机械臂捕获失稳目标的动态轨迹规划方法。在系统设定和工程模化的基础上,首先推导了空间机械臂捕获目标的动力学模型和速度增益矩阵;然后重点研究了速度增益矩阵的动态调整方法,并以此为基础设计了空间机械臂捕获失稳目标的动态轨迹规划方法;最后通过工程算例在MATLAB和ADAMS联合仿真平台上验证了该方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,该方法既能有效减少捕获时间,又能防止过大的起始和残余速度,同时还能回避雅克比矩阵奇异问题,可以满足机械臂末端对失稳目标相对位姿同步跟踪的捕获任务要求,具有工程实用性。

国外空间非合作目标抓捕系统研究现状与关键技术分析

空间非合作目标抓捕系统能够完成在轨服务、空间垃圾清除以及一些军事任务，具有重要的军民两用价值。从基本情况、结构组成、抓捕方式、抓捕过程等方面对国外研究情况展开了论述与比较，并对抓捕需要解决的关键技术进行了分析。

基于行数据扫描的星空多目标星点提取方法

为了解决传统方法无法实时获取星空目标位置问题,文章提出了一种基于行数据扫描的星空多目标星点提取方法,通过阈值提取、行目标提取、星空目标识别和质心坐标计算等四个步骤来快速提取星空目标。为了使该算法能够更有效地运行在嵌入式设备中,对算法进行合理配置,将其分割成FPGA端和DSP端。通过试验验证,在输入图像分辨率为1 280像素×1 024像素的情况下,文章提出的算法星点提取时间小于0.17ms。相比较传统方法,能够在不损失星空目标定位精度的前提下,提高提取速率,更适用于星空背景下的多目标快速星点提取。